lib.rs

// Copyright 2017-2020 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.

// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! The Polkadot runtime. This can be compiled with `#[no_std]`, ready for Wasm.

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
// `construct_runtime!` does a lot of recursion and requires us to increase the limit to 256.
#![recursion_limit="256"]

use sp_std::prelude::*;
use sp_core::u32_trait::{_1, _2, _3, _4, _5};
use codec::{Encode, Decode};
use primitives::{
	AccountId, AccountIndex, Balance, BlockNumber, Hash, Nonce, Signature, Moment,
	parachain::{self, ActiveParas, AbridgedCandidateReceipt, SigningContext},
};
use runtime_common::{
	attestations, claims, parachains, registrar, slots, SlowAdjustingFeeUpdate,
	impls::{CurrencyToVoteHandler, ToAuthor},
	NegativeImbalance, BlockHashCount, MaximumBlockWeight, AvailableBlockRatio,
	MaximumBlockLength, BlockExecutionWeight, ExtrinsicBaseWeight, RocksDbWeight,
	MaximumExtrinsicWeight,
};
use sp_runtime::{
	create_runtime_str, generic, impl_opaque_keys, ModuleId,
	ApplyExtrinsicResult, KeyTypeId, Percent, Permill, Perbill,
	transaction_validity::{TransactionValidity, TransactionSource, TransactionPriority},
	curve::PiecewiseLinear,
	traits::{
		BlakeTwo256, Block as BlockT, OpaqueKeys, ConvertInto, IdentityLookup,
		Extrinsic as ExtrinsicT, SaturatedConversion, Verify,
	},
};
#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
use sp_runtime::RuntimeString;
use version::RuntimeVersion;
use grandpa::{AuthorityId as GrandpaId, fg_primitives};
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
use version::NativeVersion;
use sp_core::OpaqueMetadata;
use sp_staking::SessionIndex;
use frame_support::{
	parameter_types, construct_runtime, debug, RuntimeDebug,
	traits::{KeyOwnerProofSystem, SplitTwoWays, Randomness, LockIdentifier, Filter, InstanceFilter},
	weights::Weight,
};
use system::{EnsureRoot, EnsureOneOf};
use im_online::sr25519::AuthorityId as ImOnlineId;
use authority_discovery_primitives::AuthorityId as AuthorityDiscoveryId;
use transaction_payment_rpc_runtime_api::RuntimeDispatchInfo;
use session::{historical as session_historical};
use static_assertions::const_assert;

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub use staking::StakerStatus;
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
pub use sp_runtime::BuildStorage;
pub use timestamp::Call as TimestampCall;
pub use balances::Call as BalancesCall;
pub use attestations::{Call as AttestationsCall, MORE_ATTESTATIONS_IDENTIFIER};
pub use parachains::Call as ParachainsCall;

/// Constant values used within the runtime.
pub mod constants;
use constants::{time::*, currency::*, fee::*};

// Make the WASM binary available.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/wasm_binary.rs"));

/// Runtime version (Kusama).
pub const VERSION: RuntimeVersion = RuntimeVersion {
	spec_name: create_runtime_str!("kusama"),
	impl_name: create_runtime_str!("parity-kusama"),
	authoring_version: 2,
	spec_version: 2014,
	impl_version: 0,
	#[cfg(not(feature = "disable-runtime-api"))]
	apis: RUNTIME_API_VERSIONS,
	#[cfg(feature = "disable-runtime-api")]
	apis: version::create_apis_vec![[]],
	transaction_version: 2,
};

/// Native version.
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
pub fn native_version() -> NativeVersion {
	NativeVersion {
		runtime_version: VERSION,
		can_author_with: Default::default(),
	}
}

/// Avoid processing transactions from slots and parachain registrar.
pub struct BaseFilter;
impl Filter<Call> for BaseFilter {
	fn filter(call: &Call) -> bool {
		!matches!(call, Call::Slots(_) | Call::Registrar(_))
	}
}

type MoreThanHalfCouncil = EnsureOneOf<
	AccountId,
	EnsureRoot<AccountId>,
	collective::EnsureProportionMoreThan<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>
>;

