lib.rs

// Copyright 2017-2020 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Substrate.

// Substrate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Substrate is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! # Staking Module
//!
//! The Staking module is used to manage funds at stake by network maintainers.
//!
//! - [`staking::Trait`](./trait.Trait.html)
//! - [`Call`](./enum.Call.html)
//! - [`Module`](./struct.Module.html)
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! The Staking module is the means by which a set of network maintainers (known as _authorities_
//! in some contexts and _validators_ in others) are chosen based upon those who voluntarily place
//! funds under deposit. Under deposit, those funds are rewarded under normal operation but are
//! held at pain of _slash_ (expropriation) should the staked maintainer be found not to be
//! discharging its duties properly.
//!
//! ### Terminology
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @gavofyork -->
//!
//! - Staking: The process of locking up funds for some time, placing them at risk of slashing
//! (loss) in order to become a rewarded maintainer of the network.
//! - Validating: The process of running a node to actively maintain the network, either by
//! producing blocks or guaranteeing finality of the chain.
//! - Nominating: The process of placing staked funds behind one or more validators in order to
//! share in any reward, and punishment, they take.
//! - Stash account: The account holding an owner's funds used for staking.
//! - Controller account: The account that controls an owner's funds for staking.
//! - Era: A (whole) number of sessions, which is the period that the validator set (and each
//! validator's active nominator set) is recalculated and where rewards are paid out.
//! - Slash: The punishment of a staker by reducing its funds.
//!
//! ### Goals
//! <!-- Original author of paragraph: @gavofyork -->
//!
//! The staking system in Substrate NPoS is designed to make the following possible:
//!
//! - Stake funds that are controlled by a cold wallet.
//! - Withdraw some, or deposit more, funds without interrupting the role of an entity.
//! - Switch between roles (nominator, validator, idle) with minimal overhead.
//!
//! ### Scenarios
//!
//! #### Staking
//!
//! Almost any interaction with the Staking module requires a process of _**bonding**_ (also known
//! as being a _staker_). To become *bonded*, a fund-holding account known as the _stash account_,
//! which holds some or all of the funds that become frozen in place as part of the staking process,
//! is paired with an active **controller** account, which issues instructions on how they shall be
//! used.
//!
//! An account pair can become bonded using the [`bond`](./enum.Call.html#variant.bond) call.
//!
//! Stash accounts can change their associated controller using the
//! [`set_controller`](./enum.Call.html#variant.set_controller) call.
//!
//! There are three possible roles that any staked account pair can be in: `Validator`, `Nominator`
//! and `Idle` (defined in [`StakerStatus`](./enum.StakerStatus.html)). There are three
//! corresponding instructions to change between roles, namely:
//! [`validate`](./enum.Call.html#variant.validate), [`nominate`](./enum.Call.html#variant.nominate),
//! and [`chill`](./enum.Call.html#variant.chill).
//!
//! #### Validating
//!
//! A **validator** takes the role of either validating blocks or ensuring their finality,
//! maintaining the veracity of the network. A validator should avoid both any sort of malicious
//! misbehavior and going offline. Bonded accounts that state interest in being a validator do NOT
//! get immediately chosen as a validator. Instead, they are declared as a _candidate_ and they
//! _might_ get elected at the _next era_ as a validator. The result of the election is determined
//! by nominators and their votes.
//!
//! An account can become a validator candidate via the
//! [`validate`](./enum.Call.html#variant.validate) call.
//!
//! #### Nomination
//!
//! A **nominator** does not take any _direct_ role in maintaining the network, instead, it votes on
//! a set of validators  to be elected. Once interest in nomination is stated by an account, it
//! takes effect at the next election round. The funds in the nominator's stash account indicate the
//! _weight_ of its vote. Both the rewards and any punishment that a validator earns are shared
//! between the validator and its nominators. This rule incentivizes the nominators to NOT vote for
//! the misbehaving/offline validators as much as possible, simply because the nominators will also
//! lose funds if they vote poorly.
//!
//! An account can become a nominator via the [`nominate`](enum.Call.html#variant.nominate) call.
//!
//! #### Rewards and Slash
//!
//! The **reward and slashing** procedure is the core of the Staking module, attempting to _embrace
//! valid behavior_ while _punishing any misbehavior or lack of availability_.
//!
//! Slashing can occur at any point in time, once misbehavior is reported. Once slashing is
//! determined, a value is deducted from the balance of the validator and all the nominators who
//! voted for this validator (values are deducted from the _stash_ account of the slashed entity).
//!
//! Slashing logic is further described in the documentation of the `slashing` module.
//!
//! Similar to slashing, rewards are also shared among a validator and its associated nominators.
//! Yet, the reward funds are not always transferred to the stash account and can be configured.
//! See [Reward Calculation](#reward-calculation) for more details.
//!
//! #### Chilling
//!
//! Finally, any of the roles above can choose to step back temporarily and just chill for a while.
//! This means that if they are a nominator, they will not be considered as voters anymore and if
//! they are validators, they will no longer be a candidate for the next election.
