mod.rs

// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Polkadot.

// Polkadot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Polkadot is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Polkadot.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! `V7` Primitives.

use bitvec::{field::BitField, slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
use parity_scale_codec::{Decode, Encode};
use scale_info::TypeInfo;
use sp_std::{
	marker::PhantomData,
	prelude::*,
	slice::{Iter, IterMut},
	vec::IntoIter,
};

use application_crypto::KeyTypeId;
use inherents::InherentIdentifier;
use primitives::RuntimeDebug;
use runtime_primitives::traits::{AppVerify, Header as HeaderT};
use sp_arithmetic::traits::{BaseArithmetic, Saturating};

pub use runtime_primitives::traits::{BlakeTwo256, Hash as HashT};

// Export some core primitives.
pub use polkadot_core_primitives::v2::{
	AccountId, AccountIndex, AccountPublic, Balance, Block, BlockId, BlockNumber, CandidateHash,
	ChainId, DownwardMessage, Hash, Header, InboundDownwardMessage, InboundHrmpMessage, Moment,
	Nonce, OutboundHrmpMessage, Remark, Signature, UncheckedExtrinsic,
};

// Export some polkadot-parachain primitives
pub use polkadot_parachain_primitives::primitives::{
	HeadData, HorizontalMessages, HrmpChannelId, Id, UpwardMessage, UpwardMessages, ValidationCode,
	ValidationCodeHash, LOWEST_PUBLIC_ID,
};

use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

pub use sp_authority_discovery::AuthorityId as AuthorityDiscoveryId;
pub use sp_consensus_slots::Slot;
pub use sp_staking::SessionIndex;

/// Signed data.
mod signed;
pub use signed::{EncodeAs, Signed, UncheckedSigned};

pub mod async_backing;
pub mod executor_params;
pub mod slashing;

pub use async_backing::AsyncBackingParams;
pub use executor_params::{
	ExecutorParam, ExecutorParamError, ExecutorParams, ExecutorParamsHash, ExecutorParamsPrepHash,
};

mod metrics;
pub use metrics::{
	metric_definitions, RuntimeMetricLabel, RuntimeMetricLabelValue, RuntimeMetricLabelValues,
	RuntimeMetricLabels, RuntimeMetricOp, RuntimeMetricUpdate,
};

/// The key type ID for a collator key.
pub const COLLATOR_KEY_TYPE_ID: KeyTypeId = KeyTypeId(*b"coll");
const LOG_TARGET: &str = "runtime::primitives";

mod collator_app {
	use application_crypto::{app_crypto, sr25519};
	app_crypto!(sr25519, super::COLLATOR_KEY_TYPE_ID);
}

/// Identity that collators use.
pub type CollatorId = collator_app::Public;

/// A Parachain collator keypair.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub type CollatorPair = collator_app::Pair;

/// Signature on candidate's block data by a collator.
pub type CollatorSignature = collator_app::Signature;

/// The key type ID for a parachain validator key.
pub const PARACHAIN_KEY_TYPE_ID: KeyTypeId = KeyTypeId(*b"para");

mod validator_app {
	use application_crypto::{app_crypto, sr25519};
	app_crypto!(sr25519, super::PARACHAIN_KEY_TYPE_ID);
}

/// Identity that parachain validators use when signing validation messages.
///
/// For now we assert that parachain validator set is exactly equivalent to the authority set, and
/// so we define it to be the same type as `SessionKey`. In the future it may have different crypto.
pub type ValidatorId = validator_app::Public;

/// Trait required for type specific indices e.g. `ValidatorIndex` and `GroupIndex`
pub trait TypeIndex {
	/// Returns the index associated to this value.
	fn type_index(&self) -> usize;
}

/// Index of the validator is used as a lightweight replacement of the `ValidatorId` when
/// appropriate.
#[derive(Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Copy, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Hash))]
pub struct ValidatorIndex(pub u32);

