helps https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/439.
closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/473.

PR link in the older substrate repository:
https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13498.

# Context
Rewards payout is processed today in a single block and limited to
`MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator`. This number is currently 512 on both
Kusama and Polkadot.

This PR tries to scale the nominators payout to an unlimited count in a
multi-block fashion. Exposures are stored in pages, with each page
capped to a certain number (`MaxExposurePageSize`). Starting out, this
number would be the same as `MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator`, but
eventually, this number can be lowered through new runtime upgrades to
limit the rewardeable nominators per dispatched call instruction.

The changes in the PR are backward compatible.

## How payouts would work like after this change
Staking exposes two calls, 1) the existing `payout_stakers` and 2)
`payout_stakers_by_page`.

### payout_stakers
This remains backward compatible with no signature change. If for a
given era a validator has multiple pages, they can call `payout_stakers`
multiple times. The pages are executed in an ascending sequence and the
runtime takes care of preventing double claims.

### payout_stakers_by_page
Very similar to `payout_stakers` but also accepts an extra param
`page_index`. An account can choose to payout rewards only for an
explicitly passed `page_index`.

**Lets look at an example scenario**
Given an active validator on Kusama had 1100 nominators,
`MaxExposurePageSize` set to 512 for Era e. In order to pay out rewards
to all nominators, the caller would need to call `payout_stakers` 3
times.

- `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the first 512
nominators.
- `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the second set of 512
nominators.
- `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => will pay the last set of 76
nominators.
...
- `payout_stakers(origin, stash, e)` => calling it the 4th time would
return an error `InvalidPage`.

The above calls can also be replaced by `payout_stakers_by_page` and
passing a `page_index` explicitly.

## Commission note
Validator commission is paid out in chunks across all the pages where
each commission chunk is proportional to the total stake of the current
page. This implies higher the total stake of a page, higher will be the
commission. If all the pages of a validator's single era are paid out,
the sum of commission paid to the validator across all pages should be
equal to what the commission would have been if we had a non-paged
exposure.

### Migration Note
Strictly speaking, we did not need to bump our storage version since
there is no migration of storage in this PR. But it is still useful to
mark a storage upgrade for the following reasons:

- New storage items are introduced in this PR while some older storage
items are deprecated.
- For the next `HistoryDepth` eras, the exposure would be incrementally
migrated to its corresponding paged storage item.
- Runtimes using staking pallet would strictly need to wait at least
`HistoryDepth` eras with current upgraded version (14) for the migration
to complete. At some era `E` such that `E >
era_at_which_V14_gets_into_effect + HistoryDepth`, we will upgrade to
version X which will remove the deprecated storage items.
In other words, it is a strict requirement that E<sub>x</sub> -
E<sub>14</sub> > `HistoryDepth`, where
E<sub>x</sub> = Era at which deprecated storages are removed from
runtime,
E<sub>14</sub> = Era at which runtime is upgraded to version 14.
- For Polkadot and Kusama, there is a [tracker
ticket](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/433) to clean
up the deprecated storage items.

### Storage Changes

#### Added
- ErasStakersOverview
- ClaimedRewards
- ErasStakersPaged

#### Deprecated
The following can be cleaned up after 84 eras which is tracked
[here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/433).

- ErasStakers.
- ErasStakersClipped.
- StakingLedger.claimed_rewards, renamed to
StakingLedger.legacy_claimed_rewards.

### Config Changes
- Renamed MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator to MaxExposurePageSize.

### TODO
- [x] Tracker ticket for cleaning up the old code after 84 eras.
- [x] Add companion.
- [x] Redo benchmarks before merge.
- [x] Add Changelog for pallet_staking.
- [x] Pallet should be configurable to enable/disable paged rewards.
- [x] Commission payouts are distributed across pages.
- [x] Review documentation thoroughly.
- [x] Rename `MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator` ->
`MaxExposurePageSize`.
- [x] NMap for `ErasStakersPaged`.
- [x] Deprecate ErasStakers.
- [x] Integrity tests.