//!
//! An account can step back via the [`chill`](enum.Call.html#variant.chill) call.
//!
//! ## Interface
//!
//! ### Dispatchable Functions
//!
//! The dispatchable functions of the Staking module enable the steps needed for entities to accept
//! and change their role, alongside some helper functions to get/set the metadata of the module.
//!
//! ### Public Functions
//!
//! The Staking module contains many public storage items and (im)mutable functions.
//!
//! ## Usage
//!
//! ### Example: Rewarding a validator by id.
//!
//! ```
//! use frame_support::{decl_module, dispatch};
//! use frame_system::{self as system, ensure_signed};
//! use pallet_staking::{self as staking};
//!
//! pub trait Trait: staking::Trait {}
//!
//! decl_module! {
//! 	pub struct Module<T: Trait> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
//!			/// Reward a validator.
//! 		pub fn reward_myself(origin) -> dispatch::DispatchResult {
//! 			let reported = ensure_signed(origin)?;
//! 			<staking::Module<T>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(reported, 10)]);
//! 			Ok(())
//! 		}
//! 	}
//! }
//! # fn main() { }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Implementation Details
//!
//! ### Slot Stake
//!
//! The term [`SlotStake`](./struct.Module.html#method.slot_stake) will be used throughout this
//! section. It refers to a value calculated at the end of each era, containing the _minimum value
//! at stake among all validators._ Note that a validator's value at stake might be a combination
//! of the validator's own stake and the votes it received. See [`Exposure`](./struct.Exposure.html)
//! for more details.
//!
//! ### Reward Calculation
//!
//! Validators and nominators are rewarded at the end of each era. The total reward of an era is
//! calculated using the era duration and the staking rate (the total amount of tokens staked by
//! nominators and validators, divided by the total token supply). It aims to incentivise toward a
//! defined staking rate. The full specification can be found
//! [here](https://research.web3.foundation/en/latest/polkadot/Token%20Economics.html#inflation-model).
//!
//! Total reward is split among validators and their nominators depending on the number of points
//! they received during the era. Points are added to a validator using
//! [`reward_by_ids`](./enum.Call.html#variant.reward_by_ids) or
//! [`reward_by_indices`](./enum.Call.html#variant.reward_by_indices).
//!
//! [`Module`](./struct.Module.html) implements
//! [`pallet_authorship::EventHandler`](../pallet_authorship/trait.EventHandler.html) to add reward points
//! to block producer and block producer of referenced uncles.
//!
//! The validator and its nominator split their reward as following:
//!
//! The validator can declare an amount, named
//! [`commission`](./struct.ValidatorPrefs.html#structfield.commission), that does not
//! get shared with the nominators at each reward payout through its
//! [`ValidatorPrefs`](./struct.ValidatorPrefs.html). This value gets deducted from the total reward
//! that is paid to the validator and its nominators. The remaining portion is split among the
//! validator and all of the nominators that nominated the validator, proportional to the value
//! staked behind this validator (_i.e._ dividing the
//! [`own`](./struct.Exposure.html#structfield.own) or
//! [`others`](./struct.Exposure.html#structfield.others) by
//! [`total`](./struct.Exposure.html#structfield.total) in [`Exposure`](./struct.Exposure.html)).
//!
//! All entities who receive a reward have the option to choose their reward destination
//! through the [`Payee`](./struct.Payee.html) storage item (see
//! [`set_payee`](enum.Call.html#variant.set_payee)), to be one of the following:
//!
//! - Controller account, (obviously) not increasing the staked value.
//! - Stash account, not increasing the staked value.
//! - Stash account, also increasing the staked value.
//!
//! ### Additional Fund Management Operations
//!
//! Any funds already placed into stash can be the target of the following operations:
//!
//! The controller account can free a portion (or all) of the funds using the
//! [`unbond`](enum.Call.html#variant.unbond) call. Note that the funds are not immediately
//! accessible. Instead, a duration denoted by [`BondingDuration`](./struct.BondingDuration.html)
//! (in number of eras) must pass until the funds can actually be removed. Once the
//! `BondingDuration` is over, the [`withdraw_unbonded`](./enum.Call.html#variant.withdraw_unbonded)
//! call can be used to actually withdraw the funds.
//!
//! Note that there is a limitation to the number of fund-chunks that can be scheduled to be
//! unlocked in the future via [`unbond`](enum.Call.html#variant.unbond). In case this maximum
//! (`MAX_UNLOCKING_CHUNKS`) is reached, the bonded account _must_ first wait until a successful
//! call to `withdraw_unbonded` to remove some of the chunks.
//!
//! ### Election Algorithm
//!
//! The current election algorithm is implemented based on Phragmén.
//! The reference implementation can be found
//! [here](https://github.com/w3f/consensus/tree/master/NPoS).
//!
//! The election algorithm, aside from electing the validators with the most stake value and votes,
//! tries to divide the nominator votes among candidates in an equal manner. To further assure this,
//! an optional post-processing can be applied that iteratively normalizes the nominator staked
//! values until the total difference among votes of a particular nominator are less than a
//! threshold.
//!
//! ## GenesisConfig
//!
//! The Staking module depends on the [`GenesisConfig`](./struct.GenesisConfig.html).
//!
//! ## Related Modules
//!
//! - [Balances](../pallet_balances/index.html): Used to manage values at stake.
//! - [Session](../pallet_session/index.html): Used to manage sessions. Also, a list of new validators
//! is stored in the Session module's `Validators` at the end of each era.