// We should really get https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot/issues/2403 going ..
impl From<u32> for ValidatorIndex {
	fn from(n: u32) -> Self {
		ValidatorIndex(n)
	}
}

impl TypeIndex for ValidatorIndex {
	fn type_index(&self) -> usize {
		self.0 as usize
	}
}

application_crypto::with_pair! {
	/// A Parachain validator keypair.
	pub type ValidatorPair = validator_app::Pair;
}

/// Signature with which parachain validators sign blocks.
///
/// For now we assert that parachain validator set is exactly equivalent to the authority set, and
/// so we define it to be the same type as `SessionKey`. In the future it may have different crypto.
pub type ValidatorSignature = validator_app::Signature;

/// A declarations of storage keys where an external observer can find some interesting data.
pub mod well_known_keys {
	use super::{HrmpChannelId, Id, WellKnownKey};
	use hex_literal::hex;
	use parity_scale_codec::Encode as _;
	use sp_io::hashing::twox_64;
	use sp_std::prelude::*;

	// A note on generating these magic values below:
	//
	// The `StorageValue`, such as `ACTIVE_CONFIG` was obtained by calling:
	//
	//     ActiveConfig::<T>::hashed_key()
	//
	// The `StorageMap` values require `prefix`, and for example for `hrmp_egress_channel_index`,
	// it could be obtained like:
	//
	//     HrmpEgressChannelsIndex::<T>::prefix_hash();
	//

	/// The current epoch index.
	///
	/// The storage item should be access as a `u64` encoded value.
	pub const EPOCH_INDEX: &[u8] =
		&hex!["1cb6f36e027abb2091cfb5110ab5087f38316cbf8fa0da822a20ac1c55bf1be3"];

	/// The current relay chain block randomness
	///
	/// The storage item should be accessed as a `schnorrkel::Randomness` encoded value.
	pub const CURRENT_BLOCK_RANDOMNESS: &[u8] =
		&hex!["1cb6f36e027abb2091cfb5110ab5087fd077dfdb8adb10f78f10a5df8742c545"];

	/// The randomness for one epoch ago
	///
	/// The storage item should be accessed as a `schnorrkel::Randomness` encoded value.
	pub const ONE_EPOCH_AGO_RANDOMNESS: &[u8] =
		&hex!["1cb6f36e027abb2091cfb5110ab5087f7ce678799d3eff024253b90e84927cc6"];

	/// The randomness for two epochs ago
	///
	/// The storage item should be accessed as a `schnorrkel::Randomness` encoded value.
	pub const TWO_EPOCHS_AGO_RANDOMNESS: &[u8] =
		&hex!["1cb6f36e027abb2091cfb5110ab5087f7a414cb008e0e61e46722aa60abdd672"];

	/// The current slot number.
	///
	/// The storage entry should be accessed as a `Slot` encoded value.
	pub const CURRENT_SLOT: &[u8] =
		&hex!["1cb6f36e027abb2091cfb5110ab5087f06155b3cd9a8c9e5e9a23fd5dc13a5ed"];

	/// The currently active host configuration.
	///
	/// The storage entry should be accessed as an `AbridgedHostConfiguration` encoded value.
	pub const ACTIVE_CONFIG: &[u8] =
		&hex!["06de3d8a54d27e44a9d5ce189618f22db4b49d95320d9021994c850f25b8e385"];

	/// Hash of the committed head data for a given registered para.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores wrapped `HeadData(Vec<u8>)`.
	pub fn para_head(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["cd710b30bd2eab0352ddcc26417aa1941b3c252fcb29d88eff4f3de5de4476c3"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The upward message dispatch queue for the given para id.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a tuple of two values:
	///
	/// - `count: u32`, the number of messages currently in the queue for given para,
	/// - `total_size: u32`, the total size of all messages in the queue.
	#[deprecated = "Use `relay_dispatch_queue_remaining_capacity` instead"]
	pub fn relay_dispatch_queue_size(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["f5207f03cfdce586301014700e2c2593fad157e461d71fd4c1f936839a5f1f3e"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// Type safe version of `relay_dispatch_queue_size`.
	#[deprecated = "Use `relay_dispatch_queue_remaining_capacity` instead"]
	pub fn relay_dispatch_queue_size_typed(para: Id) -> WellKnownKey<(u32, u32)> {
		#[allow(deprecated)]
		relay_dispatch_queue_size(para).into()
	}

