lib.rs

				35 * WEIGHT_PER_MICROS
				+ 50 * WEIGHT_PER_NANOS * (ledger.unlocking.len() as Weight)
				+ T::DbWeight::get().reads_writes(3, 2)
			).into())
		}

		/// Set `HistoryDepth` value. This function will delete any history information
		/// when `HistoryDepth` is reduced.
		///
		/// Parameters:
		/// - `new_history_depth`: The new history depth you would like to set.
		/// - `era_items_deleted`: The number of items that will be deleted by this dispatch.
		///    This should report all the storage items that will be deleted by clearing old
		///    era history. Needed to report an accurate weight for the dispatch. Trusted by
		///    `Root` to report an accurate number.
		///
		/// Origin must be root.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - E: Number of history depths removed, i.e. 10 -> 7 = 3
		/// - Weight: O(E)
		/// - DB Weight:
		///     - Reads: Current Era, History Depth
		///     - Writes: History Depth
		///     - Clear Prefix Each: Era Stakers, EraStakersClipped, ErasValidatorPrefs
		///     - Writes Each: ErasValidatorReward, ErasRewardPoints, ErasTotalStake, ErasStartSessionIndex
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::set_history_depth(*_era_items_deleted))]
		pub fn set_history_depth(origin: OriginFor<T>,
			#[pallet::compact] new_history_depth: EraIndex,
			#[pallet::compact] _era_items_deleted: u32,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			if let Some(current_era) = Self::current_era() {
				HistoryDepth::<T>::mutate(|history_depth| {
					let last_kept = current_era.checked_sub(*history_depth).unwrap_or(0);
					let new_last_kept = current_era.checked_sub(new_history_depth).unwrap_or(0);
					for era_index in last_kept..new_last_kept {
						Self::clear_era_information(era_index);
					}
					*history_depth = new_history_depth
				})
			}
			Ok(())
		}

		/// Remove all data structure concerning a staker/stash once its balance is at the minimum.
		/// This is essentially equivalent to `withdraw_unbonded` except it can be called by anyone
		/// and the target `stash` must have no funds left beyond the ED.
		///
		/// This can be called from any origin.
		///
		/// - `stash`: The stash account to reap. Its balance must be zero.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// Complexity: O(S) where S is the number of slashing spans on the account.
		/// DB Weight:
		/// - Reads: Stash Account, Bonded, Slashing Spans, Locks
		/// - Writes: Bonded, Slashing Spans (if S > 0), Ledger, Payee, Validators, Nominators, Stash Account, Locks
		/// - Writes Each: SpanSlash * S
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::reap_stash(*num_slashing_spans))]
		pub fn reap_stash(
			_origin: OriginFor<T>,
			stash: T::AccountId,
			num_slashing_spans: u32,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			let at_minimum = T::Currency::total_balance(&stash) == T::Currency::minimum_balance();
			ensure!(at_minimum, Error::<T>::FundedTarget);
			Self::kill_stash(&stash, num_slashing_spans)?;
			T::Currency::remove_lock(STAKING_ID, &stash);
			Ok(())
		}

		/// Remove the given nominations from the calling validator.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		/// And, it can be only called when [`EraElectionStatus`] is `Closed`. The controller
		/// account should represent a validator.
		///
		/// - `who`: A list of nominator stash accounts who are nominating this validator which
		///   should no longer be nominating this validator.
		///
		/// Note: Making this call only makes sense if you first set the validator preferences to
		/// block any further nominations.
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::kick(who.len() as u32))]
		pub fn kick(origin: OriginFor<T>, who: Vec<<T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source>) -> DispatchResult {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let stash = &ledger.stash;

			for nom_stash in who.into_iter()
				.map(T::Lookup::lookup)
				.collect::<Result<Vec<T::AccountId>, _>>()?
				.into_iter()
			{
				Nominators::<T>::mutate(&nom_stash, |maybe_nom| if let Some(ref mut nom) = maybe_nom {
					if let Some(pos) = nom.targets.iter().position(|v| v == stash) {
						nom.targets.swap_remove(pos);
						Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Kicked(nom_stash.clone(), stash.clone()));
					}
				});
			}

			Ok(())
		}
	}
}

impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
	/// The total balance that can be slashed from a stash account as of right now.
	pub fn slashable_balance_of(stash: &T::AccountId) -> BalanceOf<T> {
		// Weight note: consider making the stake accessible through stash.
		Self::bonded(stash).and_then(Self::ledger).map(|l| l.active).unwrap_or_default()
	}