#![recursion_limit="128"]
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

#[cfg(test)]
mod mock;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;
mod migration;
mod slashing;

pub mod inflation;

use sp_std::{prelude::*, result};
use codec::{HasCompact, Encode, Decode};
use frame_support::{
	decl_module, decl_event, decl_storage, ensure, decl_error,
	weights::SimpleDispatchInfo,
	traits::{
		Currency, OnFreeBalanceZero, LockIdentifier, LockableCurrency,
		WithdrawReasons, OnUnbalanced, Imbalance, Get, Time
	}
};
use pallet_session::{historical::OnSessionEnding, SelectInitialValidators};
use sp_runtime::{
	Perbill,
	RuntimeDebug,
	curve::PiecewiseLinear,
	traits::{
		Convert, Zero, One, StaticLookup, CheckedSub, Saturating, Bounded, SaturatedConversion,
		SimpleArithmetic, EnsureOrigin,
	}
};
use sp_staking::{
	SessionIndex,
	offence::{OnOffenceHandler, OffenceDetails, Offence, ReportOffence},
};
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use sp_runtime::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use frame_system::{self as system, ensure_signed, ensure_root};

use sp_phragmen::{ExtendedBalance, PhragmenStakedAssignment};

const DEFAULT_MINIMUM_VALIDATOR_COUNT: u32 = 4;
const MAX_NOMINATIONS: usize = 16;
const MAX_UNLOCKING_CHUNKS: usize = 32;
const STAKING_ID: LockIdentifier = *b"staking ";

/// Counter for the number of eras that have passed.
pub type EraIndex = u32;

/// Counter for the number of "reward" points earned by a given validator.
pub type Points = u32;

/// Reward points of an era. Used to split era total payout between validators.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Default)]
pub struct EraPoints {
	/// Total number of points. Equals the sum of reward points for each validator.
	total: Points,
	/// The reward points earned by a given validator. The index of this vec corresponds to the
	/// index into the current validator set.
	individual: Vec<Points>,
}

impl EraPoints {
	/// Add the reward to the validator at the given index. Index must be valid
	/// (i.e. `index < current_elected.len()`).
	fn add_points_to_index(&mut self, index: u32, points: u32) {
		if let Some(new_total) = self.total.checked_add(points) {
			self.total = new_total;
			self.individual.resize((index as usize + 1).max(self.individual.len()), 0);
			self.individual[index as usize] += points; // Addition is less than total
		}
	}
}

/// Indicates the initial status of the staker.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
pub enum StakerStatus<AccountId> {
	/// Chilling.
	Idle,
	/// Declared desire in validating or already participating in it.
	Validator,
	/// Nominating for a group of other stakers.
	Nominator(Vec<AccountId>),
}

/// A destination account for payment.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum RewardDestination {
	/// Pay into the stash account, increasing the amount at stake accordingly.
	Staked,
	/// Pay into the stash account, not increasing the amount at stake.
	Stash,
	/// Pay into the controller account.
	Controller,
}

impl Default for RewardDestination {
	fn default() -> Self {
		RewardDestination::Staked
	}
}

