This PR mainly removes `xcm::v3` stuff from `assets-common` to make it
more generic and facilitate the transition to newer XCM versions. Some
of the implementations here used hard-coded `xcm::v3::Location`, but now
it's up to the runtime to configure according to its needs.

Additional/consequent changes:
- `penpal` runtime uses now `xcm::latest::Location` for `pallet_assets`
as `AssetId`, because we don't care about migrations here
- it pretty much simplify xcm-emulator integration tests, where we don't
need now a lots of boilerplate conversions:
      ```
      v3::Location::try_from(...).expect("conversion works")`
      ```
- xcm-emulator tests
- split macro `impl_assets_helpers_for_parachain` to the
`impl_assets_helpers_for_parachain` and
`impl_foreign_assets_helpers_for_parachain` (avoids using hard-coded
`xcm::v3::Location`)

Completes the removal of `try-runtime-cli` logic from `polkadot-sdk`.

Cumulus test-parachain node and test runtime were still using relay
chain consensus and 12s blocktimes. With async backing around the corner
on the major chains we should switch our tests too.

Also needed to nicely test the changes coming to collators in #3168.

### Changes Overview
- Followed the [migration
guide](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/maintain-guides-async-backing)
for async backing for the cumulus-test-runtime
- Adjusted the cumulus-test-service to use the correct import-queue,
lookahead collator etc.
- The block validation function now uses the Aura Ext Executor so that
the seal of the block is validated
- Previous point requires that we seal block before calling into
`validate_block`, I introduced a helper function for that
- Test client adjusted to provide a slot to the relay chain proof and
the aura pre-digest

# Description
- What does this PR do?
1. Upgrades `trie-db`'s version to the latest release. This release
includes, among others, an implementation of `DoubleEndedIterator` for
the `TrieDB` struct, allowing to iterate both backwards and forwards
within the leaves of a trie.
2. Upgrades `trie-bench` to `0.39.0` for compatibility.
3. Upgrades `criterion` to `0.5.1` for compatibility.
- Why are these changes needed?
Besides keeping up with the upgrade of `trie-db`, this specifically adds
the functionality of iterating back on the leafs of a trie, with
`sp-trie`. In a project we're currently working on, this comes very
handy to verify a Merkle proof that is the response to a challenge. The
challenge is a random hash that (most likely) will not be an existing
leaf in the trie. So the challenged user, has to provide a Merkle proof
of the previous and next existing leafs in the trie, that surround the
random challenged hash.

Without having DoubleEnded iterators, we're forced to iterate until we
find the first existing leaf, like so:
```rust
        // ************* VERIFIER (RUNTIME) *************
        // Verify proof. This generates a partial trie based on the proof and
        // checks that the root hash matches the `expected_root`.
        let (memdb, root) = proof.to_memory_db(Some(&root)).unwrap();
        let trie = TrieDBBuilder::<LayoutV1<RefHasher>>::new(&memdb, &root).build();

        // Print all leaf node keys and values.
        println!("\nPrinting leaf nodes of partial tree...");
        for key in trie.key_iter().unwrap() {
            if key.is_ok() {
                println!("Leaf node key: {:?}", key.clone().unwrap());

                let val = trie.get(&key.unwrap());

                if val.is_ok() {
                    println!("Leaf node value: {:?}", val.unwrap());
                } else {
                    println!("Leaf node value: None");
                }
            }
        }

        println!("RECONSTRUCTED TRIE {:#?}", trie);

        // Create an iterator over the leaf nodes.
        let mut iter = trie.iter().unwrap();

        // First element with a value should be the previous existing leaf to the challenged hash.
        let mut prev_key = None;
        for element in &mut iter {
            if element.is_ok() {
                let (key, _) = element.unwrap();
                prev_key = Some(key);
                break;
            }
        }
        assert!(prev_key.is_some());

        // Since hashes are `Vec<u8>` ordered in big-endian, we can compare them directly.
        assert!(prev_key.unwrap() <= challenge_hash.to_vec());

        // The next element should exist (meaning there is no other existing leaf between the
        // previous and next leaf) and it should be greater than the challenged hash.
        let next_key = iter.next().unwrap().unwrap().0;
        assert!(next_key >= challenge_hash.to_vec());
```

With DoubleEnded iterators, we can avoid that, like this:
```rust
        // ************* VERIFIER (RUNTIME) *************
        // Verify proof. This generates a partial trie based on the proof and
        // checks that the root hash matches the `expected_root`.
        let (memdb, root) = proof.to_memory_db(Some(&root)).unwrap();
        let trie = TrieDBBuilder::<LayoutV1<RefHasher>>::new(&memdb, &root).build();

        // Print all leaf node keys and values.
        println!("\nPrinting leaf nodes of partial tree...");
        for key in trie.key_iter().unwrap() {
            if key.is_ok() {
                println!("Leaf node key: {:?}", key.clone().unwrap());

                let val = trie.get(&key.unwrap());

                if val.is_ok() {
                    println!("Leaf node value: {:?}", val.unwrap());
                } else {
                    println!("Leaf node value: None");
                }
            }
        }

        // println!("RECONSTRUCTED TRIE {:#?}", trie);
        println!("\nChallenged key: {:?}", challenge_hash);

        // Create an iterator over the leaf nodes.
        let mut double_ended_iter = trie.into_double_ended_iter().unwrap();

        // First element with a value should be the previous existing leaf to the challenged hash.
        double_ended_iter.seek(&challenge_hash.to_vec()).unwrap();
        let next_key = double_ended_iter.next_back().unwrap().unwrap().0;
        let prev_key = double_ended_iter.next_back().unwrap().unwrap().0;

        // Since hashes are `Vec<u8>` ordered in big-endian, we can compare them directly.
        println!("Prev key: {:?}", prev_key);
        assert!(prev_key <= challenge_hash.to_vec());

        println!("Next key: {:?}", next_key);
        assert!(next_key >= challenge_hash.to_vec());
```
- How were these changes implemented and what do they affect?
All that is needed for this functionality to be exposed is changing the
version number of `trie-db` in all the `Cargo.toml`s applicable, and
re-exporting some additional structs from `trie-db` in `sp-trie`.

---------

Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

[litep2p](https://github.com/altonen/litep2p) is a libp2p-compatible P2P
networking library. It supports all of the features of `rust-libp2p`
that are currently being utilized by Polkadot SDK.

Compared to `rust-libp2p`, `litep2p` has a quite different architecture
which is why the new `litep2p` network backend is only able to use a
little of the existing code in `sc-network`. The design has been mainly
influenced by how we'd wish to structure our networking-related code in
Polkadot SDK: independent higher-levels protocols directly communicating
with the network over links that support bidirectional backpressure. A
good example would be `NotificationHandle`/`RequestResponseHandle`
abstractions which allow, e.g., `SyncingEngine` to directly communicate
with peers to announce/request blocks.

I've tried running `polkadot --network-backend litep2p` with a few
different peer configurations and there is a noticeable reduction in
networking CPU usage. For high load (`--out-peers 200`), networking CPU
usage goes down from ~110% to ~30% (80 pp) and for normal load
(`--out-peers 40`), the usage goes down from ~55% to ~18% (37 pp).

These should not be taken as final numbers because:

a) there are still some low-hanging optimization fruits, such as
enabling [receive window
auto-tuning](https://github.com/libp2p/rust-yamux/pull/176), integrating
`Peerset` more closely with `litep2p` or improving memory usage of the
WebSocket transport
b) fixing bugs/instabilities that incorrectly cause `litep2p` to do less
work will increase the networking CPU usage
c) verification in a more diverse set of tests/conditions is needed

Nevertheless, these numbers should give an early estimate for CPU usage
of the new networking backend.

This PR consists of three separate changes:
* introduce a generic `PeerId` (wrapper around `Multihash`) so that we
don't have use `NetworkService::PeerId` in every part of the code that
uses a `PeerId`
* introduce `NetworkBackend` trait, implement it for the libp2p network
stack and make Polkadot SDK generic over `NetworkBackend`
  * implement `NetworkBackend` for litep2p

The new library should be considered experimental which is why
`rust-libp2p` will remain as the default option for the time being. This
PR currently depends on the master branch of `litep2p` but I'll cut a
new release for the library once all review comments have been
addresses.

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Markin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>

This MR contains two major changes and some maintenance cleanup.  

## 1. Free Standing Pallet Benchmark Runner

Closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3045, depends
on your runtime exposing the `GenesisBuilderApi` (like
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1492).

Introduces a new binary crate: `frame-omni-bencher`.  
It allows to directly benchmark a WASM blob - without needing a node or
chain spec.

This makes it much easier to generate pallet weights and should allow us
to remove bloaty code from the node.
It should work for all FRAME runtimes that dont use 3rd party host calls
or non `BlakeTwo256` block hashing (basically all polkadot parachains
should work).

It is 100% backwards compatible with the old CLI args, when the `v1`
compatibility command is used. This is done to allow for forwards
compatible addition of new commands.

### Example (full example in the Rust docs)

Installing the CLI:
```sh
cargo install --locked --path substrate/utils/frame/omni-bencher
frame-omni-bencher --help
```

Building the Westend runtime:
```sh
cargo build -p westend-runtime --release --features runtime-benchmarks
```

Benchmarking the runtime:
```sh
frame-omni-bencher v1 benchmark pallet --runtime target/release/wbuild/westend-runtime/westend_runtime.compact.compressed.wasm --all
```

## 2. Building the Benchmark Genesis State in the Runtime

Closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2664

This adds `--runtime` and `--genesis-builder=none|runtime|spec`
arguments to the `benchmark pallet` command to make it possible to
generate the genesis storage by the runtime. This can be used with both
the node and the freestanding benchmark runners. It utilizes the new
`GenesisBuilder` RA and depends on having
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3412 deployed.

## 3. Simpler args for `PalletCmd::run`

You can do three things here to integrate the changes into your node:
- nothing: old code keeps working as before but emits a deprecated
warning
- delete: remove the pallet benchmarking code from your node and use the
omni-bencher instead
- patch: apply the patch below and keep using as currently. This emits a
deprecated warning at runtime, since it uses the old way to generate a
genesis state, but is the smallest change.

```patch
runner.sync_run(|config| cmd
-    .run::<HashingFor<Block>, ReclaimHostFunctions>(config)
+    .run_with_spec::<HashingFor<Block>, ReclaimHostFunctions>(Some(config.chain_spec))
)
```

## 4. Maintenance Change
- `pallet-nis` get a `BenchmarkSetup` config item to prepare its
counterparty asset.
- Add percent progress print when running benchmarks.
- Dont immediately exit on benchmark error but try to run as many as
possible and print errors last.

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>

I don't think there are any more releases to the 0.2.x versions, so best
we're on the 0.3.x release.

No change on the benchmarks, fast local time is still just as fast as
before:

new version bench:
```
fast_local_time         time:   [30.551 ns 30.595 ns 30.668 ns]
```

old version bench:
```
fast_local_time         time:   [30.598 ns 30.646 ns 30.723 ns]
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

Defines a runtime api for `pallet-broker` for getting the current price
of a core if there is an ongoing sale.

Closes: #3413

---------

Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

Bumps [h2](https://github.com/hyperium/h2) from 0.3.24 to 0.3.26.
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/releases">h2's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>v0.3.26</h2>
<h2>What's Changed</h2>
<ul>
<li>Limit number of CONTINUATION frames for misbehaving
connections.</li>
</ul>
<p>See <a
href="https://seanmonstar.com/blog/hyper-http2-continuation-flood/">https://seanmonstar.com/blog/hyper-http2-continuation-flood/</a>
for more info.</p>
<h2>v0.3.25</h2>
<h2>What's Changed</h2>
<ul>
<li>perf: optimize header list size calculations by <a
href="https://github.com/Noah-Kennedy"><code>@​Noah-Kennedy</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/hyperium/h2/pull/750">hyperium/h2#750</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Full Changelog</strong>: <a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/compare/v0.3.24...v0.3.25">https://github.com/hyperium/h2/compare/v0.3.24...v0.3.25</a></p>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/blob/v0.3.26/CHANGELOG.md">h2's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h1>0.3.26 (April 3, 2024)</h1>
<ul>
<li>Limit number of CONTINUATION frames for misbehaving
connections.</li>
</ul>
<h1>0.3.25 (March 15, 2024)</h1>
<ul>
<li>Improve performance decoding many headers.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/commit/357127e279c06935830fe2140378312eac801494"><code>357127e</code></a>
v0.3.26</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/commit/1a357aaefc7243fdfa9442f45d90be17794a4004"><code>1a357aa</code></a>
fix: limit number of CONTINUATION frames allowed</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/commit/5b6c9e0da092728d702dff3607626aafb7809d77"><code>5b6c9e0</code></a>
refactor: cleanup new unused warnings (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/hyperium/h2/issues/757">#757</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/commit/3a798327211345b9b2bf797e2e4f3aca4e0ddfee"><code>3a79832</code></a>
v0.3.25</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/commit/94e80b1c72bec282bb5d13596803e6fb341fec4c"><code>94e80b1</code></a>
perf: optimize header list size calculations (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/hyperium/h2/issues/750">#750</a>)</li>
<li>See full diff in <a
href="https://github.com/hyperium/h2/compare/v0.3.24...v0.3.26">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />


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The runtime now can provide a number of predefined presets of
`RuntimeGenesisConfig` struct. This presets are intended to be used in
different deployments, e.g.: `local`, `staging`, etc, and should be
included into the corresponding chain-specs.

Having `GenesisConfig` presets in runtime allows to fully decouple node
from runtime types (the problem is described in #1984).

**Summary of changes:**
- The `GenesisBuilder` API was adjusted to enable this functionality
(and provide better naming - #150):
   ```rust
    fn preset_names() -> Vec<PresetId>;
fn get_preset(id: Option<PresetId>) -> Option<serde_json::Value>;
//`None` means default
    fn build_state(value: serde_json::Value);
    pub struct PresetId(Vec<u8>);
   ```

- **Breaking change**: Old `create_default_config` method was removed,
`build_config` was renamed to `build_state`. As a consequence a node
won't be able to interact with genesis config for older runtimes. The
cleanup was made for sake of API simplicity. Also IMO maintaining
compatibility with old API is not so crucial.
- Reference implementation was provided for `substrate-test-runtime` and
`rococo` runtimes. For rococo new
[`genesis_configs_presets`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/3b41d66b/polkadot/runtime/rococo/src/genesis_config_presets.rs#L530)
module was added and is used in `GenesisBuilder`
[_presets-related_](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/3b41d66b/polkadot/runtime/rococo/src/lib.rs#L2462-L2485)
methods.

- The `chain-spec-builder` util was also improved and allows to
([_doc_](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/3b41d66b/substrate/bin/utils/chain-spec-builder/src/lib.rs#L19)):
   - list presets provided by given runtime (`list-presets`),
- display preset or default config provided by the runtime
(`display-preset`),
   - build chain-spec using named preset (`create ... named-preset`),


- The `ChainSpecBuilder` is extended with
[`with_genesis_config_preset_name`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/3b41d66b/substrate/client/chain-spec/src/chain_spec.rs#L447)
method which allows to build chain-spec using named preset provided by
the runtime. Sample usage on the node side
[here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/2caffaae

/polkadot/node/service/src/chain_spec.rs#L404).

Implementation of #1984.
fixes: #150
part of: #25

---------

Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

## Basic example showcasing a migration using the MBM framework

This PR has been built on top of
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1781 and adds two new
example crates to the `examples` pallet

### Changes Made:

Added the `pallet-example-mbm` crate: This crate provides a minimal
example of a pallet that uses MBM. It showcases a storage migration
where values are migrated from a `u32` to a `u64`.

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>

CI will be enforcing this with next parity-publish release

Step in https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3155

Needed for https://github.com/paritytech/eng-automation/issues/6

This PR renames `frame` crate to `polkadot-sdk-frame` as `frame` is not
available on crates.io

---------

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

Enables pov-reclaim on the rococo/westend parachains, part of
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3622

This PR ensure that the distance between any leaf and the finalized
block is within a reasonable distance.

For a new subscription, the chainHead has to provide all blocks between
the leaves of the chain and the finalized block.
 When the distance between a leaf and the finalized block is large:
 - The tree route is costly to compute
 - We could deliver an unbounded number of blocks (potentially millions)
(For more details see
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3445#discussion_r1507210283)

The configuration of the ChainHead is extended with:
- suspend on lagging distance: When the distance between any leaf and
the finalized block is greater than this number, the subscriptions are
suspended for a given duration.
- All active subscriptions are terminated with the `Stop` event, all
blocks are unpinned and data discarded.
- For incoming subscriptions, until the suspended period expires the
subscriptions will immediately receive the `Stop` event.
    - Defaults to 128 blocks
- suspended duration: The amount of time for which subscriptions are
suspended
    - Defaults to 30 seconds
 
 
 cc @paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>

Working towards migrating the `parity-bridges-common` repo inside
`polkadot-sdk`. This PR upgrades some dependencies in order to align
them with the versions used in `parity-bridges-common`

Related to
https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/issues/2538

chainHead: Allow methods to be called from within a single connection context and limit connections (#3481)

This PR ensures that the chainHead RPC class can be called only from
within the same connection context.

The chainHead methods are now registered as raw methods. 
- https://github.com/paritytech/jsonrpsee/pull/1297
The concept of raw methods is introduced in jsonrpsee, which is an async
method that exposes the connection ID:
The raw method doesn't have the concept of a blocking method. Previously
blocking methods are now spawning a blocking task to handle their
blocking (ie DB) access. We spawn the same number of tasks as before,
however we do that explicitly.

Another approach would be implementing a RPC middleware that captures
and decodes the method parameters:
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3343
However, that approach is prone to errors since the methods are
hardcoded by name. Performace is affected by the double deserialization
that needs to happen to extract the subscription ID we'd like to limit.
Once from the middleware, and once from the methods itself.

This PR paves the way to implement the chainHead connection limiter:
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1505
Registering tokens (subscription ID / operation ID) on the
`RpcConnections` could be extended to return an error when the maximum
number of operations is reached.

While at it, have added an integration-test to ensure that chainHead
methods can be called from within the same connection context.

Before this is merged, a new JsonRPC release should be made to expose
the `raw-methods`:
- [x] Use jsonrpsee from crates io (blocked by:
https://github.com/paritytech/jsonrpsee/pull/1297)

Closes: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3207


cc @paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Niklas Adolfsson <[email protected]>

Pulling the latest changes from `parity-bridges-common`

derive-syn-parse v0.2.0 came out recently which (finally) adds support
for syn 2x.

Upgrading to this will remove many of the places where syn 1x was still
compiling alongside syn 2x in the polkadot-sdk workspace.

This also upgrades `docify` to 0.2.8 which is the version that upgrades
derive-syn-pasre to 0.2.0.

Additionally, this consolidates the `docify` versions in the repo to all
use the latest, and in one case upgrades to the 0.2x syntax where 0.1.x
was still being used.

---------

Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>

Rejoice! Rejoice! The story is nearly over.

This PR removes stale migrations, auxiliary structures, and package
dependencies, thus making Rococo and Westend totally free from any
`im-online`-related stuff.

`im-online` still stays a part of the Substrate node and its runtime:
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/0d932484/substrate/bin/node/runtime/src/lib.rs#L2276-L2277
I'm not sure if it makes sense to remove it from there considering that
we're not removing `im-online` from FRAME. Please share your opinion.

Closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk-docs/issues/70

WIP PR for an overview of how to develop tokens in FRAME. 

- [x] Tokens in Substrate Ref Doc
  - High-level overview of the token-related logic in FRAME
- Improve docs with better explanation of how holds, freezes, ed, free
balance, etc, all work
- [x] Update `pallet_balances` docs
  - Clearly mark what is deprecated (currency)
- [x] Write fungible trait docs
- [x] Evaluate and if required update `pallet_assets`, `pallet_uniques`,
`pallet_nfts` docs
- [x] Absorb https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2683/
- [x] Audit individual trait method docs, and improve if possible

Feel free to suggest additional TODOs for this PR in the comments

---------

Co-authored-by: Bill Laboon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sebastian Kunert <[email protected]>

This PR exports unified hostfunctions needed for parachains. Basicaly
`SubstrateHostFunctions` + `storage_proof_size::HostFunctions`.

Also removes the native executor from the parachain template.

---------

Co-authored-by: Michal Kucharczyk <[email protected]>

Cleanup tests (-2.7k lines !) using some builder patterns to build
pallet_contracts api calls

`execute` and `send` try to decode the xcm in the parameters before
reaching the filter line.
The new extrinsics decode only after the filter line.
These should be used instead of the old ones.

## TODO
- [x] Tests
- [x] Generate weights
- [x] Deprecation issue ->
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3771
- [x] PRDoc
- [x] Handle error in pallet-contracts

This would make writing XCMs in PJS Apps more difficult, but here's the
fix for that: https://github.com/polkadot-js/apps/pull/10350.
Already deployed! https://polkadot.js.org/apps/#/utilities/xcm

Supersedes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1798/

---------

Co-authored-by: PG Herveou <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>

The PR provides API for obtaining:
- the weight required to execute an XCM message,
- a list of acceptable `AssetId`s for message execution payment,
- the cost of the weight in the specified acceptable `AssetId`.

It is meant to address an issue where one has to guess how much fee to
pay for execution. Also, at the moment, a client has to guess which
assets are acceptable for fee execution payment.
See the related issue
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/690.
With this API, a client is supposed to query the list of the supported
asset IDs (in the XCM version format the client understands), weigh the
XCM program the client wants to execute and convert the weight into one
of the acceptable assets. Note that the client is supposed to know what
program will be executed on what chains. However, having a small
companion JS library for the pallet-xcm and xtokens should be enough to
determine what XCM programs will be executed and where (since these
pallets compose a known small set of programs).
```Rust
pub trait XcmPaymentApi<Call>
	where
		Call: Codec,
	{
		/// Returns a list of acceptable payment assets.
		///
		/// # Arguments
		///
		/// * `xcm_version`: Version.
		fn query_acceptable_payment_assets(xcm_version: Version) -> Result<Vec<VersionedAssetId>, Error>;
		/// Returns a weight needed to execute a XCM.
		///
		/// # Arguments
		///
		/// * `message`: `VersionedXcm`.
		fn query_xcm_weight(message: VersionedXcm<Call>) -> Result<Weight, Error>;
		/// Converts a weight into a fee for the specified `AssetId`.
		///
		/// # Arguments
		///
		/// * `weight`: convertible `Weight`.
		/// * `asset`: `VersionedAssetId`.
		fn query_weight_to_asset_fee(weight: Weight, asset: VersionedAssetId) -> Result<u128, Error>;
		/// Get delivery fees for sending a specific `message` to a `destination`.
		/// These always come in a specific asset, defined by the chain.
		///
		/// # Arguments
		/// * `message`: The message that'll be sent, necessary because most delivery fees are based on the
		///   size of the message.
		/// * `destination`: The destination to send the message to. Different destinations may use
		///   different senders that charge different fees.
		fn query_delivery_fees(destination: VersionedLocation, message: VersionedXcm<()>) -> Result<VersionedAssets, Error>;
	}
```
An
[example](https://gist.github.com/PraetorP/4bc323ff85401abe253897ba990ec29d)
of a client side code.

---------

Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Daniel Shiposha <[email protected]>

Here we add the ability to save subsystem benchmark results in JSON
format to display them as graphs

To draw graphs, CI team will use
[github-action-benchmark](https://github.com/benchmark-action/github-action-benchmark).
Since we are using custom benchmarks, we need to prepare [a specific
data
type](https://github.com/benchmark-action/github-action-benchmark?tab=readme-ov-file#examples):
```
[
    {
        "name": "CPU Load",
        "unit": "Percent",
        "value": 50
    }
]
```

Then we'll get graphs like this: 

![example](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhysd/ss/master/github-action-benchmark/main.png)

[A live page with
graphs](https://benchmark-action.github.io/github-action-benchmark/dev/bench/)

---------

Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>

Make sure explicitly set by the operator public addresses go first in
the authority discovery DHT records.

Also update `Discovery` behavior to eliminate duplicates in the returned
addresses.

This PR should improve situation with
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/3519.

Obsoletes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3657.

This PR proposes enabling PoV reclaim on the `rococo-parachain`
testchain to streamline testing and development of high-TPS stuff.

We witnessed really poor performance on Rococo, where we ended up with
50 on-demand cores. This was due to the fact that for each core the full
queue was processed. With this change full queue processing will happen
way less often (most of the time complexity is O(1) or O(log(n))) and if
it happens then only for one core (in expectation).

Also spot price is now updated before each order to ensure economic back
pressure.


TODO:

- [x] Implement
- [x] Basic tests
- [x] Add more tests (see todos)
- [x] Run benchmark to confirm better performance, first results suggest
> 100x faster.
- [x] Write migrations
- [x] Bump scale-info version and remove patch in Cargo.toml
- [x] Write PR docs: on-demand performance improved, more on-demand
cores are now non problematic anymore. If need by also the max queue
size can be increased again. (Maybe not to 10k)

Optional: Performance can be improved even more, if we called
`pop_assignment_for_core()`, before calling `report_processed` (Avoid
needless affinity drops). The effect gets smaller the larger the claim
queue and I would only go for it, if it does not add complexity to the
scheduler.

---------

Co-authored-by: eskimor <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: antonva <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Anton Vilhelm Ásgeirsson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>

_This PR is being continued from
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2206, which was closed
when the developer_hub was merged._
closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk-docs/issues/44

---
# Description

This PR adds a reference document to the `developer-hub` crate (see
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2102). This specific
reference document covers defensive programming practices common within
the context of developing a runtime with Substrate.

In particular, this covers the following areas: 

- Default behavior of how Rust deals with numbers in general
- How to deal with floating point numbers in runtime / fixed point
arithmetic
- How to deal with Integer overflows
- General "safe math" / defensive programming practices for common
pallet development scenarios
- Defensive traits that exist within Substrate, i.e.,
`defensive_saturating_add `, `defensive_unwrap_or`
- More general defensive programming examples (keep it concise)
- Link to relevant examples where these practices are actually in
production / being used
- Unwrapping (or rather lack thereof) 101

todo
-- 
- [x] Apply feedback from previous PR
- [x] This may warrant a PR to append some of these docs to
`sp_arithmetic`

---------

Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Radha <[email protected]>

Bumps [anyhow](https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow) from 1.0.75 to 1.0.81.
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/releases">anyhow's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>1.0.81</h2>
<ul>
<li>Make backtrace support available when using -Dwarnings (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/issues/354">#354</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>1.0.80</h2>
<ul>
<li>Fix unused_imports warnings when compiled by rustc 1.78</li>
</ul>
<h2>1.0.79</h2>
<ul>
<li>Work around improperly cached build script result by sccache (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/issues/340">#340</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>1.0.78</h2>
<ul>
<li>Reduce spurious rebuilds under RustRover IDE when using a nightly
toolchain (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/issues/337">#337</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>1.0.77</h2>
<ul>
<li>Make <code>anyhow::Error::backtrace</code> available on stable Rust
compilers 1.65+ (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/issues/293">#293</a>,
thanks <a
href="https://github.com/LukasKalbertodt"><code>@​LukasKalbertodt</code></a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>1.0.76</h2>
<ul>
<li>Opt in to <code>unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn</code> lint (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/issues/329">#329</a>)</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
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<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/commit/4aad4edebd9f09247d6c6b6784419a74bb116829"><code>4aad4ed</code></a>
Release 1.0.81</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/commit/8be90917c603199c5d1fdd73984237f023768e22"><code>8be9091</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
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from dtolnay/deadcode</li>
<li><a
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Make compatible with -Dwarnings</li>
<li><a
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Release 1.0.80</li>
<li><a
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</code></a>
Work around prelude redundant import warnings</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/commit/6e4f86b48b5182ec71dbc8e308db9dc91e2ec8a5"><code>6e4f86b</code></a>
Import from alloc not std, where possible</li>
<li><a
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Ignore incompatible_msrv clippy false positives in test</li>
<li><a
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Ignore incompatible_msrv clippy lint</li>
<li><a
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Update ui test suite to nightly-2024-02-08</li>
<li><a
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Update ui test suite to nightly-2024-01-31</li>
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The PR adds two things:
1. Runtime API exposing the whole claim queue
2. Consumes the API in `collation-generation` to fetch the next
scheduled `ParaEntry` for an occupied core.

Related to https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1797

Bumps the known_good_semver group with 2 updates:
[serde_yaml](https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml) and
[syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn).

Updates `serde_yaml` from 0.9.32 to 0.9.33
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Updates `syn` from 2.0.52 to 2.0.53
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Update test suite to nightly-2024-03-16</li>
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Update test suite to nightly-2024-03-09</li>
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This PR removes sp-std crate from substrate/primitives sub-directories.

For now crates that have `pub use` of sp-std or export macros that would
necessitate users of the macros to `extern crate alloc` have been
excluded from this PR.

There should be no breaking changes in this PR.

---------

Co-authored-by: Koute <[email protected]>

Bumps the known_good_semver group with 3 updates:
[log](https://github.com/rust-lang/log),
[syn](https://github.com/dtolnay/syn) and
[clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap).

Updates `log` from 0.4.20 to 0.4.21
<details>
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<li>Minor clippy nits by <a
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<li>Specialize empty key value pairs by <a
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href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/585">rust-lang/log#585</a></li>
<li>Add logcontrol-log and log-reload by <a
href="https://github.com/swsnr"><code>@​swsnr</code></a> in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/595">rust-lang/log#595</a></li>
<li>Add Serialization section to kv::Value docs by <a
href="https://github.com/Thomasdezeeuw"><code>@​Thomasdezeeuw</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/593">rust-lang/log#593</a></li>
<li>Rename Value::to_str to to_cow_str by <a
href="https://github.com/Thomasdezeeuw"><code>@​Thomasdezeeuw</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/592">rust-lang/log#592</a></li>
<li>Clarify documentation and simplify initialization of
<code>STATIC_MAX_LEVEL</code> by <a
href="https://github.com/ptosi"><code>@​ptosi</code></a> in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/594">rust-lang/log#594</a></li>
<li>Update docs to 2021 edition, test by <a
href="https://github.com/nyurik"><code>@​nyurik</code></a> in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/577">rust-lang/log#577</a></li>
<li>Add &quot;alterable_logger&quot; link to README.md by <a
href="https://github.com/brummer-simon"><code>@​brummer-simon</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/589">rust-lang/log#589</a></li>
<li>Normalize line ending by <a
href="https://github.com/EFanZh"><code>@​EFanZh</code></a> in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/602">rust-lang/log#602</a></li>
<li>Remove <code>ok_or</code> in favor of <code>Option::ok_or</code> by
<a
href="https://github.com/AngelicosPhosphoros"><code>@​AngelicosPhosphoros</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/607">rust-lang/log#607</a></li>
<li>Use <code>Acquire</code> ordering for initialization check by <a
href="https://github.com/AngelicosPhosphoros"><code>@​AngelicosPhosphoros</code></a>
in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/610">rust-lang/log#610</a></li>
<li>Get structured logging API ready for stabilization by <a
href="https://github.com/KodrAus"><code>@​KodrAus</code></a> in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/613">rust-lang/log#613</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>New Contributors</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/nyurik"><code>@​nyurik</code></a> made
their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/578">rust-lang/log#578</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/dimo414"><code>@​dimo414</code></a> made
their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/590">rust-lang/log#590</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/peterjoel"><code>@​peterjoel</code></a>
made their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/587">rust-lang/log#587</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ptosi"><code>@​ptosi</code></a> made
their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/594">rust-lang/log#594</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/brummer-simon"><code>@​brummer-simon</code></a>
made their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/589">rust-lang/log#589</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/AngelicosPhosphoros"><code>@​AngelicosPhosphoros</code></a>
made their first contribution in <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/pull/607">rust-lang/log#607</a></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/3ccdc286fef3076747fe18a2a93658ea4d4ae012"><code>3ccdc28</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/issues/617">#617</a>
from rust-lang/cargo/0.4.21</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/6153cb289f0e7b80f00ae07dbe5ee41cf3d3fcb0"><code>6153cb2</code></a>
prepare for 0.4.21 release</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/f0f74946a4bfb02cfc407795a3499c4b69d7a290"><code>f0f7494</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/rust-lang/log/issues/613">#613</a>
from rust-lang/feat/kv-cleanup</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/2b220bf3b705f2abc0ee591c7eb17972a979da3a"><code>2b220bf</code></a>
clean up structured logging example</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/646e9ab9917fb79e44b6b36b8375106a1a09766c"><code>646e9ab</code></a>
use original Visitor name for VisitValue</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/cf85c38d3519745d60e7b891c4b2025050a8389f"><code>cf85c38</code></a>
add needed subfeatures to kv_unstable</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/73e953905b970ef765a86bf6cbd69bc2c5e2bac4"><code>73e9539</code></a>
fix up capturing of :err</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/31bb4b0ff36e458c6bef304a336b71f6342ddcc7"><code>31bb4b0</code></a>
move error macros together</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/ad917118a5e781d0dd60b3a75ba519ce9839ba70"><code>ad91711</code></a>
support field shorthand in macros</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/commit/90a347bd836873264a393a35bfd90fe478fadae2"><code>90a347b</code></a>
restore removed APIs as deprecated</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="https://github.com/rust-lang/log/compare/0.4.20...0.4.21">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />

Updates `syn` from 2.0.50 to 2.0.52
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/releases">syn's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>2.0.52</h2>
<ul>
<li>Add an expression parser that uses match-arm's boundary rules (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1593">#1593</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h2>2.0.51</h2>
<ul>
<li>Resolve non_local_definitions warnings in generated code under rustc
1.78-nightly</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/07ede6a6b31adeb3a18899ada1f352f63b3a36b9"><code>07ede6a</code></a>
Release 2.0.52</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/acbcfbc8c113fa1603469c9ad329d061ee74662e"><code>acbcfbc</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/dtolnay/syn/issues/1593">#1593</a>
from dtolnay/boundary</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/4924a993dce23abe65128ac318dd662d1e2ceef2"><code>4924a99</code></a>
Add an expression parser that uses match-arm's boundary rules</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/e06122bf2cfd31bd7f70304694477dd292fe7e1e"><code>e06122b</code></a>
Resolve unnecessary_get_then_check clippy lint</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/018fc5a6298491525387910cb359a9ec618abe54"><code>018fc5a</code></a>
Update test suite to nightly-2024-02-27</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/5e15a9b412cb1e2df481e3470e1be8defaee4495"><code>5e15a9b</code></a>
Release 2.0.51</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/7e0d4e1f43a879078595f0a3876484a1920ab8f8"><code>7e0d4e1</code></a>
Resolve non_local_definitions warning in debug impls</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/8667ad97c1d4e75ac1bb323fb5c7849269814145"><code>8667ad9</code></a>
Ignore module_name_repetitions pedantic clippy lint in codegen</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/1fc32000e25bf8fda7371071073f91e012ddf808"><code>1fc3200</code></a>
Update test suite to nightly-2024-02-26</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/commit/07a2065576b27dcf0c104f56379cc446d2f3824b"><code>07a2065</code></a>
Update test suite to nightly-2024-02-23</li>
<li>See full diff in <a
href="https://github.com/dtolnay/syn/compare/2.0.50...2.0.52">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />

Updates `clap` from 4.5.1 to 4.5.3
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/releases">clap's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>v4.5.3</h2>
<h2>[4.5.3] - 2024-03-15</h2>
<h3>Internal</h3>
<ul>
<li><em>(derive)</em> Update <code>heck</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>v4.5.2</h2>
<h2>[4.5.2] - 2024-03-06</h2>
<h3>Fixes</h3>
<ul>
<li><em>(macros)</em> Silence a warning</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">clap's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>[4.5.3] - 2024-03-15</h2>
<h3>Internal</h3>
<ul>
<li><em>(derive)</em> Update <code>heck</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>[4.5.2] - 2024-03-06</h2>
<h3>Fixes</h3>
<ul>
<li><em>(macros)</em> Silence a warning</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/4e07b438584bb8a19e37599d4c5b11797bec5579"><code>4e07b43</code></a>
chore: Release</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/8247c7ddf05d8023729ac180d8e8df260f1da5ff"><code>8247c7d</code></a>
docs: Update changelog</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/677c52ce0870115845a4c42e204f6c049b81a1e7"><code>677c52c</code></a>
chore: Update <code>heck</code> requirement (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5396">#5396</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/f65d421607ba16c3175ffe76a20820f123b6c4cb"><code>f65d421</code></a>
chore: Release</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/886b2729e419114bf42f1a92c66d346c81aa8f33"><code>886b272</code></a>
docs: Update changelog</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/3ba429752fdb19b7a1c2e151c41d5141ad5b9295"><code>3ba4297</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5386">#5386</a>
from amaanq/static-var-name</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/2aea9504c4894b3bddf9cd4d2d6cba889307c157"><code>2aea950</code></a>
fix: Use SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE for static variable
<code>authors</code></li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/690f5557d7f25904c31ec9f2a3c3657cbb68c98e"><code>690f555</code></a>
Merge pull request <a
href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5382">#5382</a>
from clap-rs/renovate/pre-commit-action-3.x</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/a2aa644368ec19026b16b870ec32dc57b325ba9b"><code>a2aa644</code></a>
chore(deps): update compatible (dev) (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/clap-rs/clap/issues/5381">#5381</a>)</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/commit/c233de53c0cca4281f444cf16d16d161bc9c3cab"><code>c233de5</code></a>
chore(deps): update pre-commit/action action to v3.0.1</li>
<li>Additional commits viewable in <a
href="https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/compare/clap_complete-v4.5.1...v4.5.3">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />


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Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Issues addressed in this PR:
- Improve *Penpal* runtime:
- Properly handled received assets. Previously, it treated `(1, Here)`
as the local native currency, whereas it should be treated as a
`ForeignAsset`. This wasn't a great example of standard Parachain
behaviour, as no Parachain treats the system asset as the local
currency.
- Remove `AllowExplicitUnpaidExecutionFrom` the system. Again, this
wasn't a great example of standard Parachain behaviour.
- Move duplicated
`ForeignAssetFeeAsExistentialDepositMultiplierFeeCharger` to
`assets_common` crate.
- Improve emulated tests:
  - Update *Penpal* tests to new runtime.
- To simplify tests, register the reserve transferred, teleported, and
system assets in *Penpal* and *AssetHub* genesis. This saves us from
having to create the assets repeatedly for each test
- Add missing test case:
`reserve_transfer_assets_from_para_to_system_para`.
  - Cleanup.
- Prevent integration tests crates imports from being re-exported, as
they were polluting the `polkadot-sdk` docs.

There is still a test case missing for reserve transfers:
- Reserve transfer of system asset from *Parachain* to *Parachain*
trough *AssetHub*.
- This is not yet possible with `pallet-xcm` due to the reasons
explained in https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3339

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

Revert "FRAME: Create `TransactionExtension` as a replacement for `SignedExtension` (#2280)" (#3665)

This PR reverts #2280 which introduced `TransactionExtension` to replace
`SignedExtension`.

As a result of the discussion
[here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3623#issuecomment-1986789700),
the changes will be reverted for now with plans to reintroduce the
concept in the future.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>