* seal: Change prefix "ext_" to "seal_" for contract callable functions

The word Ext is a overloaded term in the context of substrate. It usually
is a trait which abstracts away access to external resources usually in order
to mock them away for the purpose of tests. The contract module has its own
`Ext` trait in addition the the substrate `Ext` which makes things even more
confusing.

In order to differentiate the contract callable functions more clearly from
this `Ext` concept we rename them to use the "seal_" prefix instead.

This should change no behaviour at all. This is a pure renaming commit.

* seal: Rename import module from "env" to "seal0"

* seal: Fixup integration test

* seal: Add more tests for new import module names

* seal: Rework ext_transfer, ext_instantiate, ext_call error handling

* Deny calling plain accounts (must use transfer now)
* Return proper module error rather than ad-hoc strings
* Return the correct error codes from call,instantiate (documentation was wrong)
* Make ext_transfer fallible again to make it consistent with ext_call

* seal: Improve error messages on memory access failures

* seal: Convert contract trapped to module error

* seal: Add additional tests for transfer, call, instantiate

These tests verify that those functions return the error types
which are declared in its docs.

* Make it more pronounced that to_execution_result handles trap_reason

* Improve ReturnCode docs

* Fix whitespace issues in wat files

* Improve ReturnCode doc

* Improve ErrorOrigin doc and variant naming

* Improve docs on ExecResult and ExecError

* Encode u32 sentinel value as hex

* with_nested_context no longer accepts an Option for trie

* Fix successful typo

* Rename InvalidContractCalled to NotCallable

* seal: Fix syntax that confuses rust-analyzer

* seal: Add benchmarks for Dispatchables

These are only the benchmarks for the dispatchables of
the pallet. Those are not listed in the Schedule because
we do not want to pull the Schedule from storage before
dispatching.

This OK because those costs are not related to actual contract
execution. Those costs (instruction costs, ext_* costs) will
be benchmarked seperatly and entered into the default Schedule.

* seal: Add a maximum code size

* Fix comments from review

* Removed SEED constant

* seal: Fail instantiate if new contract is below subsistence threshold

We need each contract that exists to be above the subsistence threshold
in order to keep up the guarantuee that we always leave a tombstone behind
with the exception of a contract that called `ext_terminate`.

* Fixup executor test

* Bump runtime

* seal: Do not allow transfers to bring total balance below subsistence deposit

This also reworks the rent system to take the total balance into account
when evaluating whether the account is above the subsistence deposit.

* Fix nits from review

* Fix typo

* Do not enforce subsistence when called from EOA

* Rename CallOrigin to TransactorKind

* Add debug asserts to check the invariants of a plain account transactor

* Fix typo

Co-authored-by: Sergei Shulepov <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: Sergei Shulepov <[email protected]>

* Transition getter functions to not use scratch buffer

* Remove scratch buffer from ext_get_storage

* Remove scratch buffer from ext_call

* Remove scratch buffer from ext_instantiate

* Add ext_input and remove scratch buffer

* Rework error handling (changes RPC exposed data)

* ext_return passes a flags field instead of a return code
	* Flags is only for seal and not for the caller
	* flags: u32 replaced status_code: u8 in RPC exposed type
* API functions use a unified error type (ReturnCode)
* ext_transfer now traps on error to be consistent with call and instantiate

* Remove the no longer used `Dispatched` event

* Updated inline documentation

* Prevent skipping of copying the output for getter API

* Return gas_consumed from the RPC contracts call interface

* Updated COMPLEXTITY.md

* Rename ext_gas_price to ext_weight_to_fee

* Align comments with spaces

* Removed no longer used `ExecError`

* Remove possible panic in `from_typed_value`

* Use a struct as associated data for SpecialTrap::Return

* Fix nits in COMPLEXITY.md

* Renamed SpecialTrap to TrapReason

* Fix test

* Finish renaming special_trap -> trap_reason

* Remove no longer used get_runtime_storage

* fixup! Remove no longer used get_runtime_storage

* Removed tabs for comment aligment

Those are way too hard to audit and make only sense with specific
chains. They shouldn't be in the core API.

* seal: Refactor ext_gas_price

* Remove seals dependency on pallet_transaction_payment
* Add weight as an argument to ext_gas_price

* Fixed documentation nits from review

* Do not use unchecked math even in test code

* Add a simple direct storage access module

* WIP

* Completely migrate to the transactional system.