/// Preference of what happens regarding validation.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct ValidatorPrefs {
	/// Reward that validator takes up-front; only the rest is split between themselves and
	/// nominators.
	#[codec(compact)]
	pub commission: Perbill,
}

impl Default for ValidatorPrefs {
	fn default() -> Self {
		ValidatorPrefs {
			commission: Default::default(),
		}
	}
}

/// Just a Balance/BlockNumber tuple to encode when a chunk of funds will be unlocked.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct UnlockChunk<Balance: HasCompact> {
	/// Amount of funds to be unlocked.
	#[codec(compact)]
	value: Balance,
	/// Era number at which point it'll be unlocked.
	#[codec(compact)]
	era: EraIndex,
}

/// The ledger of a (bonded) stash.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct StakingLedger<AccountId, Balance: HasCompact> {
	/// The stash account whose balance is actually locked and at stake.
	pub stash: AccountId,
	/// The total amount of the stash's balance that we are currently accounting for.
	/// It's just `active` plus all the `unlocking` balances.
	#[codec(compact)]
	pub total: Balance,
	/// The total amount of the stash's balance that will be at stake in any forthcoming
	/// rounds.
	#[codec(compact)]
	pub active: Balance,
	/// Any balance that is becoming free, which may eventually be transferred out
	/// of the stash (assuming it doesn't get slashed first).
	pub unlocking: Vec<UnlockChunk<Balance>>,
}

impl<
	AccountId,
	Balance: HasCompact + Copy + Saturating,
> StakingLedger<AccountId, Balance> {
	/// Remove entries from `unlocking` that are sufficiently old and reduce the
	/// total by the sum of their balances.
	fn consolidate_unlocked(self, current_era: EraIndex) -> Self {
		let mut total = self.total;
		let unlocking = self.unlocking.into_iter()
			.filter(|chunk| if chunk.era > current_era {
				true
			} else {
				total = total.saturating_sub(chunk.value);
				false
			})
			.collect();
		Self { total, active: self.active, stash: self.stash, unlocking }
	}

}

impl<AccountId, Balance> StakingLedger<AccountId, Balance> where
	Balance: SimpleArithmetic + Saturating + Copy,
{
	/// Slash the validator for a given amount of balance. This can grow the value
	/// of the slash in the case that the validator has less than `minimum_balance`
	/// active funds. Returns the amount of funds actually slashed.
	///
	/// Slashes from `active` funds first, and then `unlocking`, starting with the
	/// chunks that are closest to unlocking.
	fn slash(
		&mut self,
		mut value: Balance,
		minimum_balance: Balance,
	) -> Balance {
		let pre_total = self.total;
		let total = &mut self.total;
		let active = &mut self.active;

		let slash_out_of = |
			total_remaining: &mut Balance,
			target: &mut Balance,
			value: &mut Balance,
		| {
			let mut slash_from_target = (*value).min(*target);

			if !slash_from_target.is_zero() {
				*target -= slash_from_target;

				// don't leave a dust balance in the staking system.
				if *target <= minimum_balance {
					slash_from_target += *target;
					*value += sp_std::mem::replace(target, Zero::zero());
				}

				*total_remaining = total_remaining.saturating_sub(slash_from_target);
				*value -= slash_from_target;
			}
		};

		slash_out_of(total, active, &mut value);

		let i = self.unlocking.iter_mut()
			.map(|chunk| {
				slash_out_of(total, &mut chunk.value, &mut value);
				chunk.value
			})
			.take_while(|value| value.is_zero()) // take all fully-consumed chunks out.
			.count();

		// kill all drained chunks.
		let _ = self.unlocking.drain(..i);

		pre_total.saturating_sub(*total)
	}
}

/// A record of the nominations made by a specific account.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct Nominations<AccountId> {
	/// The targets of nomination.
	pub targets: Vec<AccountId>,
	/// The era the nominations were submitted.
	pub submitted_in: EraIndex,
	/// Whether the nominations have been suppressed.
	pub suppressed: bool,
}

/// The amount of exposure (to slashing) than an individual nominator has.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct IndividualExposure<AccountId, Balance: HasCompact> {
	/// The stash account of the nominator in question.
	who: AccountId,
	/// Amount of funds exposed.
	#[codec(compact)]
	value: Balance,
}

