Backport #5311 into `stable2412` from Doordashcon.

See the
[documentation](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/docs/BACKPORT.md)
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Co-authored-by: Doordashcon <jesse.chejieh@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <egor@parity.io>

Backporting #6566 to stable2412

Last feature we wanted for V5, changing `SetAssetClaimer` to be just one
of many possible "hints" that you can specify at the beginning of your
program to change its behaviour.

This makes it easier to add new hints in the future and have barriers
accept them.

---------

Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>

Backport #6729 into `stable2412` from alexggh.

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on how to use this bot.

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Co-authored-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <49718502+alexggh@users.noreply.github.com>

Backport #6781 into `stable2412` from bkontur.

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Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <bkontur@gmail.com>

Backport #4834 into `stable2412` from acatangiu.

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Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <adrian@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <franciscoaguirreperez@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <bkontur@gmail.com>

Backport #6690 into `stable2412` from alexggh.

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Co-authored-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <49718502+alexggh@users.noreply.github.com>

Backport #6662 into `stable2412` from eskimor.

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Co-authored-by: eskimor <eskimor@users.noreply.github.com>

Backport of https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6643 to
stable2412.

We need it before the release so we have a good story with chains that
haven't upgraded yet.

---------

Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <adrian@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <bkontur@gmail.com>

Fix adds release environment to the backport job, so that token could be
properly generated

This PR has changes to the `command-backport.yml`:
- swapped action that creates backports PRs from master to the stable
branches and added another app with more permissions

Backport for: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6742

cc @paritytech/sdk-node

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <alexandru.vasile@parity.io>

Backports: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6483

Builds on top of the backport:
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6709

cc @paritytech/subxt-team

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <alexandru.vasile@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: James Wilson <james@jsdw.me>

Backport #6748 into `stable2412`

Backport #6734 into `stable2412`

Backport for: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/5997

cc @paritytech/subxt-team

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <alexandru.vasile@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: James Wilson <james@jsdw.me>

Backport #6562 into `stable2412` from re-gius.

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Co-authored-by: Giuseppe Re <giuseppe.re@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <egor@parity.io>

Co-authored-by: Tarek Mohamed Abdalla <tarekkma@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <egor@parity.io>

Backport #6684 into `stable2412` from bkontur.

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Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <bkontur@gmail.com>

Backport #6677 into `stable2412` from lexnv.

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Co-authored-by: Alexandru Vasile <60601340+lexnv@users.noreply.github.com>

This PR is a backport for:
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/5732

cc @paritytech/subxt-team

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <alexandru.vasile@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Egor_P <egor@parity.io>

Backport #6603 into `stable2412` from lexnv.

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Co-authored-by: Egor_P <egor@parity.io>

Backport #6640 into the `stable2412` from master

This PR contains backports of:
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6465
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6536
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6579
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6645

(when those were merged, bot didn't create backport PRs to stable2412)

---------

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# Description

This PR adds the required changes to release `polkadot`,
`polkadot-parachain` and `polkadot-omni-node` binaries built on Apple
Sillicon macos.

## Integration

This addresses requests from the community for such binaries: #802, and
they should be part of the Github release page.

## Review Notes

Test on paritytech-stg solely focused on macos binaries:
https://github.com/paritytech-stg/polkadot-sdk/actions/runs/11824692766/job/32946793308,
except the steps related to `pgpkms` (which need AWS credentials,
missing from paritytech-stg). The binary names don't have a `darwin-arm`
identifier, and conflict with the existing x86_64-linux binaries. I
haven't tested building everything on `paritytech-stg` because the
x86_64-linux builds run on `unbutu-latest-m` which isn't enabled on
`pairtytech-stg` (and I haven't asked CI team to enable one), so testing
how to go around naming conflicts should be covered next.

### TODO

- [x] Test the workflow start to end (especially the last bits related
to uploading the binaries on S3 and ensuring the previous binaries and
the new ones coexist harmoniously on S3/action artifacts storage without
naming conflicts) @EgorPopelyaev
- [x] Publish the arm binaries on the Github release page - to clarify
what's needed @iulianbarbu

 . Current practice is to manually publish the
binaries built via `release-build-rc.yml` workflow, taken from S3. Would
be great to have the binaries there in the first place before working on
automating this, but I would also do it in a follow up PR.

### Follow ups

- [ ] unify the binaries building under
`release-30_publish_release_draft.yml` maybe?
- [ ] automate binary artifacts upload to S3 in
`release-30_publish_release_draft.yml`

Signed-off-by: Iulian Barbu <iulian.barbu@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Iulian Barbu <14218860+iulianbarbu@users.noreply.github.com>

This PR is a backport of #6418.

For context, `TransactionExtension`, introduced in #3685, is part of the
`stable2412` release, and this PR brings important fixes and quality of
life improvements. Doing the backport now allows us to not break the
interface later.

Opened against #6473 as the changes in the original PR were made on top
of the changes in this backport.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <george.pisaltu@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <gui.thiolliere@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>

This PR updates the litep2p version on stable2412.
The litep2p requires a user opt-in / non-default backend, and changes
should not affect testing / stable libp2p versions.

For more details see PR:
- https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/6484

---------

Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <alexandru.vasile@parity.io>

Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>

add transaction source in the transaction extension API.

Transaction extension is introduced in stable2412 so better not to break
again later.

Backporting the new V5 `ExecuteWithOrigin` instruction to stable2412

---------

Signed-off-by: Adrian Catangiu <adrian@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <adrian@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Andrii <ndk@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <bkontur@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Joseph Zhao <65984904+programskillforverification@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Nazar Mokrynskyi <nazar@mokrynskyi.com>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <git@kchr.de>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <shawntabrizi@gmail.com>

Part of:

- #6202.

---------

Co-authored-by: Giuseppe Re <giuseppe.re@parity.io>
Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>

Fixes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/6172

# Description

Implemented benchmarks for Notifications and RequestResponse protocols
with libp2p implementation. These benchmarks allow us to monitor
regressions and implement fixes before they are observed in real chain.
In the future, they can be used for targeted optimizations of litep2p
compared to libp2p.

Part of https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/5220

Next steps:
- Add benchmarks for litep2p implementation
- Optimize load to get better results
- Add benchmarks to CI to catch regressions



## Integration

Benchmarks don't affect downstream projects.

---------

Co-authored-by: alvicsam <alvicsam@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: GitHub Action <action@github.com>

# Description

E2E tests to Polkadot/Kusama's people chains (in
https://github.com/open-web3-stack/polkadot-ecosystem-tests/pull/63)
revealed that 2 of the identity pallet's extrinsics did not emit events
in case of success:
* `pallet_identity::rename_sub`, and
* `pallet_identity::set_subs`

This PR fixes that.

## Integration

Other than 2 extrinsics emiting an event when previously they did not,
no other behavior in pallets/extrinsics was modified, so no integration
is needed.

## Review Notes

N/A

This PR changes the behavior of `json_patch::merge` function which no
longer removes any keys from the base JSON object.

fixes: #6306

---------

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