* Format

* Fix wasm compilation

* Get rid of account_db module

* Make deposit event eager

* Make restore_to eager

* It almost compiles.

* Make it compile.

* Make the tests compile

* Get rid of account_db

* Drop the result.

* Backport the book keeping.

* Fix all remaining tests.

* Make it compile for std

* Remove a stale TODO marker

* Remove another stale TODO

* Add proof for `terminate`

* Remove a stale comment.

* Make restoration diverging.

* Remove redudnant trait: `ComputeDispatchFee`

* Update frame/contracts/src/exec.rs

Co-authored-by: Alexander Theißen <[email protected]>

* Introduce proper errors into the storage module.

* Adds comments for contract storage module.

* Inline `ExecutionContext::terminate`.

* Restore_to should not let sacrifice itself if the contract present on the stack.

* Inline `transfer` function

* Update doc - add "if succeeded"

* Adapt to TransactionOutcome changes

* Updates the docs for `ext_restore_to`

* Add a proper assert.

* Update frame/contracts/src/wasm/runtime.rs

Co-authored-by: Alexander Theißen <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: Alexander Theißen <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexander Theißen <[email protected]>

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: Sergei Pepyakin <[email protected]>

* Implement ext_ hashes for contracts (issue #5258)

* load cryto hash .wat from raw string literal instead of file

* update .wat contents for testing crypto hashes

* remove unnecessary 'static

* fix bug in input (call_indirect required 1+ at least it seems)

* no longer use scratch buffer for crypto hash functions

* improve doc comments of ext_ hash functions

* remove unnecessary comment in .wat test file

* add return value (const 0) to contract test to hopefully enable result buffer

* fix bug in contract assertion

* implement proper output_len in contract

* implement proper test for crypto hashes

* bump spec_version 238 -> 239

* fix COMPLEXITY description

* remove final invalid instances of scratch buffer from docs

With this patch forward this will be the only way for
a contract to destroy itself. This patch therefore changes
the semantics of all other contract initiated balance
transfers to fail if they would bring the caller below the
existential deposit.

* contracts: Add ext_transfer call

This call allows contracts to send balance to any account
contract or not. Previously, the only way to do that was
though ext_call.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Nikolay Volf <[email protected]>

* The define_env! macro does not allow for trailing comma

* Update frame/contracts/src/exec.rs

Co-Authored-By: Nikolay Volf <[email protected]>

* Bump spec version

* Do not use nested gas meter

* Use explicit 0 or 1 as return value

* Remove superflous intermediate binding

Co-authored-by: Nikolay Volf <[email protected]>

* split out ext_clear_storage from ext_set_storage contracts API

* update tests to adjust for the ext_set_storage changes

* adjust COMPLEXITY for the ext_set_storage API changes

* remove value_len == 0 constraint for ext_set_storage

* bump spec_version

* remove guarantee from COMPLEXITY of ext_clear_storage

Co-authored-by: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* meaningfull -> meaningful