/// A snapshot of the stake backing a single validator in the system.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Encode, Decode, Default, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct Exposure<AccountId, Balance: HasCompact> {
	/// The total balance backing this validator.
	#[codec(compact)]
	pub total: Balance,
	/// The validator's own stash that is exposed.
	#[codec(compact)]
	pub own: Balance,
	/// The portions of nominators stashes that are exposed.
	pub others: Vec<IndividualExposure<AccountId, Balance>>,
}

/// A pending slash record. The value of the slash has been computed but not applied yet,
/// rather deferred for several eras.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Default, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct UnappliedSlash<AccountId, Balance: HasCompact> {
	/// The stash ID of the offending validator.
	validator: AccountId,
	/// The validator's own slash.
	own: Balance,
	/// All other slashed stakers and amounts.
	others: Vec<(AccountId, Balance)>,
	/// Reporters of the offence; bounty payout recipients.
	reporters: Vec<AccountId>,
	/// The amount of payout.
	payout: Balance,
}

pub type BalanceOf<T> =
	<<T as Trait>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::Balance;
type PositiveImbalanceOf<T> =
	<<T as Trait>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::PositiveImbalance;
type NegativeImbalanceOf<T> =
	<<T as Trait>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::NegativeImbalance;
type MomentOf<T> = <<T as Trait>::Time as Time>::Moment;

/// Means for interacting with a specialized version of the `session` trait.
///
/// This is needed because `Staking` sets the `ValidatorIdOf` of the `pallet_session::Trait`
pub trait SessionInterface<AccountId>: frame_system::Trait {
	/// Disable a given validator by stash ID.
	///
	/// Returns `true` if new era should be forced at the end of this session.
	/// This allows preventing a situation where there is too many validators
	/// disabled and block production stalls.
	fn disable_validator(validator: &AccountId) -> Result<bool, ()>;
	/// Get the validators from session.
	fn validators() -> Vec<AccountId>;
	/// Prune historical session tries up to but not including the given index.
	fn prune_historical_up_to(up_to: SessionIndex);
}

impl<T: Trait> SessionInterface<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId> for T where
	T: pallet_session::Trait<ValidatorId = <T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T: pallet_session::historical::Trait<
		FullIdentification = Exposure<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
		FullIdentificationOf = ExposureOf<T>,
	>,
	T::SessionHandler: pallet_session::SessionHandler<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::OnSessionEnding: pallet_session::OnSessionEnding<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::SelectInitialValidators: pallet_session::SelectInitialValidators<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::ValidatorIdOf: Convert<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId, Option<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>
{
	fn disable_validator(validator: &<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId) -> Result<bool, ()> {
		<pallet_session::Module<T>>::disable(validator)
	}

	fn validators() -> Vec<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId> {
		<pallet_session::Module<T>>::validators()
	}

	fn prune_historical_up_to(up_to: SessionIndex) {
		<pallet_session::historical::Module<T>>::prune_up_to(up_to);
	}
}

pub trait Trait: frame_system::Trait {
	/// The staking balance.
	type Currency: LockableCurrency<Self::AccountId, Moment=Self::BlockNumber>;

	/// Time used for computing era duration.
	type Time: Time;

	/// Convert a balance into a number used for election calculation.
	/// This must fit into a `u64` but is allowed to be sensibly lossy.
	/// TODO: #1377
	/// The backward convert should be removed as the new Phragmen API returns ratio.
	/// The post-processing needs it but will be moved to off-chain. TODO: #2908
	type CurrencyToVote: Convert<BalanceOf<Self>, u64> + Convert<u128, BalanceOf<Self>>;

	/// Tokens have been minted and are unused for validator-reward.
	type RewardRemainder: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalanceOf<Self>>;

	/// The overarching event type.
	type Event: From<Event<Self>> + Into<<Self as frame_system::Trait>::Event>;

	/// Handler for the unbalanced reduction when slashing a staker.
	type Slash: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalanceOf<Self>>;

	/// Handler for the unbalanced increment when rewarding a staker.
	type Reward: OnUnbalanced<PositiveImbalanceOf<Self>>;

	/// Number of sessions per era.
	type SessionsPerEra: Get<SessionIndex>;

	/// Number of eras that staked funds must remain bonded for.
	type BondingDuration: Get<EraIndex>;

	/// Number of eras that slashes are deferred by, after computation. This
	/// should be less than the bonding duration. Set to 0 if slashes should be
	/// applied immediately, without opportunity for intervention.
	type SlashDeferDuration: Get<EraIndex>;