### Followup issues
[Runtime api for deprecated ErasStakers storage
item](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/426)

---------

Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

This PR moves syncing-related code from `sc-network-common` to
`sc-network-sync`.

Unfortunately, some parts are tightly integrated with networking, so
they were left in `sc-network-common` for now:

1. `SyncMode` in `common/src/sync.rs` (used in `NetworkConfiguration`).
2. `BlockAnnouncesHandshake`, `BlockRequest`, `BlockResponse`, etc. in
`common/src/sync/message.rs` (used in `src/protocol.rs` and
`src/protocol/message.rs`).

More substantial refactoring is needed to decouple syncing and
networking completely, including getting rid of the hardcoded sync
protocol.

## Release notes

Move syncing-related code from `sc-network-common` to `sc-network-sync`.
Delete `ChainSync` trait as it's never used (the only implementation is
accessed directly from `SyncingEngine` and exposes a lot of public
methods that are not part of the trait). Some new trait(s) for syncing
will likely be introduced as part of Sync 2.0 refactoring to represent
syncing strategies.

Co-authored-by: Sergejs Kostjucenko <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

# Description

The `trigger_defensive` call has been added to the `root-testing`
pallet. The idea is to have this pallet running on `Rococo/Westend` and
use it to verify if the runtime monitoring works end-to-end.

To accomplish this, `trigger_defensive` dispatches an event when it is
called.

Closes #1953

# Checklist

- [x] My PR includes a detailed description as outlined in the
"Description" section above
- [ ] My PR follows the [labeling requirements](CONTRIBUTING.md#Process)
of this project (at minimum one label for `T`
  required)
- [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation (if
applicable)
- [ ] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
feature works (if applicable)

You can remove the "Checklist" section once all have been checked. Thank
you for your contribution!

✄
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

- Usage the new published
[arkworks-extensions](https://github.com/paritytech/arkworks-extensions)
crates.
  Hooks are internally defined to jump into the proper host functions.
- Conditional compilation of each curve (gated by feature with curve
name)
- Separation in smaller host functions sets, divided by curve (fits
nicely with prev point)

This pull request changes how `check-each-crate.py` is working. Instead
of passing the name of the crate via `-p`, we now jump into the
directory of the crate and call there `cargo check`. This should fix
issues like https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2013 where
a crate is present twice in the `Cargo.lock`.

Besides that it also changes `core/Cargo.toml` to not always pull in
bandersnatch.

The change adds a test to show the failure scenario that caused #1812 to
be rolled back (more context:
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/493#issuecomment-1772009924)

Summary of the scenario:
1. Node has finished downloading up to block 1000 from the peers, from
the canonical chain.
2. Peers are undergoing re-org around this time. One of the peers has
switched to a non-canonical chain, announces block 1001 from that chain
3. Node downloads 1001 from the peer, and tries to import which would
fail (as we don't have the parent block 1000 from the other chain)

---------

Co-authored-by: Dmitry Markin <[email protected]>

Restore fix from #2077

This ensures that upgrading a parachain code sends the same event &
digest as when using `set_code` on a standalone chain.

Close: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2049

Switch from: 
https://crates.io/crates/tiny-bip39
to:
https://crates.io/crates/bip39

Required for: https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/2044

Partial https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/226

`frame/transaction-storage`: replace `Currency` with `fungible::*`
traits

---------

Signed-off-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>

Runtime migration CI is currently failing
(https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/mirrors/polkadot-sdk/builds/4122083)
for the contracts testnet due to unnecessary panicing in a `pre_upgrade`
hook.

Soon idempotency will be enforced
https://github.com/paritytech/try-runtime-cli/issues/42, in the mean
time we need to manually fix these issues as they arise.

---

also removes backticks from the string in `echo`, which caused a
'command not found' error in ci output

Closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1970

Follow up issue to tackle, once the erroneous double
incrementing/decrementing has stopped:
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2037

Making some devex improvements as I audit our chains adherence to
try-state invariants, in preparation for automated try-state checks and
alerting.