	/// The upward message dispatch queue remaining capacity for the given para id.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a tuple of two values:
	///
	/// - `count: u32`, the number of additional messages which may be enqueued for the given para,
	/// - `total_size: u32`, the total size of additional messages which may be enqueued for the
	/// given para.
	pub fn relay_dispatch_queue_remaining_capacity(para_id: Id) -> WellKnownKey<(u32, u32)> {
		(b":relay_dispatch_queue_remaining_capacity", para_id).encode().into()
	}

	/// The HRMP channel for the given identifier.
	///
	/// The storage entry should be accessed as an `AbridgedHrmpChannel` encoded value.
	pub fn hrmp_channels(channel: HrmpChannelId) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["6a0da05ca59913bc38a8630590f2627cb6604cff828a6e3f579ca6c59ace013d"];

		channel.using_encoded(|channel: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(channel).iter())
				.chain(channel.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The list of inbound channels for the given para.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a `Vec<ParaId>`
	pub fn hrmp_ingress_channel_index(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["6a0da05ca59913bc38a8630590f2627c1d3719f5b0b12c7105c073c507445948"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The list of outbound channels for the given para.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a `Vec<ParaId>`
	pub fn hrmp_egress_channel_index(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["6a0da05ca59913bc38a8630590f2627cf12b746dcf32e843354583c9702cc020"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The MQC head for the downward message queue of the given para. See more in the `Dmp` module.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a `Hash`. This is polkadot hash which is at the moment
	/// `blake2b-256`.
	pub fn dmq_mqc_head(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["63f78c98723ddc9073523ef3beefda0c4d7fefc408aac59dbfe80a72ac8e3ce5"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The signal that indicates whether the parachain should go-ahead with the proposed validation
	/// code upgrade.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a value of `UpgradeGoAhead` type.
	pub fn upgrade_go_ahead_signal(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["cd710b30bd2eab0352ddcc26417aa1949e94c040f5e73d9b7addd6cb603d15d3"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}

	/// The signal that indicates whether the parachain is disallowed to signal an upgrade at this
	/// relay-parent.
	///
	/// The storage entry stores a value of `UpgradeRestriction` type.
	pub fn upgrade_restriction_signal(para_id: Id) -> Vec<u8> {
		let prefix = hex!["cd710b30bd2eab0352ddcc26417aa194f27bbb460270642b5bcaf032ea04d56a"];

		para_id.using_encoded(|para_id: &[u8]| {
			prefix
				.as_ref()
				.iter()
				.chain(twox_64(para_id).iter())
				.chain(para_id.iter())
				.cloned()
				.collect()
		})
	}
}

/// Unique identifier for the Parachains Inherent
pub const PARACHAINS_INHERENT_IDENTIFIER: InherentIdentifier = *b"parachn0";

/// The key type ID for parachain assignment key.
pub const ASSIGNMENT_KEY_TYPE_ID: KeyTypeId = KeyTypeId(*b"asgn");

/// Compressed or not the wasm blob can never be less than 9 bytes.
pub const MIN_CODE_SIZE: u32 = 9;

/// Maximum compressed code size we support right now.
/// At the moment we have runtime upgrade on chain, which restricts scalability severely. If we want
/// to have bigger values, we should fix that first.
///
/// Used for:
/// * initial genesis for the Parachains configuration
/// * checking updates to this stored runtime configuration do not exceed this limit
/// * when detecting a code decompression bomb in the client
// NOTE: This value is used in the runtime so be careful when changing it.
pub const MAX_CODE_SIZE: u32 = 3 * 1024 * 1024;

/// Maximum head data size we support right now.
///
/// Used for:
/// * initial genesis for the Parachains configuration
/// * checking updates to this stored runtime configuration do not exceed this limit
// NOTE: This value is used in the runtime so be careful when changing it.
pub const MAX_HEAD_DATA_SIZE: u32 = 1 * 1024 * 1024;