	/// The origin which can cancel a deferred slash. Root can always do this.
	type SlashCancelOrigin: EnsureOrigin<Self::Origin>;

	/// Interface for interacting with a session module.
	type SessionInterface: self::SessionInterface<Self::AccountId>;

	/// The NPoS reward curve to use.
	type RewardCurve: Get<&'static PiecewiseLinear<'static>>;
}

/// Mode of era-forcing.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
pub enum Forcing {
	/// Not forcing anything - just let whatever happen.
	NotForcing,
	/// Force a new era, then reset to `NotForcing` as soon as it is done.
	ForceNew,
	/// Avoid a new era indefinitely.
	ForceNone,
	/// Force a new era at the end of all sessions indefinitely.
	ForceAlways,
}

impl Default for Forcing {
	fn default() -> Self { Forcing::NotForcing }
}

decl_storage! {
	trait Store for Module<T: Trait> as Staking {

		/// The ideal number of staking participants.
		pub ValidatorCount get(fn validator_count) config(): u32;
		/// Minimum number of staking participants before emergency conditions are imposed.
		pub MinimumValidatorCount get(fn minimum_validator_count) config():
			u32 = DEFAULT_MINIMUM_VALIDATOR_COUNT;

		/// Any validators that may never be slashed or forcibly kicked. It's a Vec since they're
		/// easy to initialize and the performance hit is minimal (we expect no more than four
		/// invulnerables) and restricted to testnets.
		pub Invulnerables get(fn invulnerables) config(): Vec<T::AccountId>;

		/// Map from all locked "stash" accounts to the controller account.
		pub Bonded get(fn bonded): map T::AccountId => Option<T::AccountId>;
		/// Map from all (unlocked) "controller" accounts to the info regarding the staking.
		pub Ledger get(fn ledger):
			map T::AccountId => Option<StakingLedger<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>;

		/// Where the reward payment should be made. Keyed by stash.
		pub Payee get(fn payee): map T::AccountId => RewardDestination;

		/// The map from (wannabe) validator stash key to the preferences of that validator.
		pub Validators get(fn validators): linked_map T::AccountId => ValidatorPrefs;

		/// The map from nominator stash key to the set of stash keys of all validators to nominate.
		///
		/// NOTE: is private so that we can ensure upgraded before all typical accesses.
		/// Direct storage APIs can still bypass this protection.
		Nominators get(fn nominators): linked_map T::AccountId => Option<Nominations<T::AccountId>>;

		/// Nominators for a particular account that is in action right now. You can't iterate
		/// through validators here, but you can find them in the Session module.
		///
		/// This is keyed by the stash account.
		pub Stakers get(fn stakers): map T::AccountId => Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>;

		/// The currently elected validator set keyed by stash account ID.
		pub CurrentElected get(fn current_elected): Vec<T::AccountId>;

		/// The current era index.
		pub CurrentEra get(fn current_era) config(): EraIndex;

		/// The start of the current era.
		pub CurrentEraStart get(fn current_era_start): MomentOf<T>;

		/// The session index at which the current era started.
		pub CurrentEraStartSessionIndex get(fn current_era_start_session_index): SessionIndex;

		/// Rewards for the current era. Using indices of current elected set.
		CurrentEraPointsEarned get(fn current_era_reward): EraPoints;

		/// The amount of balance actively at stake for each validator slot, currently.
		///
		/// This is used to derive rewards and punishments.
		pub SlotStake get(fn slot_stake) build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T>| {
			config.stakers.iter().map(|&(_, _, value, _)| value).min().unwrap_or_default()
		}): BalanceOf<T>;

		/// True if the next session change will be a new era regardless of index.
		pub ForceEra get(fn force_era) config(): Forcing;

		/// The percentage of the slash that is distributed to reporters.
		///
		/// The rest of the slashed value is handled by the `Slash`.
		pub SlashRewardFraction get(fn slash_reward_fraction) config(): Perbill;

		/// The amount of currency given to reporters of a slash event which was
		/// canceled by extraordinary circumstances (e.g. governance).
		pub CanceledSlashPayout get(fn canceled_payout) config(): BalanceOf<T>;

		/// All unapplied slashes that are queued for later.
		pub UnappliedSlashes: map EraIndex => Vec<UnappliedSlash<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>;

		/// A mapping from still-bonded eras to the first session index of that era.
		BondedEras: Vec<(EraIndex, SessionIndex)>;