	/// Internal impl of [`Self::slashable_balance_of`] that returns [`VoteWeight`].
	pub fn slashable_balance_of_vote_weight(
		stash: &T::AccountId,
		issuance: BalanceOf<T>,
	) -> VoteWeight {
		T::CurrencyToVote::to_vote(Self::slashable_balance_of(stash), issuance)
	}

	/// Returns a closure around `slashable_balance_of_vote_weight` that can be passed around.
	///
	/// This prevents call sites from repeatedly requesting `total_issuance` from backend. But it is
	/// important to be only used while the total issuance is not changing.
	pub fn slashable_balance_of_fn() -> Box<dyn Fn(&T::AccountId) -> VoteWeight> {
		// NOTE: changing this to unboxed `impl Fn(..)` return type and the pallet will still
		// compile, while some types in mock fail to resolve.
		let issuance = T::Currency::total_issuance();
		Box::new(move |who: &T::AccountId| -> VoteWeight {
			Self::slashable_balance_of_vote_weight(who, issuance)
		})
	}

	fn do_payout_stakers(validator_stash: T::AccountId, era: EraIndex) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
		// Validate input data
		let current_era = CurrentEra::<T>::get().ok_or(
			Error::<T>::InvalidEraToReward.with_weight(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0))
		)?;
		let history_depth = Self::history_depth();
		ensure!(
			era <= current_era && era >= current_era.saturating_sub(history_depth),
			Error::<T>::InvalidEraToReward.with_weight(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0))
		);

		// Note: if era has no reward to be claimed, era may be future. better not to update
		// `ledger.claimed_rewards` in this case.
		let era_payout = <ErasValidatorReward<T>>::get(&era)
			.ok_or_else(||
				Error::<T>::InvalidEraToReward
					.with_weight(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0))
			)?;

		let controller = Self::bonded(&validator_stash).ok_or(
			Error::<T>::NotStash.with_weight(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0))
		)?;
		let mut ledger = <Ledger<T>>::get(&controller).ok_or_else(|| Error::<T>::NotController)?;

		ledger.claimed_rewards.retain(|&x| x >= current_era.saturating_sub(history_depth));
		match ledger.claimed_rewards.binary_search(&era) {
			Ok(_) => Err(
				Error::<T>::AlreadyClaimed.with_weight(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0))
			)?,
			Err(pos) => ledger.claimed_rewards.insert(pos, era),
		}

		let exposure = <ErasStakersClipped<T>>::get(&era, &ledger.stash);

		/* Input data seems good, no errors allowed after this point */

		<Ledger<T>>::insert(&controller, &ledger);

		// Get Era reward points. It has TOTAL and INDIVIDUAL
		// Find the fraction of the era reward that belongs to the validator
		// Take that fraction of the eras rewards to split to nominator and validator
		//
		// Then look at the validator, figure out the proportion of their reward
		// which goes to them and each of their nominators.

		let era_reward_points = <ErasRewardPoints<T>>::get(&era);
		let total_reward_points = era_reward_points.total;
		let validator_reward_points = era_reward_points.individual.get(&ledger.stash)
			.map(|points| *points)
			.unwrap_or_else(|| Zero::zero());

		// Nothing to do if they have no reward points.
		if validator_reward_points.is_zero() {
			return Ok(Some(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0)).into())
		}

		// This is the fraction of the total reward that the validator and the
		// nominators will get.
		let validator_total_reward_part = Perbill::from_rational(
			validator_reward_points,
			total_reward_points,
		);

		// This is how much validator + nominators are entitled to.
		let validator_total_payout = validator_total_reward_part * era_payout;

		let validator_prefs = Self::eras_validator_prefs(&era, &validator_stash);
		// Validator first gets a cut off the top.
		let validator_commission = validator_prefs.commission;
		let validator_commission_payout = validator_commission * validator_total_payout;

		let validator_leftover_payout = validator_total_payout - validator_commission_payout;
		// Now let's calculate how this is split to the validator.
		let validator_exposure_part = Perbill::from_rational(
			exposure.own,
			exposure.total,
		);
		let validator_staking_payout = validator_exposure_part * validator_leftover_payout;

		// We can now make total validator payout:
		if let Some(imbalance) = Self::make_payout(
			&ledger.stash,
			validator_staking_payout + validator_commission_payout
		) {
			Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Reward(ledger.stash, imbalance.peek()));
		}

		// Track the number of payout ops to nominators. Note: `WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked`
		// always assumes at least a validator is paid out, so we do not need to count their payout op.
		let mut nominator_payout_count: u32 = 0;