Note to reviewer: while you're here, if you have time would be great to
get your eyes on https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/1297
also since it touches a similar file and I'd like to avoid merge
conflicts :P

## Devex Improvements

- Changes the log level of logs informing the user that try-state checks
are being run for a pallet from debug to info
- Improves how errors are communicated
- Errors are logged when they are encountered, rather than after
everything has been executed
- Exact pallet the error originated from is included with the error log
  - Clearly see all errors and how many there are, rather than only one
  - Closes #136 

### Example of new logs

<img width="1185" alt="Screenshot 2023-10-25 at 15 44 44"
src="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/16665596/b75588a2-1c64-45df-bbc8-bcb8bf8b0fe0">

### Same but with old logs (run with RUST_LOG=debug)

Notice only informed of one of the errors, and it's unclear which pallet
it originated

<img width="1185" alt="Screenshot 2023-10-25 at 15 39 01"
src="https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/16665596/e3429cb1-489e-430a-9716-77c052e5dae6">
 

## Bug fix

When dry-running migrations and `checks.try_state()` is `true`, only run
`try_state` checks after migrations have been executed. Otherwise,
`try_state` checks that expect state to be in at a HIGHER storage
version than is on-chain could incorrectly fail.

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

Currently the CLI `-h/--help` commad output is almost unreadable as (for
some commands) it:
- doesn't provide a short brief of what the command does.
- doesn't separate the options description in smaller paragraphs.
- doesn't use a smart wrap strategy for lines longer than the number of
columns in the terminal.

Follow some pics taken with a 100 cols wide term

## Short help (./node -h)

### Before


![20231028-174531-grim](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/8143589/11b62c3c-dcd5-43f4-ac58-f1b299e3f4b9)

### After


![20231028-175041-grim](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/8143589/dc08f6fd-b287-40fb-8b33-71a185922104)


## Long help (./node --help)

### Before


![20231028-175257-grim](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/8143589/9ebdc0ae-54ee-4760-b873-a7e813523cb6)

### After


![20231028-175155-grim](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/assets/8143589/69cbe5cb-eb2f-46a5-8ebf-76c0cf8c4bad)

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

In https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13740 the use of the
`heap-pages` param inside the `frame-benchmarking-cli` has been removed.
This results in running out of memory and this PR fixes the heap
allocation strategy for benchmarks wasm executor.

Updates `docify` to 0.2.6, which fixes a bug that was preventing nesting
`#[docify::export]` within sub-items of items that already have
`#[docify::export]` attached to them from working properly.

Release notes here:
https://github.com/sam0x17/docify/releases/tag/v0.2.6

cc @ggwpez @Kianenigma

### Original PR https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/14137

This PR brings in the first version of the "_`frame` umbrella crate_".
This crate is intended to serve two purposes:

1. documentation
2. easier development with frame. Ideally, we want most users to be able
to build a frame-based pallet and runtime using just `frame` (plus
`scale-codec` and `scale-info`).

The crate is not finalized and is not yet intended for external use.
Therefore, the version is set to `0.0.1-dev`, this PR is `silent`, and
the entire crate is hidden behind the `experimental` flag. The main
intention in merging it early on is to be able to iterate on it in the
rest of
[`developer-hub`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk-docs/)
efforts.