/// Maximum PoV size we support right now.
///
/// Used for:
/// * initial genesis for the Parachains configuration
/// * checking updates to this stored runtime configuration do not exceed this limit
/// * when detecting a PoV decompression bomb in the client
// NOTE: This value is used in the runtime so be careful when changing it.
pub const MAX_POV_SIZE: u32 = 5 * 1024 * 1024;

/// Default queue size we use for the on-demand order book.
///
/// Can be adjusted in configuration.
pub const ON_DEMAND_DEFAULT_QUEUE_MAX_SIZE: u32 = 10_000;

/// Maximum for maximum queue size.
///
/// Setting `on_demand_queue_max_size` to a value higher than this is unsound. This is more a
/// theoretical limit, just below enough what the target type supports, so comparisons are possible
/// even with indices that are overflowing the underyling type.
pub const ON_DEMAND_MAX_QUEUE_MAX_SIZE: u32 = 1_000_000_000;

/// Backing votes threshold used from the host prior to runtime API version 6 and from the runtime
/// prior to v9 configuration migration.
pub const LEGACY_MIN_BACKING_VOTES: u32 = 2;

// The public key of a keypair used by a validator for determining assignments
/// to approve included parachain candidates.
mod assignment_app {
	use application_crypto::{app_crypto, sr25519};
	app_crypto!(sr25519, super::ASSIGNMENT_KEY_TYPE_ID);
}

/// The public key of a keypair used by a validator for determining assignments
/// to approve included parachain candidates.
pub type AssignmentId = assignment_app::Public;

application_crypto::with_pair! {
	/// The full keypair used by a validator for determining assignments to approve included
	/// parachain candidates.
	pub type AssignmentPair = assignment_app::Pair;
}

/// The index of the candidate in the list of candidates fully included as-of the block.
pub type CandidateIndex = u32;

/// Get a collator signature payload on a relay-parent, block-data combo.
pub fn collator_signature_payload<H: AsRef<[u8]>>(
	relay_parent: &H,
	para_id: &Id,
	persisted_validation_data_hash: &Hash,
	pov_hash: &Hash,
	validation_code_hash: &ValidationCodeHash,
) -> [u8; 132] {
	// 32-byte hash length is protected in a test below.
	let mut payload = [0u8; 132];

	payload[0..32].copy_from_slice(relay_parent.as_ref());
	u32::from(*para_id).using_encoded(|s| payload[32..32 + s.len()].copy_from_slice(s));
	payload[36..68].copy_from_slice(persisted_validation_data_hash.as_ref());
	payload[68..100].copy_from_slice(pov_hash.as_ref());
	payload[100..132].copy_from_slice(validation_code_hash.as_ref());

	payload
}

fn check_collator_signature<H: AsRef<[u8]>>(
	relay_parent: &H,
	para_id: &Id,
	persisted_validation_data_hash: &Hash,
	pov_hash: &Hash,
	validation_code_hash: &ValidationCodeHash,
	collator: &CollatorId,
	signature: &CollatorSignature,
) -> Result<(), ()> {
	let payload = collator_signature_payload(
		relay_parent,
		para_id,
		persisted_validation_data_hash,
		pov_hash,
		validation_code_hash,
	);

	if signature.verify(&payload[..], collator) {
		Ok(())
	} else {
		Err(())
	}
}

/// A unique descriptor of the candidate receipt.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Hash))]
pub struct CandidateDescriptor<H = Hash> {
	/// The ID of the para this is a candidate for.
	pub para_id: Id,
	/// The hash of the relay-chain block this is executed in the context of.
	pub relay_parent: H,
	/// The collator's sr25519 public key.
	pub collator: CollatorId,
	/// The blake2-256 hash of the persisted validation data. This is extra data derived from
	/// relay-chain state which may vary based on bitfields included before the candidate.
	/// Thus it cannot be derived entirely from the relay-parent.
	pub persisted_validation_data_hash: Hash,
	/// The blake2-256 hash of the PoV.
	pub pov_hash: Hash,
	/// The root of a block's erasure encoding Merkle tree.
	pub erasure_root: Hash,
	/// Signature on blake2-256 of components of this receipt:
	/// The parachain index, the relay parent, the validation data hash, and the `pov_hash`.
	pub signature: CollatorSignature,
	/// Hash of the para header that is being generated by this candidate.
	pub para_head: Hash,
	/// The blake2-256 hash of the validation code bytes.
	pub validation_code_hash: ValidationCodeHash,
}