parameter_types! {
	pub const Version: RuntimeVersion = VERSION;
}

impl system::Trait for Runtime {
	type BaseCallFilter = BaseFilter;
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Call = Call;
	type Index = Nonce;
	type BlockNumber = BlockNumber;
	type Hash = Hash;
	type Hashing = BlakeTwo256;
	type AccountId = AccountId;
	type Lookup = IdentityLookup<Self::AccountId>;
	type Header = generic::Header<BlockNumber, BlakeTwo256>;
	type Event = Event;
	type BlockHashCount = BlockHashCount;
	type MaximumBlockWeight = MaximumBlockWeight;
	type DbWeight = RocksDbWeight;
	type BlockExecutionWeight = BlockExecutionWeight;
	type ExtrinsicBaseWeight = ExtrinsicBaseWeight;
	type MaximumExtrinsicWeight = MaximumExtrinsicWeight;
	type MaximumBlockLength = MaximumBlockLength;
	type AvailableBlockRatio = AvailableBlockRatio;
	type Version = Version;
	type ModuleToIndex = ModuleToIndex;
	type AccountData = balances::AccountData<Balance>;
	type OnNewAccount = ();
	type OnKilledAccount = ();
}

impl scheduler::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Call = Call;
	type MaximumWeight = MaximumBlockWeight;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const EpochDuration: u64 = EPOCH_DURATION_IN_BLOCKS as u64;
	pub const ExpectedBlockTime: Moment = MILLISECS_PER_BLOCK;
}

impl babe::Trait for Runtime {
	type EpochDuration = EpochDuration;
	type ExpectedBlockTime = ExpectedBlockTime;

	// session module is the trigger
	type EpochChangeTrigger = babe::ExternalTrigger;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const IndexDeposit: Balance = 1 * DOLLARS;
}

impl indices::Trait for Runtime {
	type AccountIndex = AccountIndex;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type Deposit = IndexDeposit;
	type Event = Event;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const ExistentialDeposit: Balance = 1 * CENTS;
}

/// Splits fees 80/20 between treasury and block author.
pub type DealWithFees = SplitTwoWays<
	Balance,
	NegativeImbalance<Runtime>,
	_4, Treasury,   // 4 parts (80%) goes to the treasury.
	_1, ToAuthor<Runtime>,   // 1 part (20%) goes to the block author.
>;

impl balances::Trait for Runtime {
	type Balance = Balance;
	type DustRemoval = ();
	type Event = Event;
	type ExistentialDeposit = ExistentialDeposit;
	type AccountStore = System;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const TransactionByteFee: Balance = 10 * MILLICENTS;
}

impl transaction_payment::Trait for Runtime {
	type Currency = Balances;
	type OnTransactionPayment = DealWithFees;
	type TransactionByteFee = TransactionByteFee;
	type WeightToFee = WeightToFee;
	type FeeMultiplierUpdate = SlowAdjustingFeeUpdate<Self>;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const MinimumPeriod: u64 = SLOT_DURATION / 2;
}
impl timestamp::Trait for Runtime {
	type Moment = u64;
	type OnTimestampSet = Babe;
	type MinimumPeriod = MinimumPeriod;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const UncleGenerations: u32 = 0;
}

// TODO: substrate#2986 implement this properly
impl authorship::Trait for Runtime {
	type FindAuthor = session::FindAccountFromAuthorIndex<Self, Babe>;
	type UncleGenerations = UncleGenerations;
	type FilterUncle = ();
	type EventHandler = (Staking, ImOnline);
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const Period: BlockNumber = 10 * MINUTES;
	pub const Offset: BlockNumber = 0;
}

impl_opaque_keys! {
	pub struct SessionKeys {
		pub grandpa: Grandpa,
		pub babe: Babe,
		pub im_online: ImOnline,
		pub parachain_validator: Parachains,
		pub authority_discovery: AuthorityDiscovery,
	}
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const DisabledValidatorsThreshold: Perbill = Perbill::from_percent(17);
}

impl session::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type ValidatorId = AccountId;
	type ValidatorIdOf = staking::StashOf<Self>;
	type ShouldEndSession = Babe;
	type NextSessionRotation = Babe;
	type SessionManager = session::historical::NoteHistoricalRoot<Self, Staking>;
	type SessionHandler = <SessionKeys as OpaqueKeys>::KeyTypeIdProviders;
	type Keys = SessionKeys;
	type DisabledValidatorsThreshold = DisabledValidatorsThreshold;
}

impl session::historical::Trait for Runtime {
	type FullIdentification = staking::Exposure<AccountId, Balance>;
	type FullIdentificationOf = staking::ExposureOf<Runtime>;
}