The public API of the `frame` crate is at the moment as follows: 

```
pub mod frame
pub use frame::log
pub use frame::pallet
pub mod frame::arithmetic
pub use frame::arithmetic::<<sp_arithmetic::*>>
pub use frame::arithmetic::<<sp_arithmetic::traits::*>>
pub mod frame::deps
pub use frame::deps::codec
pub use frame::deps::frame_executive
pub use frame::deps::frame_support
pub use frame::deps::frame_system
pub use frame::deps::scale_info
pub use frame::deps::sp_api
pub use frame::deps::sp_arithmetic
pub use frame::deps::sp_block_builder
pub use frame::deps::sp_consensus_aura
pub use frame::deps::sp_consensus_grandpa
pub use frame::deps::sp_core
pub use frame::deps::sp_inherents
pub use frame::deps::sp_io
pub use frame::deps::sp_offchain
pub use frame::deps::sp_runtime
pub use frame::deps::sp_std
pub use frame::deps::sp_version
pub mod frame::derive
pub use frame::derive::CloneNoBound
pub use frame::derive::Debug
pub use frame::derive::Debug
pub use frame::derive::DebugNoBound
pub use frame::derive::Decode
pub use frame::derive::Decode
pub use frame::derive::DefaultNoBound
pub use frame::derive::Encode
pub use frame::derive::Encode
pub use frame::derive::EqNoBound
pub use frame::derive::PartialEqNoBound
pub use frame::derive::RuntimeDebug
pub use frame::derive::RuntimeDebugNoBound
pub use frame::derive::TypeInfo
pub use frame::derive::TypeInfo
pub mod frame::prelude
pub use frame::prelude::<<frame_support::pallet_prelude::*>>
pub use frame::prelude::<<frame_system::pallet_prelude::*>>
pub use frame::prelude::<<sp_std::prelude::*>>
pub use frame::prelude::CloneNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::Debug
pub use frame::prelude::Debug
pub use frame::prelude::DebugNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::Decode
pub use frame::prelude::Decode
pub use frame::prelude::DefaultNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::Encode
pub use frame::prelude::Encode
pub use frame::prelude::EqNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::PartialEqNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::RuntimeDebug
pub use frame::prelude::RuntimeDebugNoBound
pub use frame::prelude::TypeInfo
pub use frame::prelude::TypeInfo
pub use frame::prelude::frame_system
pub mod frame::primitives
pub use frame::primitives::BlakeTwo256
pub use frame::primitives::H160
pub use frame::primitives::H256
pub use frame::primitives::H512
pub use frame::primitives::Hash
pub use frame::primitives::Keccak256
pub use frame::primitives::U256
pub use frame::primitives::U512
pub mod frame::runtime
pub mod frame::runtime::apis
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<frame_system_rpc_runtime_api::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_api::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_block_builder::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_consensus_aura::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_consensus_grandpa::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_offchain::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_session::runtime_api::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::<<sp_transaction_pool::runtime_api::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::apis::ApplyExtrinsicResult
pub use frame::runtime::apis::CheckInherentsResult
pub use frame::runtime::apis::InherentData
pub use frame::runtime::apis::OpaqueMetadata
pub use frame::runtime::apis::impl_runtime_apis
pub use frame::runtime::apis::sp_api
pub mod frame::runtime::prelude
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::<<frame_executive::*>>
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstBool
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstI128
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstI16
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstI32
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstI64
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstI8
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstU128
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstU16
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstU32
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstU64
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ConstU8
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::NativeVersion
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::RuntimeVersion
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::construct_runtime
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::create_runtime_str
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::derive_impl
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::frame_support
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::ord_parameter_types
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::parameter_types
pub use frame::runtime::prelude::runtime_version
pub mod frame::runtime::testing_prelude
pub use frame::runtime::testing_prelude::BuildStorage
pub use frame::runtime::testing_prelude::Storage
pub mod frame::runtime::types_common
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::AccountId = <<frame::runtime::types_common::Signature as sp_runtime::traits::Verify>::Signer as sp_runtime::traits::IdentifyAccount>::AccountId
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::BlockNumber = u32
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::BlockOf<T, Extra> = sp_runtime::generic::block::Block<sp_runtime::generic::header::Header<frame::runtime::types_common::BlockNumber, sp_runtime::traits::BlakeTwo256>, sp_runtime::generic::unchecked_extrinsic::UncheckedExtrinsic<sp_runtime::multiaddress::MultiAddress<frame::runtime::types_common::AccountId, ()>, <T as frame_system::pallet::Config>::RuntimeCall, frame::runtime::types_common::Signature, Extra>>
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::OpaqueBlock = sp_runtime::generic::block::Block<sp_runtime::generic::header::Header<frame::runtime::types_common::BlockNumber, sp_runtime::traits::BlakeTwo256>, sp_runtime::OpaqueExtrinsic>
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::Signature = sp_runtime::MultiSignature
pub type frame::runtime::types_common::SystemSignedExtensionsOf<T> = (frame_system::extensions::check_non_zero_sender::CheckNonZeroSender<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_spec_version::CheckSpecVersion<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_tx_version::CheckTxVersion<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_genesis::CheckGenesis<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_mortality::CheckMortality<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_nonce::CheckNonce<T>, frame_system::extensions::check_weight::CheckWeight<T>)
pub mod frame::testing_prelude
pub use frame::testing_prelude::<<frame_executive::*>>
pub use frame::testing_prelude::<<frame_system::mocking::*>>
pub use frame::testing_prelude::BuildStorage
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstBool
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstI128
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstI16
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstI32
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstI64
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstI8
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstU128
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstU16
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstU32
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstU64
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ConstU8
pub use frame::testing_prelude::NativeVersion
pub use frame::testing_prelude::RuntimeVersion
pub use frame::testing_prelude::Storage
pub use frame::testing_prelude::TestState
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_err
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_err_ignore_postinfo
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_error_encoded_size
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_noop
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_ok
pub use frame::testing_prelude::assert_storage_noop
pub use frame::testing_prelude::construct_runtime
pub use frame::testing_prelude::create_runtime_str
pub use frame::testing_prelude::derive_impl
pub use frame::testing_prelude::frame_support
pub use frame::testing_prelude::frame_system
pub use frame::testing_prelude::if_std
pub use frame::testing_prelude::ord_parameter_types
pub use frame::testing_prelude::parameter_types
pub use frame::testing_prelude::runtime_version
pub use frame::testing_prelude::storage_alias
pub mod frame::traits
pub use frame::traits::<<frame_support::traits::*>>
pub use frame::traits::<<sp_runtime::traits::*>>
```