impl<H: AsRef<[u8]>> CandidateDescriptor<H> {
	/// Check the signature of the collator within this descriptor.
	pub fn check_collator_signature(&self) -> Result<(), ()> {
		check_collator_signature(
			&self.relay_parent,
			&self.para_id,
			&self.persisted_validation_data_hash,
			&self.pov_hash,
			&self.validation_code_hash,
			&self.collator,
			&self.signature,
		)
	}
}

/// A candidate-receipt.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct CandidateReceipt<H = Hash> {
	/// The descriptor of the candidate.
	pub descriptor: CandidateDescriptor<H>,
	/// The hash of the encoded commitments made as a result of candidate execution.
	pub commitments_hash: Hash,
}

impl<H> CandidateReceipt<H> {
	/// Get a reference to the candidate descriptor.
	pub fn descriptor(&self) -> &CandidateDescriptor<H> {
		&self.descriptor
	}

	/// Computes the blake2-256 hash of the receipt.
	pub fn hash(&self) -> CandidateHash
	where
		H: Encode,
	{
		CandidateHash(BlakeTwo256::hash_of(self))
	}
}

/// A candidate-receipt with commitments directly included.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Hash))]
pub struct CommittedCandidateReceipt<H = Hash> {
	/// The descriptor of the candidate.
	pub descriptor: CandidateDescriptor<H>,
	/// The commitments of the candidate receipt.
	pub commitments: CandidateCommitments,
}

impl<H> CommittedCandidateReceipt<H> {
	/// Get a reference to the candidate descriptor.
	pub fn descriptor(&self) -> &CandidateDescriptor<H> {
		&self.descriptor
	}
}

impl<H: Clone> CommittedCandidateReceipt<H> {
	/// Transforms this into a plain `CandidateReceipt`.
	pub fn to_plain(&self) -> CandidateReceipt<H> {
		CandidateReceipt {
			descriptor: self.descriptor.clone(),
			commitments_hash: self.commitments.hash(),
		}
	}

	/// Computes the hash of the committed candidate receipt.
	///
	/// This computes the canonical hash, not the hash of the directly encoded data.
	/// Thus this is a shortcut for `candidate.to_plain().hash()`.
	pub fn hash(&self) -> CandidateHash
	where
		H: Encode,
	{
		self.to_plain().hash()
	}

	/// Does this committed candidate receipt corresponds to the given [`CandidateReceipt`]?
	pub fn corresponds_to(&self, receipt: &CandidateReceipt<H>) -> bool
	where
		H: PartialEq,
	{
		receipt.descriptor == self.descriptor && receipt.commitments_hash == self.commitments.hash()
	}
}

impl PartialOrd for CommittedCandidateReceipt {
	fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<sp_std::cmp::Ordering> {
		Some(self.cmp(other))
	}
}

impl Ord for CommittedCandidateReceipt {
	fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> sp_std::cmp::Ordering {
		// TODO: compare signatures or something more sane
		// https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot/issues/222
		self.descriptor()
			.para_id
			.cmp(&other.descriptor().para_id)
			.then_with(|| self.commitments.head_data.cmp(&other.commitments.head_data))
	}
}