		/// All slashing events on validators, mapped by era to the highest slash proportion
		/// and slash value of the era.
		ValidatorSlashInEra:
			double_map EraIndex, twox_128(T::AccountId) => Option<(Perbill, BalanceOf<T>)>;

		/// All slashing events on nominators, mapped by era to the highest slash value of the era.
		NominatorSlashInEra:
			double_map EraIndex, twox_128(T::AccountId) => Option<BalanceOf<T>>;

		/// Slashing spans for stash accounts.
		SlashingSpans: map T::AccountId => Option<slashing::SlashingSpans>;

		/// Records information about the maximum slash of a stash within a slashing span,
		/// as well as how much reward has been paid out.
		SpanSlash:
			map (T::AccountId, slashing::SpanIndex) => slashing::SpanRecord<BalanceOf<T>>;

		/// The earliest era for which we have a pending, unapplied slash.
		EarliestUnappliedSlash: Option<EraIndex>;

		/// The version of storage for upgrade.
		StorageVersion: u32;
	}
	add_extra_genesis {
		config(stakers):
			Vec<(T::AccountId, T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>, StakerStatus<T::AccountId>)>;
		build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T>| {
			for &(ref stash, ref controller, balance, ref status) in &config.stakers {
				assert!(
					T::Currency::free_balance(&stash) >= balance,
					"Stash does not have enough balance to bond."
				);
				let _ = <Module<T>>::bond(
					T::Origin::from(Some(stash.clone()).into()),
					T::Lookup::unlookup(controller.clone()),
					balance,
					RewardDestination::Staked,
				);
				let _ = match status {
					StakerStatus::Validator => {
						<Module<T>>::validate(
							T::Origin::from(Some(controller.clone()).into()),
							Default::default(),
						)
					},
					StakerStatus::Nominator(votes) => {
						<Module<T>>::nominate(
							T::Origin::from(Some(controller.clone()).into()),
							votes.iter().map(|l| T::Lookup::unlookup(l.clone())).collect(),
						)
					}, _ => Ok(())
				};
			}

			StorageVersion::put(migration::CURRENT_VERSION);
		});
	}
}

decl_event!(
	pub enum Event<T> where Balance = BalanceOf<T>, <T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId {
		/// All validators have been rewarded by the first balance; the second is the remainder
		/// from the maximum amount of reward.
		Reward(Balance, Balance),
		/// One validator (and its nominators) has been slashed by the given amount.
		Slash(AccountId, Balance),
		/// An old slashing report from a prior era was discarded because it could
		/// not be processed.
		OldSlashingReportDiscarded(SessionIndex),
	}
);

decl_error! {
	/// Error for the staking module.
	pub enum Error for Module<T: Trait> {
		/// Not a controller account.
		NotController,
		/// Not a stash account.
		NotStash,
		/// Stash is already bonded.
		AlreadyBonded,
		/// Controller is already paired.
		AlreadyPaired,
		/// Targets cannot be empty.
		EmptyTargets,
		/// Duplicate index.
		DuplicateIndex,
		/// Slash record index out of bounds.
		InvalidSlashIndex,
		/// Can not bond with value less than minimum balance.
		InsufficientValue,
		/// Can not schedule more unlock chunks.
		NoMoreChunks,
	}
}

decl_module! {
	pub struct Module<T: Trait> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
		/// Number of sessions per era.
		const SessionsPerEra: SessionIndex = T::SessionsPerEra::get();

		/// Number of eras that staked funds must remain bonded for.
		const BondingDuration: EraIndex = T::BondingDuration::get();

		type Error = Error<T>;

		fn deposit_event() = default;

		fn on_initialize() {
			Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();
		}

		fn on_finalize() {
			// Set the start of the first era.
			if !<CurrentEraStart<T>>::exists() {
				<CurrentEraStart<T>>::put(T::Time::now());
			}
		}

		/// Take the origin account as a stash and lock up `value` of its balance. `controller` will
		/// be the account that controls it.
		///
		/// `value` must be more than the `minimum_balance` specified by `T::Currency`.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the stash account.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Moderate complexity.
		/// - O(1).
		/// - Three extra DB entries.
		///
		/// NOTE: Two of the storage writes (`Self::bonded`, `Self::payee`) are _never_ cleaned unless
		/// the `origin` falls below _existential deposit_ and gets removed as dust.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(500_000)]
		fn bond(origin,
			controller: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[compact] value: BalanceOf<T>,
			payee: RewardDestination
		) {
			let stash = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			if <Bonded<T>>::exists(&stash) {
				Err(Error::<T>::AlreadyBonded)?
			}

			let controller = T::Lookup::lookup(controller)?;

			if <Ledger<T>>::exists(&controller) {
				Err(Error::<T>::AlreadyPaired)?
			}

			// reject a bond which is considered to be _dust_.
			if value < T::Currency::minimum_balance() {
				Err(Error::<T>::InsufficientValue)?
			}