---

The road to full stabilization is

- [ ] https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/127
- [ ] have a more intentional version bump, as opposed to the current bi
weekly force-major-bump
- [ ] revise the internal API of `frame`, especially what goes into the
`prelude`s.
- [ ] migrate all internal pallets and runtime to use `frame`

---------

Co-authored-by: kianenigma <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Francisco Aguirre <[email protected]>

Updates `docify` to 0.2.5, which fixes some indentation bugs and adds
the new `#[docify::export_content]` attribute which can be used like
regular `#[docify::export]` but will only export the _underlying
contents_ of the item it is attached to, if applicable (otherwise it
just behaves exactly like `#[docify::export]`).

Release notes here:
https://github.com/sam0x17/docify/releases/tag/v0.2.5

cc @Kianenigma

Co-authored-by: ordian <[email protected]>

the min slot duration should be 0 only if the `experimental` feature is
enabled. otherwise, the runtime will panic on a division by 0.

# Description

- What does this PR do?

While working with `pallet_nfts` through `nonfungibles_v2` traits
`Inspect, Mutate`, I found out that once you have set the collection
attribute with `<Nfts as Mutate>::set_collection_attribute()`, it's not
possible to read it with `<Nfts as Inspect>::collection_attribute()`
since they use different `namespace` values. When setting the attribute,
`AttributeNamespace::Pallet` is used, while
`AttributeNamespace::CollectionOwner` is used when reading.

more context:
https://github.com/freeverseio/laos/issues/7#issuecomment-1766137370

This PR makes `item` an optional parameter in
`Inspect::system_attribute()`, to be able to read collection attributes.

- Why are these changes needed?

To be able to read collection level attributes when reading attributes
of the collection. It will be possible to read collection attributes by
passing `None` for `item`

- How were these changes implemented and what do they affect?

`NftsApi` is also affected and `NftsApi::system_attribute()` now accepts
optional `item` parameter.

## Breaking change

Because of the change in the `NftsApi::system_attribute()` method's
`item` param, parachains who integrated the `NftsApi` need to update
their API code and frontend integrations accordingly. AssetHubs are
unaffected since the NftsApi wasn't released on those parachains yet.