/// The validation data provides information about how to create the inputs for validation of a
/// candidate. This information is derived from the chain state and will vary from para to para,
/// although some fields may be the same for every para.
///
/// Since this data is used to form inputs to the validation function, it needs to be persisted by
/// the availability system to avoid dependence on availability of the relay-chain state.
///
/// Furthermore, the validation data acts as a way to authorize the additional data the collator
/// needs to pass to the validation function. For example, the validation function can check whether
/// the incoming messages (e.g. downward messages) were actually sent by using the data provided in
/// the validation data using so called MQC heads.
///
/// Since the commitments of the validation function are checked by the relay-chain, secondary
/// checkers can rely on the invariant that the relay-chain only includes para-blocks for which
/// these checks have already been done. As such, there is no need for the validation data used to
/// inform validators and collators about the checks the relay-chain will perform to be persisted by
/// the availability system.
///
/// The `PersistedValidationData` should be relatively lightweight primarily because it is
/// constructed during inclusion for each candidate and therefore lies on the critical path of
/// inclusion.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Default))]
pub struct PersistedValidationData<H = Hash, N = BlockNumber> {
	/// The parent head-data.
	pub parent_head: HeadData,
	/// The relay-chain block number this is in the context of.
	pub relay_parent_number: N,
	/// The relay-chain block storage root this is in the context of.
	pub relay_parent_storage_root: H,
	/// The maximum legal size of a POV block, in bytes.
	pub max_pov_size: u32,
}

impl<H: Encode, N: Encode> PersistedValidationData<H, N> {
	/// Compute the blake2-256 hash of the persisted validation data.
	pub fn hash(&self) -> Hash {
		BlakeTwo256::hash_of(self)
	}
}

/// Commitments made in a `CandidateReceipt`. Many of these are outputs of validation.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Default, Hash))]
pub struct CandidateCommitments<N = BlockNumber> {
	/// Messages destined to be interpreted by the Relay chain itself.
	pub upward_messages: UpwardMessages,
	/// Horizontal messages sent by the parachain.
	pub horizontal_messages: HorizontalMessages,
	/// New validation code.
	pub new_validation_code: Option<ValidationCode>,
	/// The head-data produced as a result of execution.
	pub head_data: HeadData,
	/// The number of messages processed from the DMQ.
	pub processed_downward_messages: u32,
	/// The mark which specifies the block number up to which all inbound HRMP messages are
	/// processed.
	pub hrmp_watermark: N,
}

impl CandidateCommitments {
	/// Compute the blake2-256 hash of the commitments.
	pub fn hash(&self) -> Hash {
		BlakeTwo256::hash_of(self)
	}
}

/// A bitfield concerning availability of backed candidates.
///
/// Every bit refers to an availability core index.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct AvailabilityBitfield(pub BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>);

impl From<BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>> for AvailabilityBitfield {
	fn from(inner: BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>) -> Self {
		AvailabilityBitfield(inner)
	}
}

/// A signed compact statement, suitable to be sent to the chain.
pub type SignedStatement = Signed<CompactStatement>;
/// A signed compact statement, with signature not yet checked.
pub type UncheckedSignedStatement = UncheckedSigned<CompactStatement>;

/// A bitfield signed by a particular validator about the availability of pending candidates.
pub type SignedAvailabilityBitfield = Signed<AvailabilityBitfield>;
/// A signed bitfield with signature not yet checked.
pub type UncheckedSignedAvailabilityBitfield = UncheckedSigned<AvailabilityBitfield>;

/// A set of signed availability bitfields. Should be sorted by validator index, ascending.
pub type SignedAvailabilityBitfields = Vec<SignedAvailabilityBitfield>;
/// A set of unchecked signed availability bitfields. Should be sorted by validator index,
/// ascending.
pub type UncheckedSignedAvailabilityBitfields = Vec<UncheckedSignedAvailabilityBitfield>;

/// A backed (or backable, depending on context) candidate.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct BackedCandidate<H = Hash> {
	/// The candidate referred to.
	candidate: CommittedCandidateReceipt<H>,
	/// The validity votes themselves, expressed as signatures.
	validity_votes: Vec<ValidityAttestation>,
	/// The indices of the validators within the group, expressed as a bitfield. May be extended
	/// beyond the backing group size to contain the assigned core index, if ElasticScalingMVP is
	/// enabled.
	validator_indices: BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>,
}

impl<H> BackedCandidate<H> {
	/// Constructor
	pub fn new(
		candidate: CommittedCandidateReceipt<H>,
		validity_votes: Vec<ValidityAttestation>,
		validator_indices: BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>,
		core_index: Option<CoreIndex>,
	) -> Self {
		let mut instance = