* Make `decl_error!` errors usable

This pr implements support for returning errors of different pallets in
a pallet. These errors need to be declared with `decl_error!`.

The pr changes the following:

- Each dispatchable function now returns a `DispatchResult` which is an
alias for `Result<(), DispatchError>`.
- `DispatchError` is an enum that has 4 variants:
  - `Other`: For storing string error messages
  - `CannotLookup`: Variant that is returned when something returns a
  `sp_runtime::LookupError`
  - `BadOrigin`: Variant that is returned for any kind of bad origin
  - `Module`: The error of a specific module. Contains the `index`,
  `error` and the `message`. The index is the index of the module in
  `construct_runtime!`. `error` is the index of the error in the error
  enum declared by `decl_error!`. `message` is the message to the error
  variant (this will not be encoded).
- `construct_runtime!` now creates a new struct `ModuleToIndex`. This
struct implements the trait `ModuleToIndex`.
- `frame_system::Trait` has a new associated type: `ModuleToIndex` that
expects the `ModuleToIndex` generated by `construct_runtime!`.
- All error strings returned in any module are being converted now to `DispatchError`.
- `BadOrigin` is the default error returned by any type that implements `EnsureOrigin`.

* Fix frame system benchmarks

* Rename: Phase 1.

* Unify codec.

* Fixing: Phase 2

* Fixing: Phase 3.

* Fixing: Phase 4.

* Fixing: Phase 5.

* Fixing: Phase 6.

* Fixing: Phase 7.

* Fixing: Phase 8. Tests

* Fixing: Phase 9. Tests!!!

* Fixing: Phase 10. Moar tests!

* Finally done!

* More fixes.

* Rename primitives:: to sp_core::

* Apply renames in finality-grandpa.

* Fix benches.

* Fix benches 2.

* Revert node-template.

* Fix frame-system in our modules.

* Fix token economics url.

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Remove warnings when compiling runtime.

* Remove dispatch::Result imports.

* Add missing imports.

* Fix missing vecs. #4333

* Fix oom function.

* Remove superfluous import.

* More warnings.

* primitives/sr-std -> primitives/std

* fix

* fix conflict

* rstd -> sp-std

* git mv

* fix review

* fix merge

* Adding script for rename, could be applicable for nodes on top of it, too

* add stderr and gitlab ci features

* apply script

* fix now minor details in expected stderr

* Update the Cargo.lock

* fix name: sc-transaction -> sc-tracing

* fix rename in script, too

* define slashing spans

* tests and pruning for slashing-spans record

* validators get slashed before nominators

* apply slash to nominators as well

* chill and end slashing spans

* actually perform slashes

* integration (tests failing)

* prune metadata

* fix compilation

* some tests for slashing and metadata garbage collection

* correctly pass session index to slash handler

* test span-max property for nominators and validators

* test that slashes are summed correctly

* reward value computation

* implement rewarding

* add comment about rewards

* do not adjust slash fraction in offences module

* fix offences tests

* remove unused new_offenders field

* update runtime version

* fix up some docs

* fix some CI failures

* remove no-std incompatible vec! invocation

* try to fix span-max rounding error

* Update srml/staking/src/slashing.rs

Fix type: winow -> window

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>

* slashes from prior spans don't kick validator again

* more information for nominators, suppression

* ensure ledger is consistent with itself post-slash

* implement slash out of unlocking funds also

* slashing: create records to be applied after-the-fact

* queue slashes for a few eras later

* method for canceling deferred slashes

* attempt to fix test in CI

* storage migration for `Nominators`

* update node-runtime to use SlashDeferDuration

* adjust migration entry-points somewhat

* fix migration compilation

* add manual Vec import to migration

* enable migrations feature in node-runtime

* bump runtime version

* update to latest master crate renames

* update to use ensure-origin

* Apply suggestions from code review

use `ensure!`

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* fix multi-slash removal

* initialize storage version to current in genesis

* add test for version initialization

* palette -> frame

* PALETTE, Palette -> FRAME

* Move folder pallete -> frame

* Update docs/Structure.adoc

Co-Authored-By: Benjamin Kampmann <[email protected]>

* Update docs/README.adoc

Co-Authored-By: Benjamin Kampmann <[email protected]>

* Update README.adoc

* Fisr migrated version of weight to paint

* Bump

* Minor nits

* Some review fixes.

* Line width

* Revert spec bump

* Fix build

* Update lock file

* Update palette/executive/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Update palette/membership/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* /paint to /palette

* rename paint to palette

* rename the modules in palette to be pallets

* update Structure.adoc

* bump impl

* fix CI directory

* Update docs/Structure.adoc

Co-Authored-By: Benjamin Kampmann <[email protected]>

* Adding first rough ouline of the repository structure

* Remove old CI stuff

* add title

* formatting fixes

* move node-exits job's script to scripts dir

* Move docs into subdir

* move to bin

* move maintainence scripts, configs and helpers into its own dir

* add .local to ignore

* move core->client

* start up 'test' area

* move test client

* move test runtime

* make test move compile

* Add dependencies rule enforcement.