// TODO #6469: This shouldn't be static, but a lazily cached value, not built unless needed, and
// re-built in case input parameters have changed. The `ideal_stake` should be determined by the
// amount of parachain slots being bid on: this should be around `(75 - 25.min(slots / 4))%`.
pallet_staking_reward_curve::build! {
	const REWARD_CURVE: PiecewiseLinear<'static> = curve!(
		min_inflation: 0_025_000,
		max_inflation: 0_100_000,
		// 3:2:1 staked : parachains : float.
		// while there's no parachains, then this is 75% staked : 25% float.
		ideal_stake: 0_750_000,
		falloff: 0_050_000,
		max_piece_count: 40,
		test_precision: 0_005_000,
	);
}

parameter_types! {
	// Six sessions in an era (6 hours).
	pub const SessionsPerEra: SessionIndex = 6;
	// 28 eras for unbonding (7 days).
	pub const BondingDuration: staking::EraIndex = 28;
	// 28 eras in which slashes can be cancelled (7 days).
	pub const SlashDeferDuration: staking::EraIndex = 28;
	pub const RewardCurve: &'static PiecewiseLinear<'static> = &REWARD_CURVE;
	pub const MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator: u32 = 64;
	// quarter of the last session will be for election.
	pub const ElectionLookahead: BlockNumber = EPOCH_DURATION_IN_BLOCKS / 4;
	pub const MaxIterations: u32 = 10;
	pub MinSolutionScoreBump: Perbill = Perbill::from_rational_approximation(5u32, 10_000);
}

type SlashCancelOrigin = EnsureOneOf<
	AccountId,
	EnsureRoot<AccountId>,
	collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>
>;

impl staking::Trait for Runtime {
	type Currency = Balances;
	type UnixTime = Timestamp;
	type CurrencyToVote = CurrencyToVoteHandler<Self>;
	type RewardRemainder = Treasury;
	type Event = Event;
	type Slash = Treasury;
	type Reward = ();
	type SessionsPerEra = SessionsPerEra;
	type BondingDuration = BondingDuration;
	type SlashDeferDuration = SlashDeferDuration;
	// A majority of the council or root can cancel the slash.
	type SlashCancelOrigin = SlashCancelOrigin;
	type SessionInterface = Self;
	type RewardCurve = RewardCurve;
	type MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator = MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator;
	type NextNewSession = Session;
	type ElectionLookahead = ElectionLookahead;
	type Call = Call;
	type UnsignedPriority = StakingUnsignedPriority;
	type MaxIterations = MaxIterations;
	type MinSolutionScoreBump = MinSolutionScoreBump;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const LaunchPeriod: BlockNumber = 7 * DAYS;
	pub const VotingPeriod: BlockNumber = 7 * DAYS;
	pub const FastTrackVotingPeriod: BlockNumber = 3 * HOURS;
	pub const MinimumDeposit: Balance = 1 * DOLLARS;
	pub const EnactmentPeriod: BlockNumber = 8 * DAYS;
	pub const CooloffPeriod: BlockNumber = 7 * DAYS;
	// One cent: $10,000 / MB
	pub const PreimageByteDeposit: Balance = 10 * MILLICENTS;
	pub const InstantAllowed: bool = true;
	pub const MaxVotes: u32 = 100;
}

impl democracy::Trait for Runtime {
	type Proposal = Call;
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type EnactmentPeriod = EnactmentPeriod;
	type LaunchPeriod = LaunchPeriod;
	type VotingPeriod = VotingPeriod;
	type MinimumDeposit = MinimumDeposit;
	/// A straight majority of the council can decide what their next motion is.
	type ExternalOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
	/// A majority can have the next scheduled referendum be a straight majority-carries vote.
	type ExternalMajorityOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
	/// A unanimous council can have the next scheduled referendum be a straight default-carries
	/// (NTB) vote.
	type ExternalDefaultOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_1, _1, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
	/// Two thirds of the technical committee can have an ExternalMajority/ExternalDefault vote
	/// be tabled immediately and with a shorter voting/enactment period.
	type FastTrackOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_2, _3, AccountId, TechnicalCollective>;
	type InstantOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_1, _1, AccountId, TechnicalCollective>;
	type InstantAllowed = InstantAllowed;
	type FastTrackVotingPeriod = FastTrackVotingPeriod;
	// To cancel a proposal which has been passed, 2/3 of the council must agree to it.
	type CancellationOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_2, _3, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
	// Any single technical committee member may veto a coming council proposal, however they can
	// only do it once and it lasts only for the cooloff period.
	type VetoOrigin = collective::EnsureMember<AccountId, TechnicalCollective>;
	type CooloffPeriod = CooloffPeriod;
	type PreimageByteDeposit = PreimageByteDeposit;
	type Slash = Treasury;
	type Scheduler = Scheduler;
	type MaxVotes = MaxVotes;
	type OperationalPreimageOrigin = collective::EnsureMember<AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const CouncilMotionDuration: BlockNumber = 3 * DAYS;
	pub const CouncilMaxProposals: u32 = 100;
}