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

so we can use it in our tests

Project that includes pallet-contracts via crates.io will fail to run 
```bash
cargo check --features=runtime-benchmarks
```

without the currently not included benchmarks files

`wasm-builder` was adjusted to default to building wasm blobs in
`release` mode even when cargo is in `debug` because `debug` wasm is too
slow.

A side effect of this was `.compact` and `.compact.compressed` getting
built when the dev is running build in `debug`, adding ~5s to the build
time of every wasm runtime.

I think it's reasonable to assume if the dev is running `debug` build
they want to optimise speed and do not care about the size of the wasm
binary. Compacting a blob has negligible impact on its actual
performance.

In this PR, I adjusted the behavior of the wasm builder so it does not
produce `.compact` or `.compact.compressed` wasm when the user is
running in `debug`. The builder will continue to produce the bloaty wasm
in release mode unless it is overriden with an env var.

As suggested by @koute in review, also refactored the
`maybe_compact_wasm_and_copy_blobs` into multiple funuctions, and
renamed things to better support RISC-V in the future.

---

There is no `T-runtime` label so @KiChjang

 told me to put `T1-FRAME` :)

---------

Co-authored-by: Koute <[email protected]>

Next step in process of making BEEFY being able to generate both ECDSA
and BLS signature after #1705. It allows BEEFY to use a pair of ECDSA
and BLS key as a AuthorityId.

---------

Co-authored-by: Davide Galassi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Robert Hambrock <[email protected]>

Adds a config file that allows to run `zepter` without any arguments in
the workspace to address all issues.
A secondary workflow for the CI is provided as `zepter run check`. Both
the formatting and linting are now in one check for efficiancy.

The latest version also detects some more things that `featalign` was
already showing.

Error message [in the
CI](https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/mirrors/polkadot-sdk/-/jobs/3916205)
now looks like this:
```pre
...
crate 'test-parachains' (/Users/vados/Documents/work/polkadot-sdk/polkadot/parachain/test-parachains/Cargo.toml)
  feature 'std'
    must propagate to:
      parity-scale-codec
Found 55 issues (run with --fix to fix).
Error: Command 'lint propagate-feature' failed with exit code 1

Polkadot-SDK uses the Zepter CLI to detect abnormalities in the feature configuration.
It looks like one more more checks failed; please check the console output. You can try to automatically address them by running `zepter`.
Otherwise please ask directly in the Merge Request, GitHub Discussions or on Matrix Chat, thank you.

For more information, see:
  - https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1831
  - https://github.com/ggwpez/zepter
```

TODO:
- [x] Check that CI fails correctly

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

Fixes #179 

# Description

This PR makes the structure containing identity information used in
`pallet-identity` generic through the pallet `Config`. Additionally, the
old structure is now available in a separate module called `simple`
(pending rename) and is compatible with the new interface.

Another change in this PR is that while the `additional` field in
`IdentityInfo` stays for backwards compatibility reasons, the associated
costs are stil present in the pallet through the `additional` function
in the `IdentityInformationProvider` interface. This function is marked
as deprecated as it is only a temporary solution to the backwards
compatibility problem we had. In short, we could have removed the
additional fields in the struct and done a migration, but we chose to
wait and do it off-chain through the genesis of the system parachain.
After we move the identity pallet to the parachain, additional fields
will be migrated into the existing fields and the `additional` key-value
store will be removed. Until that happens, this interface will provide
the necessary information to properly account for the associated costs.

Additionally, this PR fixes an unrelated issue; the `IdentityField` enum
used to represent the fields as bitflags couldn't store more than 8
fields, even though it was marked as `#[repr(u64)]`. This was because of
the `derive` implementation of `TypeInfo`, which assumed `u8` semantics.
The custom implementation of this trait in
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/commit/0105cc03


fixes the issue.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sam Johnson <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: joe petrowski <[email protected]>

closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1882

## Breaking Changes

This PR introduces a new item to `pallet_balances::Config`:

```diff
trait Config {
++    type RuntimeFreezeReasons;
}
```

This value is only used to check it against `type MaxFreeze`. A similar
check has been added for `MaxHolds` against `RuntimeHoldReasons`, which
is already given to `pallet_balances`.

