closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/158.
partially addresses
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/226.

Instead of fragile calculation of current balance by looking at `free
balance - ED`, Nomination Pool now freezes ED in the pool reward account
to restrict an account from going below minimum balance. This also has a
nice side effect that if ED changes, we know how much is the imbalance
in ED frozen in the pool and the current required ED. A pool operator
can diligently top up the pool with the deficit in ED or vice versa,
withdraw the excess they transferred to the pool.

## Notable changes
- New call `adjust_pool_deposit`: Allows to top up the deficit or
withdraw the excess deposited funds to the pool.
- Uses Fungible trait (instead of Currency trait). Since NP was not
doing any locking/reserving previously, no migration is needed for this.
- One time migration of freezing ED from each of the existing pools (not
very PoV friendly but fine for relay chain).

This PR is part of [Sync
2.0](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/534) refactoring
aimed at making `ChainSync` a pure state machine.

Resolves https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/501.

# Description
This PR introduces two changes:
- the previous `Tracing` trait has been modified to accept contract
address instead of code hash (seems to be way more convenient)
- a new trait `CallInterceptor` that allows intercepting contract calls;
in particular the default implementation for `()` will just proceed in a
standard way (after compilation optimizations, there will be no
footprint of that); however, implementing type might decide to mock
invocation and return `ExecResult` instead

Note: one might try merging `before_call` and `intercept_call`. However,
IMHO this would be bad, since it would mix two completely different
abstractions - tracing without any effects and actual intervention into
execution process.

This will unblock working on mocking contracts utility in drink and
similar tools (https://github.com/Cardinal-Cryptography/drink/issues/33)

# Checklist

- [x] My PR includes a detailed description as outlined in the
"Description" section above
- [ ] My PR follows the [labeling
requirements](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.md#process)
of this project (at minimum one label for `T` required)
- [x] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation (if
applicable)
- [x] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
feature works (if applicable)

Closes #1671 

Adds a `type_id` function to the `Extension` trait, allowing to properly store an retrieve
boxed `Extensions`.

---------

Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

This PR adjusts the serialized format of the the returned RuntimeVersion
in the rpc-spec-v2 methods. This is done to match the format defined
here:
https://paritytech.github.io/json-rpc-interface-spec/api/chainHead_unstable_follow.html#about-the-runtime

- ##### `apis` field as object
`apis` field of `RuntimeVersion` is now returned as an object, e.g. 
```
"apis": {
      "0xdf6acb689907609b": 3,
      "0x37e397fc7c91f5e4": 1,
}
```
instead of 
```
"apis": [
      ["0xdf6acb689907609b", 3],
      ["0x37e397fc7c91f5e4", 1],
]
```
- ##### removed `stateVersion` and `authoringVersion`
`stateVersion` and `authoringVersion` are no longer returned in the
`RuntimeVersion` JSON Object.

- ##### block index in chain head events as integer

### Related Issues

Closes: #1507
Closes: #1146

### Testing Done
Adjusted existing tests to make sure data is returned in the correct
format.

This pull request is to fix the output text misalignment of `subkey
inspect` command:

(the `Network ID` line has an extra space at the end, and the `Secret
seed` line lacks a leading space)

```
[btwiuse@railway ~]$ subkey inspect '' | cat -A
Secret Key URI `` is account:$
  Network ID:        substrate $
 Secret seed:       0xfac7959dbfe72f052e5a0c3c8d6530f202b02fd8f9f5ca3580ec8deb7797479e$
  Public key (hex):  0x46ebddef8cd9bb167dc30878d7113b7e168e6f0646beffd77d69d39bad76b47a$
  Account ID:        0x46ebddef8cd9bb167dc30878d7113b7e168e6f0646beffd77d69d39bad76b47a$
  Public key (SS58): 5DfhGyQdFobKM8NsWvEeAKk5EQQgYe9AydgJ7rMB6E1EqRzV$
  SS58 Address:      5DfhGyQdFobKM8NsWvEeAKk5EQQgYe9AydgJ7rMB6E1EqRzV$
```

The output should be in the same YAML-like format as `subkey generate`:

```
[btwiuse@railway ~]$ subkey generate  | cat -A
Secret phrase:       awkward eagle survey resemble novel resist modify memory pistol shed flower run$
  Network ID:        substrate$
  Secret seed:       0x20502f79366325b7dc7620664e8844ae69d441baf6e5b571a57d3b3ff28e9586$
  Public key (hex):  0x468874b9e5b6b77333fa702b9201b924d6834bf956e33e2bbe37d131134ca830$
  Account ID:        0x468874b9e5b6b77333fa702b9201b924d6834bf956e33e2bbe37d131134ca830$
  Public key (SS58): 5DfBkAMg5xQmsePFr3BWLZm99smiNyy9axWSgembvFgDKh9v$
  SS58 Address:      5DfBkAMg5xQmsePFr3BWLZm99smiNyy9axWSgembvFgDKh9v$
```

This change will fix `subkey` as well as all binaries that embed it as
the `key` subcommand, for example: `substrate key`, `polkadot key`, etc.

---------

Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>

This PR implements:
- `archive_unstable_finalized_height`: Get the height of the most recent
finalized block
- `archive_unstable_hash_by_height`: Get the hashes (possible empty) of
blocks from the given height
- `archive_unstable_call`: Call into the runtime of a block

Builds on top of: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1560

### Testing Done
- unit tests for the methods with custom block tree for different
heights / forks

Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1510
Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1513
Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1511

@paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>

The PR exposes the `rpc_methods` name in the `rpc_methods` response.
This feature is useful for servers that only forward requests to methods
that are reported by the `rpc_methods`.

Jsonrpsee exposes the available methods registered so far. Registering
the `rpc_methods` requires a closure that already stores the result. As
such, the `rpc_methods` method name is manually added to the available
methods.

Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1627

### Testing Done

```
$> curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"id":1, "jsonrpc":"2.0", "method": "rpc_methods", "params":[]}' http://localhost:9944

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":{"methods":["account_nextIndex",... "rpc_methods",..."unsubscribe_newHead"]},"id":1}⏎
```

@paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>

Last week we experienced a governance attack.
Surprisingly, there was no upper limit on the tip amount.

Due to the mechanism of pallet-fragment-election, the council members
will be refreshed immediately. Attacker is easy to control the council
and give a large tip amount.

Add missing events for pallet-bounties

Move request-response handling from `ChainSync` to `SyncingEngine` as
part of [Sync
2.0](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/534) refactoring
aimed at making `ChainSync` a pure state machine.

Resolves https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/502.

---------

Co-authored-by: Aaro Altonen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

Expand `StorageNoopGuard` to be able to add extra context through a
custom error message. When the guard is triggered it panics with an
error message which can be defaulted, set on construction, or set after
it has been constructed.

Turn `StorageNoopGuard` into struct with `storage_root` and
`error_message` and added `from_error_message` constructor and
`set_error_message` setter.

Also added `new()` aliased to `default()`.

Closes #375

---------

Co-authored-by: joe petrowski <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>

This PR removes some unnecessary `r#`...`#` around a string and the
corresponding comment that it was done because rustfmt wasn't working
for "some reason". It seems to work fine now and clippy prefers it this
way.

---------

Co-authored-by: Joshy Orndorff <[email protected]>

I hope it's enough to fix #1701 
the only solution I found to make it happen is to put an associated type
to the `Bounded` enum as well.
@liamaharon @Kianenigma @bkchr

 

Polkadot address: 12poSUQPtcF1HUPQGY3zZu2P8emuW9YnsPduA4XG3oCEfJVp

---------

Signed-off-by: muraca <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

This PR implements [`GenesisBuilder`
API](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/a414ea75

/substrate/primitives/genesis-builder/src/lib.rs#L38)
for all the runtimes in polkadot repo.

Step towards: paritytech/polkadot-sdk#25

---------

Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>

It changes following APIs:
- trait `ChainApi`
-- `validate_transaction`

- trait `TransactionPool` 
--`submit_at`
--`submit_one`
--`submit_and_watch`

and some implementation details, in particular:
- impl `Pool` 
--`submit_at`
--`resubmit_at`
--`submit_one`
--`submit_and_watch`
--`prune_known`
--`prune`
--`prune_tags`
--`resolve_block_number`
--`verify`
--`verify_one`

- revalidation queue

All tests are also adjusted.

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

Bumps [directories](https://github.com/soc/directories-rs) from 4.0.1 to
5.0.1.
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This PR ensures that all storage keys under a prefix are returned by the
`chainHead_storage` method.

Before this PR, the `storage_keys` was used with just the `start_key`.
Before the pagination event was generated, the last reported key
`last_key` was saved internally.
When the pagination is resumed, the `last_key` will serve as the next
`start_key` to the `storage_keys` API.

However, this behavior does not function properly for non-prefixed
storage keys.

Entry keys `a`, `ab`, `abc` share a common prefix and therefore the `ab`
key leads to `abc`.
However, for `a`, `ab`, `aB` and `abc`, the `aB` key does not
immediately lead to `abc`.

To mitigate this, the PR saves the start key of the query, together with
the next pagination key.
Improve testing to ensure we have a key entry that doesn't share the
prefix with the descendant key.

@paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>

I had quite a few conversions to/from `u64` because these were lacking.

Let me know if others are desirable as well for symmetry.

# Description

We are recently trying to upgrade our Substrate version from
`polkadot-v0.9.43` to `polkadot-v1.0.0` and we noticed a critical issue:
all deployed contracts seem to be experiencing a `CodeNotFound` error.
After a thorough investigation, it appears that the root cause of this
issue lies in the mismatch between the storage alias of `CodeInfoOf<T>`
in the migration and its original definition.

This PR corrects the storage alias to align it with its original
definition

I am uncertain about the proper approach for adding tests to this
change. Would the team consider taking over this PR to bring it to
completion?

---------

Co-authored-by: pgherveou <[email protected]>

I was reading source code and noticed these two places that are no
longer true after https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1211

Small tweak to https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1642 to
incorporate the ideas from
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/247.

I think this is the good middle ground, where we have good rust-docs,
and the RA users will also have some hope.

cc @wentelteefje @aaronbassett @sam0x17

- Updated ./docs/CONTRIBUTION.md to clarify how to use command bot and
update ui-tests locally or in PR
- Moved update-ui-tests.sh to a root of project to run them along for
substrate and polkadot together

---------

Co-authored-by: Mira Ressel <[email protected]>

For tools such that is using the `Miner` it's useful to know whether a
solution was trimmed or not and also how much that was trimmed.

---------

Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>

Follow-up to https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/14306.

I hope this also showcases the important message of: **It is really not
that hard to make the examples codes in rust-docs compile, and therefore
remain correct. Please embrace this :)**

It moves the documentation of proc macros to their re-export, such that
can link other items in frame-support. This is a patter that we should
embrace for all of macro docs, and apply in PRs like
https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13987 as well.

---------

Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: joe petrowski <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

Closes #1372 

This fixes the target directories in the polkadot readme. I verified
manually the Ubuntu based install works on a fresh cloud machine. Build
from source also worked as described.

Since #1304 landed `--dev` also works again (not on v1.1.0 though), so I
would consider the install instructions fixed.

Prevents authority set clone

Fixes prometheus server not stopping if there are open connections

Upgrades to docify v0.2.4 which adds support for exporting trait and
impl items in addition to regular items. This fixes @liamaharon's
https://github.com/sam0x17/docify/issues/9 issue.

See the release notes for more information:
https://github.com/sam0x17/docify/releases/tag/v0.2.4

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Bumps the known_good_semver group with 2 updates:
[clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap) and
[syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn).

Updates `clap` from 4.4.3 to 4.4.4
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<h2>[4.4.4] - 2023-09-18</h2>
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Updates `syn` from 2.0.36 to 2.0.37
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This PR lays the foundation for implementing the archive RPC methods.

The methods implemented by this PR:
- archive_unstable_body: Fetch the block's body (a vector of hex-encoded
scale-encoded extrinsics) from a given block hash
- archive_unstable_genesisHash: Fetch the genesis hash
- archive_unstable_header: Fetch the header from a given block hash

Added unit tests for the methods.

This PR is implementing the methods without exposing them to the RPC
layer; which are to be exposed by a follow-up PR.

Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1509 
Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1514

@paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>

Addresses https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/129.

Returns `Self:payee()` from `make_payout` in a tuple alongside an
imbalance & adds it to `Rewarded` event.

This PR moves the `ISSUE_TEMPLATE` to the root and removes the old ones.

Bumps the known_good_semver group with 1 update:
[syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn).

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<h2>2.0.36</h2>
<ul>
<li>Restore compatibility with
<code>--generate-link-to-definition</code> documentation builds (<a
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<h2>2.0.35</h2>
<ul>
<li>Make rust-analyzer produce preferred brackets for invocations of
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<h2>2.0.34</h2>
<ul>
<li>Documentation improvements</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/ef6476c76431da488720c8ee3fdfff57a199a848"><code>ef6476c</code></a>
Release 2.0.36</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/6ae1a9756a128f18341a4cba56772ee1715a06e2"><code>6ae1a97</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1514">#1514</a>
from dtolnay/pubnotdoc</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/7bfef4b2befee954bc002724c8331612fed3d47f"><code>7bfef4b</code></a>
Work around doc breakage in generate-link-to-definition mode</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/ce360ff4b1695311dcc569ade1fc9ff1ff6ac4d9"><code>ce360ff</code></a>
Release 2.0.35</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/23736bdc48a964286ea032ea5c172574239119ef"><code>23736bd</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1512">#1512</a>
from dtolnay/tokendoc</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/6f6b0040d420abfda0b5504dc13b7c76319ebccd"><code>6f6b004</code></a>
Improve docs of Token! macro</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/319433e12a0e13d1b549a189ae1ce1d3293a7ea9"><code>319433e</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1510">#1510</a>
from ModProg/patch-3</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/975ce0b7c4319166ff0ae5ea839d923410615dae"><code>975ce0b</code></a>
Release 2.0.34</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/858e578d1e3aed3d7ac965a59b5044a1ca4eadf2"><code>858e578</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1511">#1511</a>
from dtolnay/notdoc</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/1b0d7f807862cb36256848a9f55a81a9aca41976"><code>1b0d7f8</code></a>
Add cfg(not(doc)) to doc(hidden) functions</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/compare/2.0.33...2.0.36">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
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Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

This PR adds support for fetching the closest merkle value of some key.


Builds on top of
- https://github.com/paritytech/trie/pull/199

Migrates https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/14818 to the
monorepo.
Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/issues/14550
Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1506

// @paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>

This PR includes the following fix:
- [x] The `duration` is always set to zero in the `RegionDropped` event.
This is fixed in this PR.

Also added some additional tests to cover some cases that aren't covered
:
- [x] Selling a partitioned region to the instantaneous coretime pool.
- [x] Partitioning a region after assigning it to a particular task.
- [x] Interlacing a region after assigning it to a particular task.

**Note**: This is a lift-and-shift PR from the old substrate and
polkadot repos, both PRs have been reviewed and audited
(https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13983,
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot/pull/7140)

---

This PR implements a generic `BaseDeposit` calculation for signed
submissions, based on the size of the submission queue.

It adds a new associated type to EPM's config, `type SignedDepositBase`,
that implements `Convert<usize, BalanceOf<T>>`, which is used to
calculate the base deposit for signed submissions based on the size of
the signed submissions queue.

`struct GeometricDepositBase<Balance, Fixed, Inc>` implements the
convert trait so that the deposit value increases as a geometric
progression. The deposit base is calculated by `deposit_base =
fixed_deposit_base * (1 + increase_factor)^n`, where `n` is the term of
the progression (i.e. the number of signed submissions in the queue).
`Fixed` and `Inc` generic params are getters for `Balance` and
`IncreaseFactor` to compute the geometric progression. If
`IncreaseFactor = 0`, then the signed deposit is constant and equal to
`Fixed` regardless of the size of the queue.

### Runtime configs

In Kusama, the progression with 10% increase without changing the
current signed fixed deposit is: (term == size of the queue)

Term 1: `1,333,333,332,000`
Term 2: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10 = 1,466,666,665,200`
Term 3: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^2 = 1,613,333,331,200`
Term 4: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^3 = 1,774,666,664,320`
Term 5: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^4 = 1,952,133,330,752`
Term 6: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^5 = 2,147,346,663,827.20`
Term 7: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^6 = 2,362,081,330,210.92`
Term 8: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^7 = 2,598,289,463,231.01`
Term 9: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^8 = 2,858,118,409,554.11`
Term 10: `1,333,333,332,000 * 1.10^9 = 3,143,930,250,509.52`

Westend:

Term 1: `2,000,000,000,000`
Term 2: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10 = 2,200,000,000,000`
Term 3: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^2 = 2,420,000,000,000`
Term 4: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^3 = 2,662,000,000,000`
Term 5: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^4 = 2,928,200,000,000`
Term 6: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^5 = 3,221,020,000,000`
Term 7: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^6 = 3,543,122,000,000`
Term 8: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^7 = 3,897,434,200,000`
Term 9: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^8 = 4,287,177,620,000`
Term 10: `2,000,000,000,000 * 1.10^9 = 4,715,895,382,000`

and in Polkadot, the deposit increase is disabled in the current state
of the PR, as the increase factor is 0% -- so nothing changes from the
current behaviour.

Closes https://github.com/paritytech-secops/srlabs_findings/issues/189

This PR improves the docs for the Timestamp pallet by following our
[Documentation
Guidelines](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/docs/DOCUMENTATION_GUIDELINE.md)
more closely.

---------

Co-authored-by: Juan <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>

This fixes the broken links in the crate level documentation of the
Examples crate. It also updates the documentation for the Basic Example
pallet by removing the template for documenting a pallet (we now have
[this](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/docs/DOCUMENTATION_GUIDELINE.md)
to refer to instead).

Note: I found it unnecessary to provide a link to the doc guidelines as
I don't think this would be where someone should discover them. I also
want to flag some ideas that came while making these minor improvements
in [this
issue](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk-docs/issues/27) (for a
subsequent PR) as part of ongoing docs work.