type CouncilCollective = collective::Instance1;
impl collective::Trait<CouncilCollective> for Runtime {
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Proposal = Call;
	type Event = Event;
	type MotionDuration = CouncilMotionDuration;
	type MaxProposals = CouncilMaxProposals;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const CandidacyBond: Balance = 1 * DOLLARS;
	pub const VotingBond: Balance = 5 * CENTS;
	/// Daily council elections.
	pub const TermDuration: BlockNumber = 24 * HOURS;
	pub const DesiredMembers: u32 = 17;
	pub const DesiredRunnersUp: u32 = 7;
	pub const ElectionsPhragmenModuleId: LockIdentifier = *b"phrelect";
}
// Make sure that there are no more than MAX_MEMBERS members elected via phragmen.
const_assert!(DesiredMembers::get() <= collective::MAX_MEMBERS);

impl elections_phragmen::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type ChangeMembers = Council;
	type InitializeMembers = Council;
	type CurrencyToVote = CurrencyToVoteHandler<Self>;
	type CandidacyBond = CandidacyBond;
	type VotingBond = VotingBond;
	type LoserCandidate = Treasury;
	type BadReport = Treasury;
	type KickedMember = Treasury;
	type DesiredMembers = DesiredMembers;
	type DesiredRunnersUp = DesiredRunnersUp;
	type TermDuration = TermDuration;
	type ModuleId = ElectionsPhragmenModuleId;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const TechnicalMotionDuration: BlockNumber = 3 * DAYS;
	pub const TechnicalMaxProposals: u32 = 100;
}

type TechnicalCollective = collective::Instance2;
impl collective::Trait<TechnicalCollective> for Runtime {
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Proposal = Call;
	type Event = Event;
	type MotionDuration = TechnicalMotionDuration;
	type MaxProposals = TechnicalMaxProposals;
}

impl membership::Trait<membership::Instance1> for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type AddOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type RemoveOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type SwapOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type ResetOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type PrimeOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type MembershipInitialized = TechnicalCommittee;
	type MembershipChanged = TechnicalCommittee;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const ProposalBond: Permill = Permill::from_percent(5);
	pub const ProposalBondMinimum: Balance = 20 * DOLLARS;
	pub const SpendPeriod: BlockNumber = 6 * DAYS;
	pub const Burn: Permill = Permill::from_percent(0);
	pub const TreasuryModuleId: ModuleId = ModuleId(*b"py/trsry");

	pub const TipCountdown: BlockNumber = 1 * DAYS;
	pub const TipFindersFee: Percent = Percent::from_percent(20);
	pub const TipReportDepositBase: Balance = 1 * DOLLARS;
	pub const TipReportDepositPerByte: Balance = 1 * CENTS;
}

type ApproveOrigin = EnsureOneOf<
	AccountId,
	EnsureRoot<AccountId>,
	collective::EnsureProportionAtLeast<_3, _5, AccountId, CouncilCollective>
>;

impl treasury::Trait for Runtime {
	type Currency = Balances;
	type ApproveOrigin = ApproveOrigin;
	type RejectOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type Tippers = ElectionsPhragmen;
	type TipCountdown = TipCountdown;
	type TipFindersFee = TipFindersFee;
	type TipReportDepositBase = TipReportDepositBase;
	type TipReportDepositPerByte = TipReportDepositPerByte;
	type Event = Event;
	type ProposalRejection = Treasury;
	type ProposalBond = ProposalBond;
	type ProposalBondMinimum = ProposalBondMinimum;
	type SpendPeriod = SpendPeriod;
	type Burn = Burn;
	type ModuleId = TreasuryModuleId;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub OffencesWeightSoftLimit: Weight = Perbill::from_percent(60) * MaximumBlockWeight::get();
}

impl offences::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type IdentificationTuple = session::historical::IdentificationTuple<Self>;
	type OnOffenceHandler = Staking;
	type WeightSoftLimit = OffencesWeightSoftLimit;
}

impl authority_discovery::Trait for Runtime {}

parameter_types! {
	pub const SessionDuration: BlockNumber = EPOCH_DURATION_IN_BLOCKS as _;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const StakingUnsignedPriority: TransactionPriority = TransactionPriority::max_value() / 2;
	pub const ImOnlineUnsignedPriority: TransactionPriority = TransactionPriority::max_value();
}

impl im_online::Trait for Runtime {
	type AuthorityId = ImOnlineId;
	type Event = Event;
	type ReportUnresponsiveness = Offences;
	type SessionDuration = SessionDuration;
	type UnsignedPriority = ImOnlineUnsignedPriority;
}

impl grandpa::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Call = Call;

	type KeyOwnerProofSystem = Historical;

	type KeyOwnerProof =
		<Self::KeyOwnerProofSystem as KeyOwnerProofSystem<(KeyTypeId, GrandpaId)>>::Proof;

	type KeyOwnerIdentification = <Self::KeyOwnerProofSystem as KeyOwnerProofSystem<(
		KeyTypeId,
		GrandpaId,
	)>>::IdentificationTuple;

	type HandleEquivocation = grandpa::EquivocationHandler<
		Self::KeyOwnerIdentification,
		primitives::fisherman::FishermanAppCrypto,
		Runtime,
		Offences,
	>;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub WindowSize: BlockNumber = finality_tracker::DEFAULT_WINDOW_SIZE.into();
	pub ReportLatency: BlockNumber = finality_tracker::DEFAULT_REPORT_LATENCY.into();
}

impl finality_tracker::Trait for Runtime {
	type OnFinalizationStalled = ();
	type WindowSize = WindowSize;
	type ReportLatency = ReportLatency;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const AttestationPeriod: BlockNumber = 50;
}

impl attestations::Trait for Runtime {
	type AttestationPeriod = AttestationPeriod;
	type ValidatorIdentities = parachains::ValidatorIdentities<Runtime>;
	type RewardAttestation = Staking;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const MaxCodeSize: u32 = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MB
	pub const MaxHeadDataSize: u32 = 20 * 1024; // 20 KB
	pub const ValidationUpgradeFrequency: BlockNumber = 2 * DAYS;
	pub const ValidationUpgradeDelay: BlockNumber = 8 * HOURS;
	pub const SlashPeriod: BlockNumber = 7 * DAYS;
}

impl parachains::Trait for Runtime {
	type AuthorityId = primitives::fisherman::FishermanAppCrypto;
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Call = Call;
	type ParachainCurrency = Balances;
	type BlockNumberConversion = sp_runtime::traits::Identity;
	type Randomness = RandomnessCollectiveFlip;
	type ActiveParachains = Registrar;
	type Registrar = Registrar;
	type MaxCodeSize = MaxCodeSize;
	type MaxHeadDataSize = MaxHeadDataSize;

	type ValidationUpgradeFrequency = ValidationUpgradeFrequency;
	type ValidationUpgradeDelay = ValidationUpgradeDelay;
	type SlashPeriod = SlashPeriod;

	type Proof = sp_session::MembershipProof;
	type KeyOwnerProofSystem = session::historical::Module<Self>;
	type IdentificationTuple = <Self::KeyOwnerProofSystem as KeyOwnerProofSystem<(KeyTypeId, Vec<u8>)>>::IdentificationTuple;
	type ReportOffence = Offences;
	type BlockHashConversion = sp_runtime::traits::Identity;
}

/// Submits transaction with the node's public and signature type. Adheres to the signed extension
/// format of the chain.
impl<LocalCall> system::offchain::CreateSignedTransaction<LocalCall> for Runtime where
	Call: From<LocalCall>,
{
	fn create_transaction<C: system::offchain::AppCrypto<Self::Public, Self::Signature>>(
		call: Call,
		public: <Signature as Verify>::Signer,
		account: AccountId,
		nonce: <Runtime as system::Trait>::Index,
	) -> Option<(Call, <UncheckedExtrinsic as ExtrinsicT>::SignaturePayload)> {
		// take the biggest period possible.
		let period = BlockHashCount::get()
			.checked_next_power_of_two()
			.map(|c| c / 2)
			.unwrap_or(2) as u64;

		let current_block = System::block_number()
			.saturated_into::<u64>()
			// The `System::block_number` is initialized with `n+1`,
			// so the actual block number is `n`.
			.saturating_sub(1);
		let tip = 0;
		let extra: SignedExtra = (
			system::CheckSpecVersion::<Runtime>::new(),
			system::CheckTxVersion::<Runtime>::new(),
			system::CheckGenesis::<Runtime>::new(),
			system::CheckMortality::<Runtime>::from(generic::Era::mortal(period, current_block)),
			system::CheckNonce::<Runtime>::from(nonce),
			system::CheckWeight::<Runtime>::new(),
			transaction_payment::ChargeTransactionPayment::<Runtime>::from(tip),
			registrar::LimitParathreadCommits::<Runtime>::new(),
			parachains::ValidateDoubleVoteReports::<Runtime>::new(),
			grandpa::ValidateEquivocationReport::<Runtime>::new(),
		);
		let raw_payload = SignedPayload::new(call, extra).map_err(|e| {
			debug::warn!("Unable to create signed payload: {:?}", e);
		}).ok()?;
		let signature = raw_payload.using_encoded(|payload| {
			C::sign(payload, public)
		})?;
		let (call, extra, _) = raw_payload.deconstruct();
		Some((call, (account, signature, extra)))
	}
}

impl system::offchain::SigningTypes for Runtime {
	type Public = <Signature as Verify>::Signer;
	type Signature = Signature;
}

impl<C> system::offchain::SendTransactionTypes<C> for Runtime where
	Call: From<C>,
{
	type OverarchingCall = Call;
	type Extrinsic = UncheckedExtrinsic;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const ParathreadDeposit: Balance = 5 * DOLLARS;
	pub const QueueSize: usize = 2;
	pub const MaxRetries: u32 = 3;
}

impl registrar::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Origin = Origin;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type ParathreadDeposit = ParathreadDeposit;
	type SwapAux = Slots;
	type QueueSize = QueueSize;
	type MaxRetries = MaxRetries;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const LeasePeriod: BlockNumber = 100_000;
	pub const EndingPeriod: BlockNumber = 1000;
}

impl slots::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type Parachains = Registrar;
	type LeasePeriod = LeasePeriod;
	type EndingPeriod = EndingPeriod;
	type Randomness = RandomnessCollectiveFlip;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub Prefix: &'static [u8] = b"Pay KSMs to the Kusama account:";
}

impl claims::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type VestingSchedule = Vesting;
	type Prefix = Prefix;
	type MoveClaimOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionMoreThan<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
}

parameter_types! {
	// Minimum 100 bytes/KSM deposited (1 CENT/byte)
	pub const BasicDeposit: Balance = 10 * DOLLARS;       // 258 bytes on-chain
	pub const FieldDeposit: Balance = 250 * CENTS;        // 66 bytes on-chain
	pub const SubAccountDeposit: Balance = 2 * DOLLARS;   // 53 bytes on-chain
	pub const MaxSubAccounts: u32 = 100;
	pub const MaxAdditionalFields: u32 = 100;
	pub const MaxRegistrars: u32 = 20;
}

impl identity::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type Slashed = Treasury;
	type BasicDeposit = BasicDeposit;
	type FieldDeposit = FieldDeposit;
	type SubAccountDeposit = SubAccountDeposit;
	type MaxSubAccounts = MaxSubAccounts;
	type MaxAdditionalFields = MaxAdditionalFields;
	type MaxRegistrars = MaxRegistrars;
	type RegistrarOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
	type ForceOrigin = MoreThanHalfCouncil;
}

impl utility::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Call = Call;
}

parameter_types! {
	// One storage item; key size is 32; value is size 4+4+16+32 bytes = 56 bytes.
	pub const DepositBase: Balance = deposit(1, 88);
	// Additional storage item size of 32 bytes.
	pub const DepositFactor: Balance = deposit(0, 32);
	pub const MaxSignatories: u16 = 100;
}

impl multisig::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Call = Call;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type DepositBase = DepositBase;
	type DepositFactor = DepositFactor;
	type MaxSignatories = MaxSignatories;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const ConfigDepositBase: Balance = 5 * DOLLARS;
	pub const FriendDepositFactor: Balance = 50 * CENTS;
	pub const MaxFriends: u16 = 9;
	pub const RecoveryDeposit: Balance = 5 * DOLLARS;
}

impl recovery::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Call = Call;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type ConfigDepositBase = ConfigDepositBase;
	type FriendDepositFactor = FriendDepositFactor;
	type MaxFriends = MaxFriends;
	type RecoveryDeposit = RecoveryDeposit;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const CandidateDeposit: Balance = 10 * DOLLARS;
	pub const WrongSideDeduction: Balance = 2 * DOLLARS;
	pub const MaxStrikes: u32 = 10;
	pub const RotationPeriod: BlockNumber = 80 * HOURS;
	pub const PeriodSpend: Balance = 500 * DOLLARS;
	pub const MaxLockDuration: BlockNumber = 36 * 30 * DAYS;
	pub const ChallengePeriod: BlockNumber = 7 * DAYS;
	pub const SocietyModuleId: ModuleId = ModuleId(*b"py/socie");
}