* initialise -> initialize

* tokans -> tokens

* incentivise -> incentivize

* lenght -> length

* incentivisation -> incentivization

* doesnt't -> doesn't

* overwriten -> overwritten

* lifecycle -> life cycle

* lifecycle -> life cycle

* usefull -> useful

* noone -> no one

* spaming -> spamming

* defered -> deferred

* hieght -> height

* sumation -> summation

* ingore -> ignore

* registed -> registered

* Auxialary -> Auxiliary

* loggin -> logging

* independance -> independence

* trailling -> trailing

* responsability -> responsibility

* trunkated -> truncated

* Weither -> Whether

* informations -> information

* Runtume -> Runtime

* choosen -> chosen

* delcataion -> declaration

* Unchekced -> Unchecked

* defintion -> definition

* scrach -> scratch

* imput -> input

* transfered -> transferred

* endownment -> endowment

* Determinator -> Determiner

* relevent -> relevant

* emited -> emitted

* acocunt -> account

* proprotional -> proportional

* instantiaion -> instantiation

* commited -> committed

* tombstonedead -> tombstone

* uwnrap -> unwrap

* acount -> account

* specialised -> specialized

* existant -> existent

* requried -> required

* Anull -> Annul

* AUTHORITES -> AUTHORITIES

* underyling -> underlying

* recognisable -> recognizable

* Capitalise -> Capitalize

* reportfor -> report for

* hearbeat -> heartbeat

* onlineness -> being online

* creater -> creator

* Bytearray -> Byte array

* Despoit -> Deposit

* substratced -> subtracted

* Curent -> Current

* imbalanes -> imbalances

* countfown -> countdown

* inexisting -> inexistent

* additionaly -> additionally

* substracted -> subtracted

* auxilary -> auxiliary

* parital -> partial

* in't -> isn't

* compatability -> compatibility

* infomation -> information

* etected -> detected

* extrinsiscs -> extrinsics

* reprensentation -> representation

* coonfiguration -> configuration

* primtives -> primitives

* miscelanious -> miscellaneous

* VERISON -> VERSION

* endcoded -> encoded

* Genrates -> Generates

* miliseconds -> milliseconds

* occured -> occurred

* trully -> truely

* truely -> truly

* conjuction -> conjunction

* encouters -> encounters

* customised -> customized

* deterministicly -> deterministically

* finalisation -> finalization

* pluggable -> plugable

* wakeup -> wake-up

* interemdiate -> intermediate

* intepreting -> interpreting

* finalzied -> finalized

* throgh -> through

* extinsic -> extrinsic

* convient -> convenient

* allocater -> allocator

* propagateable -> propagatable

* succesfuly -> successfully

* finalising -> finalizing

* publically -> publicly

* phrasee -> phrase

* substration -> substractions

* substractions -> subtractions

* neccessarily -> necessarily

* Inlucde -> Include

* unefficient -> inefficient

* thay -> they

* funtion -> function

* datastructures -> data structures

* infromation -> information

* propagatable -> propagable

* ecountered -> encountered

* recognise -> recognize

* intergration -> integration

* lastet -> latest

* datatypes -> data types

* datatype -> data type

* Strongarming -> Strong Arming

* avaible -> available

* Commiting -> Committing

* Retreiving -> Retrieving

* shoud -> should

* canonicaliziation -> canonicalization

* comitted -> committed

* clonable -> cloneable

* Uknown -> Unknown

* reponse -> response

* arbitary -> arbitrary

* Capapbilities -> Capabilities

* responsbile -> responsible

* initialisation -> initialization

* cames -> came

* intemediate -> intermediate

* reqeust -> request

* intance -> instance

* explcitly -> explicitly

* neighor -> neighbor

* reolving -> resolving

* untill -> until

* Validte -> Validate

* deserailize -> deserialize

* literaly -> literally

* preceeding -> preceding

* abpve -> above

* chcecked -> checked

* numbet -> number

* Unknow -> Unknown

* halfs -> halves

* gossup -> gossip

* givent -> given

* immediatelly -> immediately

* slicable -> sliceable

* conensus -> consensus

* Mimicks -> Mimics

* acccept -> accept

* serialise -> serialize

* exstrinsics -> extrinsics

* panicks -> panics

* maintaince -> maintenance

* repeatidely -> repeatedly

* anecstor -> ancestor

* becasue -> because

* processer -> processor

* Prunning -> Pruning

* insterested -> interested

* unuseful -> not useful

* yeided -> yielded

* descendfing -> descending

* corresponts -> corresponds

* survivew -> survive

* keps -> keeps

* ligh -> light

* prerequisities -> prerequisites

* positiion -> position

* depedency -> dependency

* extrinisic -> extrinsic

* atomicaly -> atomically

* staticly -> statically

* resul -> result

* timestamb -> timestamp

* Utilites -> Utilities

* ammount -> amount

* pocess -> process

* exteral -> external

* Update client/finality-grandpa/src/tests.rs

* Update primitives/io/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update primitives/blockchain/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update frame/support/src/weights.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update bin/node/cli/tests/common.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/api/src/execution_extensions.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/cli/src/params.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/executor/common/src/sandbox.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/api/src/execution_extensions.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/finality-grandpa/src/communication/mod.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/state-db/src/pruning.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update frame/contracts/src/tests.rs

Co-Authored-By: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* Update client/api/src/execution_extensions.rs

* bump impl

* timestamb -> timestamp

Co-authored-by: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

* contracts: Allow to distinguish out of gas from other traps

When a contract encounters a runtime error a wasm trap is
triggered and the execution is halted. Currently, no matter
what was the cause for the trap it is always reported as:
DispatchError::Other("contract trapped during execution").

However, the trap that is triggered if a contract exhausts
its gas budget is particulary interesting. Therefore we add
a seperate error message for this cause:
DispatchError::Other("ran out of gas during contract execution").

A test is added hat executes a contract that never terminates.
Therefore it always exhausts is gas budget.

* fixup! contracts: Allow to distinguish out of gas from other traps

Remove overlong lines.

* fixup! contracts: Allow to distinguish out of gas from other traps

Rename Contract to Contracts

* Add `get_global` for `Sandbox`

This pr adds `get_global` to retrieve a `global` variable from an
instantiated sandbox wasm blob.

* Bump `spec_version`

* Update primitives/wasm-interface/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Sergei Pepyakin <[email protected]>

* `get_global` -> `get_global_val`

Co-authored-by: Sergei Pepyakin <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

Hero Bird authored Jan 23, 2020 and Sergey Pepyakin committed Jan 23, 2020

* [contracts] add ext_tombstone_deposit

* [contracts] update tombstone_deposit docs

Hero Bird authored Jan 21, 2020 and Sergey Pepyakin committed Jan 21, 2020

* contracts: during execution -> contract trapped during execution

This message confused many people so we are improving it to make clear what happened.

* contracts: rename Event::Contract -> Event::ContractExecution

* contracts: fix tests after ContractExecution renaming

* contracts: Add Evicted and Restored events

* fix doc comment

* wrap to not go over (soft) 100 column line limit

* add event deposit for eventual eviction upon pay_rent

* contracts: adjust tests for the new events

* emit Evicted event immediately and add tombstone flag bool

* Make `decl_error!` errors usable

This pr implements support for returning errors of different pallets in
a pallet. These errors need to be declared with `decl_error!`.

The pr changes the following:

- Each dispatchable function now returns a `DispatchResult` which is an
alias for `Result<(), DispatchError>`.
- `DispatchError` is an enum that has 4 variants:
  - `Other`: For storing string error messages
  - `CannotLookup`: Variant that is returned when something returns a
  `sp_runtime::LookupError`
  - `BadOrigin`: Variant that is returned for any kind of bad origin
  - `Module`: The error of a specific module. Contains the `index`,
  `error` and the `message`. The index is the index of the module in
  `construct_runtime!`. `error` is the index of the error in the error
  enum declared by `decl_error!`. `message` is the message to the error
  variant (this will not be encoded).
- `construct_runtime!` now creates a new struct `ModuleToIndex`. This
struct implements the trait `ModuleToIndex`.
- `frame_system::Trait` has a new associated type: `ModuleToIndex` that
expects the `ModuleToIndex` generated by `construct_runtime!`.
- All error strings returned in any module are being converted now to `DispatchError`.
- `BadOrigin` is the default error returned by any type that implements `EnsureOrigin`.

* Fix frame system benchmarks

* Rename: Phase 1.

* Unify codec.

* Fixing: Phase 2

* Fixing: Phase 3.

* Fixing: Phase 4.

* Fixing: Phase 5.

* Fixing: Phase 6.

* Fixing: Phase 7.

* Fixing: Phase 8. Tests

* Fixing: Phase 9. Tests!!!

* Fixing: Phase 10. Moar tests!

* Finally done!

* More fixes.

* Rename primitives:: to sp_core::

* Apply renames in finality-grandpa.

* Fix benches.

* Fix benches 2.

* Revert node-template.

* Fix frame-system in our modules.

* primitives/sr-std -> primitives/std

* fix

* fix conflict

* rstd -> sp-std

* git mv

* fix review

* fix merge

* Adding script for rename, could be applicable for nodes on top of it, too

* add stderr and gitlab ci features

* apply script

* fix now minor details in expected stderr

* Update the Cargo.lock

* fix name: sc-transaction -> sc-tracing

* fix rename in script, too

* palette -> frame

* PALETTE, Palette -> FRAME

* Move folder pallete -> frame

* Update docs/Structure.adoc

Co-Authored-By: Benjamin Kampmann <[email protected]>

* Update docs/README.adoc

Co-Authored-By: Benjamin Kampmann <[email protected]>

* Update README.adoc