* Fix indexing.

* Update docs to reflect latest changes

* Moving /srml->/paint

* update docs

* move client/sr-* -> primitives/

* clean old readme

* remove old broken code in rhd

* update lock

* Step 1.

* starting to untangle client

* Fix after merge.

* start splitting out client interfaces

* move children and blockchain interfaces

* Move trie and state-machine to primitives.

* Fix WASM builds.

* fixing broken imports

* more interface moves

* move backend and light to interfaces

* move CallExecutor

* move cli off client

* moving around more interfaces

* re-add consensus crates into the mix

* fix subkey path

* relieve client from executor

* starting to pull out client from grandpa

* move is_decendent_of out of client

* grandpa still depends on client directly

* lemme tests pass

* rename srml->paint

* Make it compile.

* rename interfaces->client-api

* Move keyring to primitives.

* fixup libp2p dep

* fix broken use

* allow dependency enforcement to fail

* move fork-tree

* Moving wasm-builder

* make env

* move build-script-utils

* fixup broken crate depdencies and names

* fix imports for authority discovery

* fix typo

* update cargo.lock

* fixing imports

* Fix paths and add missing crates

* re-add missing crates

* first draft of everything that works

* Some test fixes

* Refactor out MaxPossibleReward, fix staking arithmetic

* Fix rounding error in test

* Treasury rewards should pay the remainder of the 10%..

* Event for deposits coming into treasury

* Fix tests

* Remove OnDilution

* Introduce new option "always force new era".

* Take appropriate action, even for small offences.

- Deselect the offender in all circumstances
- Ensure that deselection forces a new era
- Ensure that forcing a new era works with the always-forcing.

* Bump runtime

* minor changes

* Refactors for phragmen-election

* Bump.

* Fix genesis stuff

* Fix rest of the errors

* Add force_unstake to staking as root operation.

* Bump runtime

* Tests

* Update srml/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Implement Printable for tuples.

* Add debugging function.

* Add debug 1.

* Implement  for everything.

* RuntimeDebug derive.

* Introduce RuntimeDebug.

* Add some dummy logging.

* Replace RuntimeDebug with Debug.

* Revert "Replace RuntimeDebug with Debug."

This reverts commit bc47070a8cb30241b2b590b2fa29fd195088162f.

* Working on Debug for all.

* Fix bounds.

* Add debug utils.

* Implement runtime logging.

* Add some docs and clean up.

* Clean up derives.

* Fix custom derive impl.

* Bump runtime.

* Fix long lines.

* Fix doc test.

* Use CARGO_CFG_STD.

* Revert "Use CARGO_CFG_STD."

This reverts commit ea429566de18ed0fa052571b359eb9826a64a9f4.

* Use parse_macro_input

* Update lockfile.

* Apply review suggestions.

* Remove stray re-export.

* Add no-std impl.

* Update lockfile.

* parse decl_storage getters with fn keyword

* test for get in decl_storage

* update all decl_storage! getters

* bump version

* adjust missed doc line

* impl

* patch

* lock

* some refactor

* some avoided copy

* new api without ref for doublemap

* fix

* version bump

* fix

* point to incoming release

* use codec latest

* bumpd impl version

* fix unused

* fix

* Update srml/support/src/storage/mod.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Fix phragmen loop

* Bump.

* Macro-ify perthings.

* Refactor fixed64

* Half-workign phragmen refactor.

* Finalize phragmen refactor.

* Fix creation of perquintill

* Fix build errors

* Line-width

* Fix more build errors.

* Line-width

* Fix offence test

* Resolve all TODOs.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Fix most of the review comments.

* Updates to multiply by rational

* Fxi build

* Fix abs issue with Fixed64

* Fix tests and improvements.

* Fix build

* Remove more tests from staking.

* Review comments.

* Add fuzzing stuff.

* Better fuzzing

* Better doc.

* Bump.

* Master.into()

* A bit more hardening.

* Final nits.

* Update lock

* Fix indent.

* Revert lock file.

* Bump.

* decl_storage imports needed traits

* bump impl_version

* Update srml/system/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Update srml/system/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Draft for new design of NPoS rewards

* finish code

* fix test

* add tests

* improve log test

* version bump

* Update srml/staking/reward-curve/Cargo.toml

Co-Authored-By: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* u128 -> u64

* make conversion to smaller type safe

* Update core/sr-primitives/src/curve.rs

Co-Authored-By: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Force new era only when over third validators is disabled.

* Update srml/session/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Update srml/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Parametrize the threshold.

* Bump runtime version.

* Update node/runtime/src/lib.rs

* Fix build.

* Fix im-online test.

* phragmen election module.

* Add new files.

* Some doc update

* Update weights.

* bump and a few nits.

* Performance improvement.

* Master.into()

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Fix build

* Some fixes.

* Fix build.

* Proper outgoing and runner-up managment.

* Bit more sensical weight values.

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* fix lock file

* Fix build.

* Remove runner-ups

* Some refactors.

* Add support for reporting voters.

* Fix member check.

* Remove equlize.rs

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Bring back runner ups.

* use decode_len

* Better weight values.

* Update bogus doc

* Bump.

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Review comments.

* One more test

* Fix tests

* Fix build

* .. and fix benchmarks.

* Update srml/elections-phragmen/src/lib.rs

* Version bump

* Use session::validators instead of staking::current_elected

* Basic test framework.

* Initialize validators, attempt to heartbeat.

* Use dummy crypto for im-online testing.

* Remove printlns.

* Finish test, make it invalid.

* Add reporting test.

* Finalize the test.

* Remove dumbness.

* Updates.

* Update AuRa

* Update srml/im-online/src/tests.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Derive Ord

* Add some more tests.

* Remove stray todo.

* Bump runtime version.

* Bump impl-trait-for-tuples.

* Enforce new version of trait-for-tuples.

* Fix locking.

* Some reformattings.

* Fix build.

* Fix doc comment.

* Bump.

* Move phragmen benches to.. phragmen.

* Move some basic phragmen tests to.. phragmen.

* Line-width

* Add phragmen equ implementation as flot

* Add phragmen equ implementation as flot

* Add mock and test file.

* Minor cleanups and tests

* Add another test

* fix

* Fix tests

* Fix tests

* Update srml/staking/src/tests.rs

Co-Authored-By: thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Remove some dead code from staking

* Fix var name.

* srml-system checks

* wip

* more modules compiles

* node-runtime checks

* build.sh passes

* include dispatch error in failed event

* revert some unnecessary changes

* refactor based on comments

* more compile error fixes

* avoid unnecessary into

* reorder code

* fixes some tests

* manually implement encode & decode to avoid i8 workaround

* more test fixes

* more fixes

* more error fixes

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>

* address comments

* test for DispatchError encoding

* tyep alias for democracy

* make error printable

* line width

* fix balances tests

* fix executive test

* fix system tests

* bump version

* ensure consistent method signature

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* changes based on review

* Add issue number for TODOs

* fix

* line width

* fix test

* Update core/sr-primitives/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Update core/sr-primitives/src/traits.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Update srml/council/src/motions.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Update srml/council/src/motions.rs

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* update based on review

* More concrete macro matching

* fix test build issue

* Update hex-literal dependency version. (#3141)

* Update hex-literal dep version.

* Update lock file.

* Start to rework the new error handling

* More work to get it back compiling

* Start to fix after master merge

* The great transaction error handling refactoring

* Make `decl_error` errors convertible to `&'static str`

* Make srml-executive build again

* Fix `sr-primitives` tests

* More fixes

* Last round of fix ups

* Fix build

* Fix build

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>

* Rename some stuff

* Fixes after master merge

* Adds `CheckBlockGasLimit` signed extension

* Remove debug stuff

* Fix srml-balances test

* Rename `InvalidIndex` to `CannotLookup`

* Remove weird generic parameters

* Rename function again

* Fix import

* Document the signed extension

* Change from `Into` to `From`

* Update srml/contracts/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Sergei Pepyakin <[email protected]>

* Fix compilation

* Update srml/contracts/src/lib.rs

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>

* Update core/sr-primitives/src/transaction_validity.rs

Co-Authored-By: Tomasz Drwięga <[email protected]>

* Remove unused code

* Fix compilation

* Some cleanups

* Fix compile errors

* Make `TransactionValidity` a `Result`

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>

* Beautify the code a little bit and fix test

* Make `CannotLookup` an inherent error declared by `decl_error!`

* Adds some documentation

* Make `ApplyOutcome` a result

* Up the spec_version

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>
Co-Authored-By: DemiMarie-parity <[email protected]>

* Fix some instances of `runtime-io`

* Patch a bunch

* More patches for consistancy

* more patch

* Fix various build issues

* Fix tests

* Patch `srml-support-*` crates

* Fix doc tests

* Revert "Fix doc tests"

This reverts commit ba2ec61da7acc36821a70e76a31a6a5bf13bbe95.

* Revert "Patch `srml-support-*` crates"

This reverts commit 9a6070450107dec17784ba34af4b871023f6dc81.

* Missed one

* Fix doc tests

* impl

* file split

* old comment

* better error message

* WIP

* basti test works

* comment

* remove old files

* impl swap for storage map

* fix

* fix and comment

* code refactor

* code refactor

* code format

* code refactor

* fix

* fix

* fix

* document generators

* license

* doc

* doc

* fmt

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* some comment addressed

* storage_items small refactor

* fix storage_items

* more precise returned type

* fix

* code fmt suggestion

Co-Authored-By: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* remove box allocation

* bump version

* rename function as behavior has changed

* fix doc

* simplify module deposit_event declaration

* fix

* bump version

* fix

* fix test

* fix doc