			// You're auto-bonded forever, here. We might improve this by only bonding when
			// you actually validate/nominate and remove once you unbond __everything__.
			<Bonded<T>>::insert(&stash, &controller);
			<Payee<T>>::insert(&stash, payee);

			let stash_balance = T::Currency::free_balance(&stash);
			let value = value.min(stash_balance);
			let item = StakingLedger { stash, total: value, active: value, unlocking: vec![] };
			Self::update_ledger(&controller, &item);
		}

		/// Add some extra amount that have appeared in the stash `free_balance` into the balance up
		/// for staking.
		///
		/// Use this if there are additional funds in your stash account that you wish to bond.
		/// Unlike [`bond`] or [`unbond`] this function does not impose any limitation on the amount
		/// that can be added.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the stash, not the controller.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - O(1).
		/// - One DB entry.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(500_000)]
		fn bond_extra(origin, #[compact] max_additional: BalanceOf<T>) {
			let stash = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			let controller = Self::bonded(&stash).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotStash)?;
			let mut ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;

			let stash_balance = T::Currency::free_balance(&stash);

			if let Some(extra) = stash_balance.checked_sub(&ledger.total) {
				let extra = extra.min(max_additional);
				ledger.total += extra;
				ledger.active += extra;
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
			}
		}

		/// Schedule a portion of the stash to be unlocked ready for transfer out after the bond
		/// period ends. If this leaves an amount actively bonded less than
		/// T::Currency::minimum_balance(), then it is increased to the full amount.
		///
		/// Once the unlock period is done, you can call `withdraw_unbonded` to actually move
		/// the funds out of management ready for transfer.
		///
		/// No more than a limited number of unlocking chunks (see `MAX_UNLOCKING_CHUNKS`)
		/// can co-exists at the same time. In that case, [`Call::withdraw_unbonded`] need
		/// to be called first to remove some of the chunks (if possible).
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// See also [`Call::withdraw_unbonded`].
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Limited but potentially exploitable complexity.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads.
		/// - Each call (requires the remainder of the bonded balance to be above `minimum_balance`)
		///   will cause a new entry to be inserted into a vector (`Ledger.unlocking`) kept in storage.
		///   The only way to clean the aforementioned storage item is also user-controlled via `withdraw_unbonded`.
		/// - One DB entry.
		/// </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(400_000)]
		fn unbond(origin, #[compact] value: BalanceOf<T>) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let mut ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			ensure!(
				ledger.unlocking.len() < MAX_UNLOCKING_CHUNKS,
				Error::<T>::NoMoreChunks,
			);

			let mut value = value.min(ledger.active);

			if !value.is_zero() {
				ledger.active -= value;

				// Avoid there being a dust balance left in the staking system.
				if ledger.active < T::Currency::minimum_balance() {
					value += ledger.active;
					ledger.active = Zero::zero();
				}

				let era = Self::current_era() + T::BondingDuration::get();
				ledger.unlocking.push(UnlockChunk { value, era });
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
			}
		}

		/// Remove any unlocked chunks from the `unlocking` queue from our management.
		///
		/// This essentially frees up that balance to be used by the stash account to do
		/// whatever it wants.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// See also [`Call::unbond`].
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Could be dependent on the `origin` argument and how much `unlocking` chunks exist.
		///  It implies `consolidate_unlocked` which loops over `Ledger.unlocking`, which is
		///  indirectly user-controlled. See [`unbond`] for more detail.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads, yet the size of which could be large based on `ledger`.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(400_000)]
		fn withdraw_unbonded(origin) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let ledger = ledger.consolidate_unlocked(Self::current_era());

			if ledger.unlocking.is_empty() && ledger.active.is_zero() {
				// This account must have called `unbond()` with some value that caused the active
				// portion to fall below existential deposit + will have no more unlocking chunks
				// left. We can now safely remove this.
				let stash = ledger.stash;
				// remove the lock.
				T::Currency::remove_lock(STAKING_ID, &stash);
				// remove all staking-related information.
				Self::kill_stash(&stash);
			} else {
				// This was the consequence of a partial unbond. just update the ledger and move on.
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
			}
		}

		/// Declare the desire to validate for the origin controller.
		///