In all contexts, you should pass the real `RuntimeFreezeReasons`
generated by `construct_runtime` to `type RuntimeFreezeReasons`. Passing
`()` would also work, but it would imply that the runtime uses no
freezes at all.

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

This adds more logging to `CheckWeight` to get a better understanding
why a transaction exhausts resources.

Just keeping wasm-opt up to date.

I don't see anything in the [binaryen
changelog](https://github.com/WebAssembly/binaryen/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
that should affect substrate.

This release includes dwarf passes that were accidentally omitted from
previous versions of the wasm-opt crate. I suspect this will not affect
substrate as their omission hasn't been noticed until recently.

Implements the `OnUnbalanced` trait to resolve received credits to the
specified account. Credits that fail to resolve are dropped.

### Motivation 
Throughout the codebase, several types implement the trait with the same
behavior. While some currently utilize older currency trait, a migration
to the new fungible/s is anticipated for all. Examples:
[1](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/cumulus/parachains/common/src/impls.rs#L37),
[2](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/polkadot/runtime/common/src/impls.rs#L36),
[3](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/substrate/bin/node/runtime/src/impls.rs#L40),
[4](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/substrate/bin/node/runtime/src/lib.rs#L1969),
[5](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/substrate/frame/broker/src/mock.rs#L198),
[6](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/substrate/frame/society/src/lib.rs#L2031),
[7](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/1b34571c/substrate/frame/treasury/src/lib.rs#L1118)

✄
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Thank you for your Pull Request! 🙏 Please make sure it follows the
contribution guidelines outlined in
[this
document](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/master/docs/CONTRIBUTING.md)
and fill
out the sections below. Once you're ready to submit your PR for review,
please
delete this section and leave only the text under the "Description"
heading.

# Description

*Please include a summary of the changes and the related issue. Please
also include relevant motivation and context,
including:*

- What does this PR do?

make 'substrate-wasm-builder' manually set 'CARGO_TARGET_DIR' to
'$project_dir/target' while building instead of unset
'CARGO_TARGET_DIR';

- Why are these changes needed?

If you using this in the `build.rs` with following content in your
`~/.cargo/config.toml':

    [build]
    target-dir = "target"

the build process will stuck because of dead lock -- two `cargo build`
on same target directory in the same time.
There is already an attempt to avoid such dead lock by unset the
`CARGO_TARGET_DIR`, but for users with config above in his build
enviroment (like me), this workaround won't work.

- How were these changes implemented and what do they affect?

Instead of unset 'CARGO_TARGET_DIR', we set 'CARGO_TARGET_DIR' to
'$project/target/', which is already assumed to be true by rest of the
code.

*Use [Github semantic

linking](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue#linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue-using-a-keyword)
to address any open issues this PR relates to or closes.*

Fixes # (issue number, *if applicable*)

Closes # (issue number, *if applicable*)

# Checklist

- [x] My PR includes a detailed description as outlined in the
"Description" section above
- [ ] My PR follows the [labeling requirements](CONTRIBUTING.md#Process)
of this project (at minimum one label for `T`
  required)
- [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation (if
applicable)
- [ ] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
feature works (if applicable)

You can remove the "Checklist" section once all have been checked. Thank
you for your contribution!

✄
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

I have built my project with this fix, there's still some warnings with
`build.target-dir` set but the building process won't hang.
I haven't found related issue in this repo. But I did find one issue
[here](https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/substrate-node-template/issues/116).

Changes the maximum instances count for `wasmtime` to `64`. It also
allows to only pass in maximum `32` for `--max-runtime-instances` as
`256` was way too big. With `64` instances in total and `32` that can be
configured in maximum, there should be enough space to accommodate for
extra instances that are may required to be allocated adhoc.

---------

Co-authored-by: Koute <[email protected]>