impl society::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type Randomness = RandomnessCollectiveFlip;
	type CandidateDeposit = CandidateDeposit;
	type WrongSideDeduction = WrongSideDeduction;
	type MaxStrikes = MaxStrikes;
	type PeriodSpend = PeriodSpend;
	type MembershipChanged = ();
	type RotationPeriod = RotationPeriod;
	type MaxLockDuration = MaxLockDuration;
	type FounderSetOrigin = collective::EnsureProportionMoreThan<_1, _2, AccountId, CouncilCollective>;
	type SuspensionJudgementOrigin = society::EnsureFounder<Runtime>;
	type ChallengePeriod = ChallengePeriod;
	type ModuleId = SocietyModuleId;
}

parameter_types! {
	pub const MinVestedTransfer: Balance = 100 * DOLLARS;
}

impl vesting::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type BlockNumberToBalance = ConvertInto;
	type MinVestedTransfer = MinVestedTransfer;
}

parameter_types! {
	// One storage item; key size 32, value size 8; .
	pub const ProxyDepositBase: Balance = deposit(1, 8);
	// Additional storage item size of 33 bytes.
	pub const ProxyDepositFactor: Balance = deposit(0, 33);
	pub const MaxProxies: u16 = 32;
}

/// The type used to represent the kinds of proxying allowed.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum ProxyType {
	Any,
	NonTransfer,
	Governance,
	Staking,
	IdentityJudgement,
}
impl Default for ProxyType { fn default() -> Self { Self::Any } }
impl InstanceFilter<Call> for ProxyType {
	fn filter(&self, c: &Call) -> bool {
		match self {
			ProxyType::Any => true,
			ProxyType::NonTransfer => matches!(c,
				Call::System(..) |
				Call::Babe(..) |
				Call::Timestamp(..) |
				Call::Indices(indices::Call::claim(..)) |
				Call::Indices(indices::Call::free(..)) |
				Call::Indices(indices::Call::freeze(..)) |
				// Specifically omitting Indices `transfer`, `force_transfer`
				// Specifically omitting the entire Balances pallet
				Call::Authorship(..) |
				Call::Staking(..) |
				Call::Offences(..) |
				Call::Session(..) |
				Call::FinalityTracker(..) |
				Call::Grandpa(..) |
				Call::ImOnline(..) |
				Call::AuthorityDiscovery(..) |
				Call::Democracy(..) |
				Call::Council(..) |
				Call::TechnicalCommittee(..) |
				Call::ElectionsPhragmen(..) |
				Call::TechnicalMembership(..) |
				Call::Treasury(..) |
				Call::Claims(..) |
				Call::Parachains(..) |
				Call::Attestations(..) |
				Call::Slots(..) |
				Call::Registrar(..) |
				Call::Utility(..) |
				Call::Identity(..) |
				Call::Society(..) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::as_recovered(..)) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::vouch_recovery(..)) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::claim_recovery(..)) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::close_recovery(..)) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::remove_recovery(..)) |
				Call::Recovery(recovery::Call::cancel_recovered(..)) |
				// Specifically omitting Recovery `create_recovery`, `initiate_recovery`
				Call::Vesting(vesting::Call::vest(..)) |
				Call::Vesting(vesting::Call::vest_other(..)) |
				// Specifically omitting Vesting `vested_transfer`, and `force_vested_transfer`
				Call::Scheduler(..) |
				Call::Proxy(..) |
				Call::Multisig(..)
			),
			ProxyType::Governance => matches!(c,
				Call::Democracy(..) | Call::Council(..) | Call::TechnicalCommittee(..)
					| Call::ElectionsPhragmen(..) | Call::Treasury(..) | Call::Utility(..)
			),
			ProxyType::Staking => matches!(c,
				Call::Staking(..) | Call::Utility(..)
			),
			ProxyType::IdentityJudgement => matches!(c,
				Call::Identity(identity::Call::provide_judgement(..))
				| Call::Utility(utility::Call::batch(..))
			)
		}
	}
	fn is_superset(&self, o: &Self) -> bool {
		match (self, o) {
			(x, y) if x == y => true,
			(ProxyType::Any, _) => true,
			(_, ProxyType::Any) => false,
			(ProxyType::NonTransfer, _) => true,
			_ => false,
		}
	}
}

impl proxy::Trait for Runtime {
	type Event = Event;
	type Call = Call;
	type Currency = Balances;
	type ProxyType = ProxyType;
	type ProxyDepositBase = ProxyDepositBase;
	type ProxyDepositFactor = ProxyDepositFactor;
	type MaxProxies = MaxProxies;
}

pub struct CustomOnRuntimeUpgrade;
impl frame_support::traits::OnRuntimeUpgrade for CustomOnRuntimeUpgrade {
	fn on_runtime_upgrade() -> frame_support::weights::Weight {
		treasury::Module::<Runtime>::migrate_retract_tip_for_tip_new();
		500_000_000
	}
}

construct_runtime! {
	pub enum Runtime where
		Block = Block,
		NodeBlock = primitives::Block,
		UncheckedExtrinsic = UncheckedExtrinsic
	{
		// Basic stuff; balances is uncallable initially.
		System: system::{Module, Call, Storage, Config, Event<T>},
		RandomnessCollectiveFlip: randomness_collective_flip::{Module, Storage},