		// Lets now calculate how this is split to the nominators.
		// Reward only the clipped exposures. Note this is not necessarily sorted.
		for nominator in exposure.others.iter() {
			let nominator_exposure_part = Perbill::from_rational(
				nominator.value,
				exposure.total,
			);

			let nominator_reward: BalanceOf<T> = nominator_exposure_part * validator_leftover_payout;
			// We can now make nominator payout:
			if let Some(imbalance) = Self::make_payout(&nominator.who, nominator_reward) {
				// Note: this logic does not count payouts for `RewardDestination::None`.
				nominator_payout_count += 1;
				Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Reward(nominator.who.clone(), imbalance.peek()));
			}
		}

		debug_assert!(nominator_payout_count <= T::MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator::get());
		Ok(Some(T::WeightInfo::payout_stakers_alive_staked(nominator_payout_count)).into())
	}

	/// Update the ledger for a controller.
	///
	/// This will also update the stash lock.
	fn update_ledger(
		controller: &T::AccountId,
		ledger: &StakingLedger<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>
	) {
		T::Currency::set_lock(
			STAKING_ID,
			&ledger.stash,
			ledger.total,
			WithdrawReasons::all(),
		);
		<Ledger<T>>::insert(controller, ledger);
	}

	/// Chill a stash account.
	fn chill_stash(stash: &T::AccountId) {
		<Validators<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Nominators<T>>::remove(stash);
	}

	/// Actually make a payment to a staker. This uses the currency's reward function
	/// to pay the right payee for the given staker account.
	fn make_payout(stash: &T::AccountId, amount: BalanceOf<T>) -> Option<PositiveImbalanceOf<T>> {
		let dest = Self::payee(stash);
		match dest {
			RewardDestination::Controller => Self::bonded(stash)
				.and_then(|controller|
					Some(T::Currency::deposit_creating(&controller, amount))
				),
			RewardDestination::Stash =>
				T::Currency::deposit_into_existing(stash, amount).ok(),
			RewardDestination::Staked => Self::bonded(stash)
				.and_then(|c| Self::ledger(&c).map(|l| (c, l)))
				.and_then(|(controller, mut l)| {
					l.active += amount;
					l.total += amount;
					let r = T::Currency::deposit_into_existing(stash, amount).ok();
					Self::update_ledger(&controller, &l);
					r
				}),
			RewardDestination::Account(dest_account) => {
				Some(T::Currency::deposit_creating(&dest_account, amount))
			},
			RewardDestination::None => None,
		}
	}

	/// Plan a new session potentially trigger a new era.
	fn new_session(session_index: SessionIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		if let Some(current_era) = Self::current_era() {
			// Initial era has been set.

			let current_era_start_session_index = Self::eras_start_session_index(current_era)
				.unwrap_or_else(|| {
					frame_support::print("Error: start_session_index must be set for current_era");
					0
				});

			let era_length = session_index.checked_sub(current_era_start_session_index)
				.unwrap_or(0); // Must never happen.

			match ForceEra::<T>::get() {
				// Will set to default again, which is `NotForcing`.
				Forcing::ForceNew => ForceEra::<T>::kill(),
				// Short circuit to `new_era`.
				Forcing::ForceAlways => (),
				// Only go to `new_era` if deadline reached.
				Forcing::NotForcing if era_length >= T::SessionsPerEra::get() => (),
				_ => {
					// either `Forcing::ForceNone`,
					// or `Forcing::NotForcing if era_length >= T::SessionsPerEra::get()`.
					return None
				},
			}

			// new era.
			Self::new_era(session_index)
		} else {
			// Set initial era
			log!(debug, "Starting the first era.");
			Self::new_era(session_index)
		}
	}

	/// Start a session potentially starting an era.
	fn start_session(start_session: SessionIndex) {
		let next_active_era = Self::active_era().map(|e| e.index + 1).unwrap_or(0);
		// This is only `Some` when current era has already progressed to the next era, while the
		// active era is one behind (i.e. in the *last session of the active era*, or *first session
		// of the new current era*, depending on how you look at it).
		if let Some(next_active_era_start_session_index) =
			Self::eras_start_session_index(next_active_era)
		{
			if next_active_era_start_session_index == start_session {
				Self::start_era(start_session);
			} else if next_active_era_start_session_index < start_session {
				// This arm should never happen, but better handle it than to stall the staking
				// pallet.
				frame_support::print("Warning: A session appears to have been skipped.");
				Self::start_era(start_session);
			}
		}
	}

	/// End a session potentially ending an era.
	fn end_session(session_index: SessionIndex) {
		if let Some(active_era) = Self::active_era() {
			if let Some(next_active_era_start_session_index) =
				Self::eras_start_session_index(active_era.index + 1)
			{
				if next_active_era_start_session_index == session_index + 1 {
					Self::end_era(active_era, session_index);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/// * Increment `active_era.index`,
	/// * reset `active_era.start`,
	/// * update `BondedEras` and apply slashes.
	fn start_era(start_session: SessionIndex) {
		let active_era = ActiveEra::<T>::mutate(|active_era| {
			let new_index = active_era.as_ref().map(|info| info.index + 1).unwrap_or(0);
			*active_era = Some(ActiveEraInfo {
				index: new_index,
				// Set new active era start in next `on_finalize`. To guarantee usage of `Time`
				start: None,
			});
			new_index
		});

		let bonding_duration = T::BondingDuration::get();

		BondedEras::<T>::mutate(|bonded| {
			bonded.push((active_era, start_session));

			if active_era > bonding_duration {
				let first_kept = active_era - bonding_duration;

				// prune out everything that's from before the first-kept index.
				let n_to_prune = bonded.iter()
					.take_while(|&&(era_idx, _)| era_idx < first_kept)
					.count();

				// kill slashing metadata.
				for (pruned_era, _) in bonded.drain(..n_to_prune) {
					slashing::clear_era_metadata::<T>(pruned_era);
				}

				if let Some(&(_, first_session)) = bonded.first() {
					T::SessionInterface::prune_historical_up_to(first_session);
				}
			}
		});

		Self::apply_unapplied_slashes(active_era);
	}

	/// Compute payout for era.
	fn end_era(active_era: ActiveEraInfo, _session_index: SessionIndex) {
		// Note: active_era_start can be None if end era is called during genesis config.
		if let Some(active_era_start) = active_era.start {
			let now_as_millis_u64 = T::UnixTime::now().as_millis().saturated_into::<u64>();

			let era_duration = (now_as_millis_u64 - active_era_start).saturated_into::<u64>();
			let staked = Self::eras_total_stake(&active_era.index);
			let issuance = T::Currency::total_issuance();
			let (validator_payout, rest) = T::EraPayout::era_payout(staked, issuance, era_duration);

			Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::EraPayout(active_era.index, validator_payout, rest));

			// Set ending era reward.
			<ErasValidatorReward<T>>::insert(&active_era.index, validator_payout);
			T::RewardRemainder::on_unbalanced(T::Currency::issue(rest));
		}
	}

	/// Plan a new era. Return the potential new staking set.
	fn new_era(start_session_index: SessionIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		// Increment or set current era.
		let current_era = CurrentEra::<T>::mutate(|s| {
			*s = Some(s.map(|s| s + 1).unwrap_or(0));
			s.unwrap()
		});
		ErasStartSessionIndex::<T>::insert(&current_era, &start_session_index);

		// Clean old era information.
		if let Some(old_era) = current_era.checked_sub(Self::history_depth() + 1) {
			Self::clear_era_information(old_era);
		}

		// Set staking information for new era.
		let maybe_new_validators = Self::enact_election(current_era);

		maybe_new_validators
	}

	/// Enact and process the election using the `ElectionProvider` type.
	///
	/// This will also process the election, as noted in [`process_election`].
	fn enact_election(current_era: EraIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		T::ElectionProvider::elect()
			.map_err(|e| {
				log!(warn, "election provider failed due to {:?}", e)
			})
			.and_then(|(res, weight)| {
				<frame_system::Pallet<T>>::register_extra_weight_unchecked(
					weight,
					frame_support::weights::DispatchClass::Mandatory,
				);
				Self::process_election(res, current_era)
			})
			.ok()
	}

	/// Process the output of the election.
	///
	/// This ensures enough validators have been elected, converts all supports to exposures and
	/// writes them to the associated storage.
	///
	/// Returns `Err(())` if less than [`MinimumValidatorCount`] validators have been elected, `Ok`
	/// otherwise.
	pub fn process_election(
		flat_supports: frame_election_provider_support::Supports<T::AccountId>,
		current_era: EraIndex,
	) -> Result<Vec<T::AccountId>, ()> {
		let exposures = Self::collect_exposures(flat_supports);
		let elected_stashes = exposures.iter().cloned().map(|(x, _)| x).collect::<Vec<_>>();

		if (elected_stashes.len() as u32) < Self::minimum_validator_count().max(1) {
			// Session will panic if we ever return an empty validator set, thus max(1) ^^.
			if current_era > 0 {
				log!(
					warn,
					"chain does not have enough staking candidates to operate for era {:?} ({} elected, minimum is {})",
					current_era,
					elected_stashes.len(),
					Self::minimum_validator_count(),
				);
			}
			return Err(());
		}

		// Populate stakers, exposures, and the snapshot of validator prefs.
		let mut total_stake: BalanceOf<T> = Zero::zero();
		exposures.into_iter().for_each(|(stash, exposure)| {
			total_stake = total_stake.saturating_add(exposure.total);
			<ErasStakers<T>>::insert(current_era, &stash, &exposure);

			let mut exposure_clipped = exposure;
			let clipped_max_len = T::MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator::get() as usize;
			if exposure_clipped.others.len() > clipped_max_len {
				exposure_clipped.others.sort_by(|a, b| a.value.cmp(&b.value).reverse());
				exposure_clipped.others.truncate(clipped_max_len);
			}
			<ErasStakersClipped<T>>::insert(&current_era, &stash, exposure_clipped);
		});

		// Insert current era staking information
		<ErasTotalStake<T>>::insert(&current_era, total_stake);

		// collect the pref of all winners
		for stash in &elected_stashes {
			let pref = Self::validators(stash);
			<ErasValidatorPrefs<T>>::insert(&current_era, stash, pref);
		}

		// emit event
		Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::StakingElection);

		if current_era > 0 {
			log!(
				info,
				"new validator set of size {:?} has been processed for era {:?}",
				elected_stashes.len(),
				current_era,
			);
		}

		Ok(elected_stashes)
	}

	/// Consume a set of [`Supports`] from [`sp_npos_elections`] and collect them into a
	/// [`Exposure`].
	fn collect_exposures(
		supports: Supports<T::AccountId>,
	) -> Vec<(T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>)> {
		let total_issuance = T::Currency::total_issuance();
		let to_currency = |e: frame_election_provider_support::ExtendedBalance| {
			T::CurrencyToVote::to_currency(e, total_issuance)
		};

		supports
			.into_iter()
			.map(|(validator, support)| {
				// build `struct exposure` from `support`
				let mut others = Vec::with_capacity(support.voters.len());
				let mut own: BalanceOf<T> = Zero::zero();
				let mut total: BalanceOf<T> = Zero::zero();
				support
					.voters
					.into_iter()
					.map(|(nominator, weight)| (nominator, to_currency(weight)))
					.for_each(|(nominator, stake)| {
						if nominator == validator {
						own = own.saturating_add(stake);
						} else {
							others.push(IndividualExposure { who: nominator, value: stake });
						}
						total = total.saturating_add(stake);
					});

				let exposure = Exposure { own, others, total };
				(validator, exposure)
			})
			.collect::<Vec<(T::AccountId, Exposure<_, _>)>>()
	}

	/// Remove all associated data of a stash account from the staking system.
	///
	/// Assumes storage is upgraded before calling.
	///
	/// This is called:
	/// - after a `withdraw_unbonded()` call that frees all of a stash's bonded balance.
	/// - through `reap_stash()` if the balance has fallen to zero (through slashing).
	fn kill_stash(stash: &T::AccountId, num_slashing_spans: u32) -> DispatchResult {
		let controller = <Bonded<T>>::get(stash).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotStash)?;

		slashing::clear_stash_metadata::<T>(stash, num_slashing_spans)?;

		<Bonded<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Ledger<T>>::remove(&controller);

		<Payee<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Validators<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Nominators<T>>::remove(stash);

		frame_system::Pallet::<T>::dec_consumers(stash);

		Ok(())
	}

	/// Clear all era information for given era.
	fn clear_era_information(era_index: EraIndex) {
		<ErasStakers<T>>::remove_prefix(era_index);
		<ErasStakersClipped<T>>::remove_prefix(era_index);
		<ErasValidatorPrefs<T>>::remove_prefix(era_index);
		<ErasValidatorReward<T>>::remove(era_index);
		<ErasRewardPoints<T>>::remove(era_index);
		<ErasTotalStake<T>>::remove(era_index);
		ErasStartSessionIndex::<T>::remove(era_index);
	}

	/// Apply previously-unapplied slashes on the beginning of a new era, after a delay.
	fn apply_unapplied_slashes(active_era: EraIndex) {
		let slash_defer_duration = T::SlashDeferDuration::get();
		<Self as Store>::EarliestUnappliedSlash::mutate(|earliest| if let Some(ref mut earliest) = earliest {
			let keep_from = active_era.saturating_sub(slash_defer_duration);
			for era in (*earliest)..keep_from {
				let era_slashes = <Self as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::take(&era);
				for slash in era_slashes {
					slashing::apply_slash::<T>(slash);
				}
			}

			*earliest = (*earliest).max(keep_from)
		})
	}

	/// Add reward points to validators using their stash account ID.
	///
	/// Validators are keyed by stash account ID and must be in the current elected set.
	///
	/// For each element in the iterator the given number of points in u32 is added to the
	/// validator, thus duplicates are handled.
	///
	/// At the end of the era each the total payout will be distributed among validator
	/// relatively to their points.
	///
	/// COMPLEXITY: Complexity is `number_of_validator_to_reward x current_elected_len`.
	pub fn reward_by_ids(
		validators_points: impl IntoIterator<Item = (T::AccountId, u32)>
	) {
		if let Some(active_era) = Self::active_era() {
			<ErasRewardPoints<T>>::mutate(active_era.index, |era_rewards| {
				for (validator, points) in validators_points.into_iter() {
					*era_rewards.individual.entry(validator).or_default() += points;
					era_rewards.total += points;
				}
			});
		}
	}

	/// Ensures that at the end of the current session there will be a new era.
	fn ensure_new_era() {
		match ForceEra::<T>::get() {
			Forcing::ForceAlways | Forcing::ForceNew => (),
			_ => ForceEra::<T>::put(Forcing::ForceNew),
		}
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	pub fn add_era_stakers(
		current_era: EraIndex,
		controller: T::AccountId,
		exposure: Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
	) {
		<ErasStakers<T>>::insert(&current_era, &controller, &exposure);
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	pub fn set_slash_reward_fraction(fraction: Perbill) {
		SlashRewardFraction::<T>::put(fraction);
	}

	/// Get all of the voters that are eligible for the npos election.
	///
	/// This will use all on-chain nominators, and all the validators will inject a self vote.
	///
	/// ### Slashing
	///
	/// All nominations that have been submitted before the last non-zero slash of the validator are
	/// auto-chilled.
	///
	/// Note that this is VERY expensive. Use with care.
	pub fn get_npos_voters() -> Vec<(T::AccountId, VoteWeight, Vec<T::AccountId>)> {
		let weight_of = Self::slashable_balance_of_fn();
		let mut all_voters = Vec::new();

		for (validator, _) in <Validators<T>>::iter() {
			// append self vote
			let self_vote = (validator.clone(), weight_of(&validator), vec![validator.clone()]);
			all_voters.push(self_vote);
		}

		// collect all slashing spans into a BTreeMap for further queries.
		let slashing_spans = <SlashingSpans<T>>::iter().collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();

		for (nominator, nominations) in <Nominators<T>>::iter() {
			let Nominations { submitted_in, mut targets, suppressed: _ } = nominations;

			// Filter out nomination targets which were nominated before the most recent
			// slashing span.
			targets.retain(|stash| {
				slashing_spans
					.get(stash)
					.map_or(true, |spans| submitted_in >= spans.last_nonzero_slash())
			});

			if !targets.is_empty() {
				let vote_weight = weight_of(&nominator);
				all_voters.push((nominator, vote_weight, targets))
			}
		}

		all_voters
	}

	pub fn get_npos_targets() -> Vec<T::AccountId> {
		<Validators<T>>::iter().map(|(v, _)| v).collect::<Vec<_>>()
	}
}

impl<T: Config> frame_election_provider_support::ElectionDataProvider<T::AccountId, T::BlockNumber>
	for Pallet<T>
{
	const MAXIMUM_VOTES_PER_VOTER: u32 = T::MAX_NOMINATIONS;
	fn desired_targets() -> data_provider::Result<(u32, Weight)> {
		Ok((Self::validator_count(), <T as frame_system::Config>::DbWeight::get().reads(1)))
	}

	fn voters(
		maybe_max_len: Option<usize>,
	) -> data_provider::Result<(Vec<(T::AccountId, VoteWeight, Vec<T::AccountId>)>, Weight)> {
		// NOTE: reading these counts already needs to iterate a lot of storage keys, but they get
		// cached. This is okay for the case of `Ok(_)`, but bad for `Err(_)`, as the trait does not
		// report weight in failures.
		let nominator_count = <Nominators<T>>::iter().count();
		let validator_count = <Validators<T>>::iter().count();
		let voter_count = nominator_count.saturating_add(validator_count);

		if maybe_max_len.map_or(false, |max_len| voter_count > max_len) {
			return Err("Voter snapshot too big");
		}

		let slashing_span_count = <SlashingSpans<T>>::iter().count();
		let weight = T::WeightInfo::get_npos_voters(
			validator_count as u32,
			nominator_count as u32,
			slashing_span_count as u32,
		);
		Ok((Self::get_npos_voters(), weight))
	}

	fn targets(maybe_max_len: Option<usize>) -> data_provider::Result<(Vec<T::AccountId>, Weight)> {
		let target_count = <Validators<T>>::iter().count();

		if maybe_max_len.map_or(false, |max_len| target_count > max_len) {
			return Err("Target snapshot too big");
		}

		let weight = <T as frame_system::Config>::DbWeight::get().reads(target_count as u64);
		Ok((Self::get_npos_targets(), weight))
	}

	fn next_election_prediction(now: T::BlockNumber) -> T::BlockNumber {
		let current_era = Self::current_era().unwrap_or(0);
		let current_session = Self::current_planned_session();
		let current_era_start_session_index =
			Self::eras_start_session_index(current_era).unwrap_or(0);
		let era_length = current_session
			.saturating_sub(current_era_start_session_index)
			.min(T::SessionsPerEra::get());

		let session_length = T::NextNewSession::average_session_length();

		let until_this_session_end = T::NextNewSession::estimate_next_new_session(now)
			.0
			.unwrap_or_default()
			.saturating_sub(now);

		let sessions_left: T::BlockNumber = T::SessionsPerEra::get()
			.saturating_sub(era_length)
			// one session is computed in this_session_end.
			.saturating_sub(1)
			.into();

		now.saturating_add(
			until_this_session_end.saturating_add(sessions_left.saturating_mul(session_length)),
		)
	}

	#[cfg(any(feature = "runtime-benchmarks", test))]
	fn put_snapshot(
		voters: Vec<(T::AccountId, VoteWeight, Vec<T::AccountId>)>,
		targets: Vec<T::AccountId>,
		target_stake: Option<VoteWeight>,
	) {
		use sp_std::convert::TryFrom;
		targets.into_iter().for_each(|v| {
			let stake: BalanceOf<T> = target_stake
				.and_then(|w| <BalanceOf<T>>::try_from(w).ok())
				.unwrap_or(T::Currency::minimum_balance() * 100u32.into());
			<Bonded<T>>::insert(v.clone(), v.clone());
			<Ledger<T>>::insert(
				v.clone(),
				StakingLedger {
					stash: v.clone(),
					active: stake,
					total: stake,
					unlocking: vec![],
					claimed_rewards: vec![],
				},
			);
			<Validators<T>>::insert(
				v,
				ValidatorPrefs { commission: Perbill::zero(), blocked: false },
			);
		});

		voters.into_iter().for_each(|(v, s, t)| {
			let stake = <BalanceOf<T>>::try_from(s).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
				panic!("cannot convert a VoteWeight into BalanceOf, benchmark needs reconfiguring.")
			});
			<Bonded<T>>::insert(v.clone(), v.clone());
			<Ledger<T>>::insert(
				v.clone(),
				StakingLedger {
					stash: v.clone(),
					active: stake,
					total: stake,
					unlocking: vec![],
					claimed_rewards: vec![],
				},
			);
			<Nominators<T>>::insert(
				v,
				Nominations { targets: t, submitted_in: 0, suppressed: false },
			);
		});
	}
}

/// In this implementation `new_session(session)` must be called before `end_session(session-1)`
/// i.e. the new session must be planned before the ending of the previous session.
///
/// Once the first new_session is planned, all session must start and then end in order, though
/// some session can lag in between the newest session planned and the latest session started.
impl<T: Config> pallet_session::SessionManager<T::AccountId> for Pallet<T> {
	fn new_session(new_index: SessionIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		log!(trace, "planning new_session({})", new_index);
		CurrentPlannedSession::<T>::put(new_index);
		Self::new_session(new_index)
	}
	fn start_session(start_index: SessionIndex) {
		log!(trace, "starting start_session({})", start_index);
		Self::start_session(start_index)
	}
	fn end_session(end_index: SessionIndex) {
		log!(trace, "ending end_session({})", end_index);
		Self::end_session(end_index)
	}
}

impl<T: Config> historical::SessionManager<T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>
	for Pallet<T>
{
	fn new_session(
		new_index: SessionIndex,
	) -> Option<Vec<(T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>)>> {
		<Self as pallet_session::SessionManager<_>>::new_session(new_index).map(|validators| {
			let current_era = Self::current_era()
				// Must be some as a new era has been created.
				.unwrap_or(0);

			validators.into_iter().map(|v| {
				let exposure = Self::eras_stakers(current_era, &v);
				(v, exposure)
			}).collect()
		})
	}
	fn start_session(start_index: SessionIndex) {
		<Self as pallet_session::SessionManager<_>>::start_session(start_index)
	}
	fn end_session(end_index: SessionIndex) {
		<Self as pallet_session::SessionManager<_>>::end_session(end_index)
	}
}

/// Add reward points to block authors:
/// * 20 points to the block producer for producing a (non-uncle) block in the relay chain,
/// * 2 points to the block producer for each reference to a previously unreferenced uncle, and
/// * 1 point to the producer of each referenced uncle block.
impl<T> pallet_authorship::EventHandler<T::AccountId, T::BlockNumber> for Pallet<T>
where
	T: Config + pallet_authorship::Config + pallet_session::Config,
{
	fn note_author(author: T::AccountId) {
		Self::reward_by_ids(vec![(author, 20)])
	}
	fn note_uncle(author: T::AccountId, _age: T::BlockNumber) {
		Self::reward_by_ids(vec![
			(<pallet_authorship::Pallet<T>>::author(), 2),
			(author, 1)
		])
	}
}

/// A `Convert` implementation that finds the stash of the given controller account,
/// if any.
pub struct StashOf<T>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<T>);

impl<T: Config> Convert<T::AccountId, Option<T::AccountId>> for StashOf<T> {
	fn convert(controller: T::AccountId) -> Option<T::AccountId> {
		<Pallet<T>>::ledger(&controller).map(|l| l.stash)
	}
}

/// A typed conversion from stash account ID to the active exposure of nominators
/// on that account.
///
/// Active exposure is the exposure of the validator set currently validating, i.e. in
/// `active_era`. It can differ from the latest planned exposure in `current_era`.
pub struct ExposureOf<T>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<T>);

impl<T: Config> Convert<T::AccountId, Option<Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>>
	for ExposureOf<T>
{
	fn convert(validator: T::AccountId) -> Option<Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>> {
		<Pallet<T>>::active_era()
			.map(|active_era| <Pallet<T>>::eras_stakers(active_era.index, &validator))
	}
}

/// This is intended to be used with `FilterHistoricalOffences`.
impl<T: Config>
	OnOffenceHandler<T::AccountId, pallet_session::historical::IdentificationTuple<T>, Weight>
	for Pallet<T>
where
	T: pallet_session::Config<ValidatorId = <T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId>,
	T: pallet_session::historical::Config<
		FullIdentification = Exposure<<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
		FullIdentificationOf = ExposureOf<T>,
	>,
	T::SessionHandler: pallet_session::SessionHandler<<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId>,
	T::SessionManager: pallet_session::SessionManager<<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId>,
	T::ValidatorIdOf: Convert<
		<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId,
		Option<<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId>,
	>,
{
	fn on_offence(
		offenders: &[OffenceDetails<
			T::AccountId,
			pallet_session::historical::IdentificationTuple<T>,
		>],
		slash_fraction: &[Perbill],
		slash_session: SessionIndex,
	) -> Weight {
		let reward_proportion = SlashRewardFraction::<T>::get();
		let mut consumed_weight: Weight = 0;
		let mut add_db_reads_writes = |reads, writes| {
			consumed_weight += T::DbWeight::get().reads_writes(reads, writes);
		};

		let active_era = {
			let active_era = Self::active_era();
			add_db_reads_writes(1, 0);
			if active_era.is_none() {
				// this offence need not be re-submitted.
				return consumed_weight
			}
			active_era.expect("value checked not to be `None`; qed").index
		};
		let active_era_start_session_index = Self::eras_start_session_index(active_era)
			.unwrap_or_else(|| {
				frame_support::print("Error: start_session_index must be set for current_era");
				0
			});
		add_db_reads_writes(1, 0);

		let window_start = active_era.saturating_sub(T::BondingDuration::get());

		// fast path for active-era report - most likely.
		// `slash_session` cannot be in a future active era. It must be in `active_era` or before.
		let slash_era = if slash_session >= active_era_start_session_index {
			active_era
		} else {
			let eras = BondedEras::<T>::get();
			add_db_reads_writes(1, 0);

			// reverse because it's more likely to find reports from recent eras.
			match eras.iter().rev().filter(|&&(_, ref sesh)| sesh <= &slash_session).next() {
				Some(&(ref slash_era, _)) => *slash_era,
				// before bonding period. defensive - should be filtered out.
				None => return consumed_weight,
			}
		};

		<Self as Store>::EarliestUnappliedSlash::mutate(|earliest| {
			if earliest.is_none() {
				*earliest = Some(active_era)
			}
		});
		add_db_reads_writes(1, 1);

		let slash_defer_duration = T::SlashDeferDuration::get();