		// Must be before session.
		Babe: babe::{Module, Call, Storage, Config, Inherent(Timestamp)},

		Timestamp: timestamp::{Module, Call, Storage, Inherent},
		Indices: indices::{Module, Call, Storage, Config<T>, Event<T>},
		Balances: balances::{Module, Call, Storage, Config<T>, Event<T>},
		TransactionPayment: transaction_payment::{Module, Storage},

		// Consensus support.
		Authorship: authorship::{Module, Call, Storage},
		Staking: staking::{Module, Call, Storage, Config<T>, Event<T>, ValidateUnsigned},
		Offences: offences::{Module, Call, Storage, Event},
		Historical: session_historical::{Module},
		Session: session::{Module, Call, Storage, Event, Config<T>},
		FinalityTracker: finality_tracker::{Module, Call, Storage, Inherent},
		Grandpa: grandpa::{Module, Call, Storage, Config, Event},
		ImOnline: im_online::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>, ValidateUnsigned, Config<T>},
		AuthorityDiscovery: authority_discovery::{Module, Call, Config},

		// Governance stuff; uncallable initially.
		Democracy: democracy::{Module, Call, Storage, Config, Event<T>},
		Council: collective::<Instance1>::{Module, Call, Storage, Origin<T>, Event<T>, Config<T>},
		TechnicalCommittee: collective::<Instance2>::{Module, Call, Storage, Origin<T>, Event<T>, Config<T>},
		ElectionsPhragmen: elections_phragmen::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>, Config<T>},
		TechnicalMembership: membership::<Instance1>::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>, Config<T>},
		Treasury: treasury::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Claims. Usable initially.
		Claims: claims::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>, Config<T>, ValidateUnsigned},

		// Parachains stuff; slots are disabled (no auctions initially). The rest are safe as they
		// have no public dispatchables.
		Parachains: parachains::{Module, Call, Storage, Config, Inherent, Origin},
		Attestations: attestations::{Module, Call, Storage},
		Slots: slots::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},
		Registrar: registrar::{Module, Call, Storage, Event, Config<T>},

		// Utility module.
		Utility: utility::{Module, Call, Event},

		// Less simple identity module.
		Identity: identity::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Society module.
		Society: society::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Social recovery module.
		Recovery: recovery::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Vesting. Usable initially, but removed once all vesting is finished.
		Vesting: vesting::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>, Config<T>},

		// System scheduler.
		Scheduler: scheduler::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Proxy module. Late addition.
		Proxy: proxy::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},

		// Multisig module. Late addition.
		Multisig: multisig::{Module, Call, Storage, Event<T>},
	}
}

/// The address format for describing accounts.
pub type Address = AccountId;
/// Block header type as expected by this runtime.
pub type Header = generic::Header<BlockNumber, BlakeTwo256>;
/// Block type as expected by this runtime.
pub type Block = generic::Block<Header, UncheckedExtrinsic>;
/// A Block signed with a Justification
pub type SignedBlock = generic::SignedBlock<Block>;
/// BlockId type as expected by this runtime.
pub type BlockId = generic::BlockId<Block>;
/// The SignedExtension to the basic transaction logic.
pub type SignedExtra = (
	system::CheckSpecVersion<Runtime>,
	system::CheckTxVersion<Runtime>,
	system::CheckGenesis<Runtime>,
	system::CheckMortality<Runtime>,
	system::CheckNonce<Runtime>,
	system::CheckWeight<Runtime>,
	transaction_payment::ChargeTransactionPayment<Runtime>,
	registrar::LimitParathreadCommits<Runtime>,
	parachains::ValidateDoubleVoteReports<Runtime>,
	grandpa::ValidateEquivocationReport<Runtime>,
);
/// Unchecked extrinsic type as expected by this runtime.
pub type UncheckedExtrinsic = generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, Call, Signature, SignedExtra>;
/// Extrinsic type that has already been checked.
pub type CheckedExtrinsic = generic::CheckedExtrinsic<AccountId, Nonce, Call>;
/// Executive: handles dispatch to the various modules.
pub type Executive = executive::Executive<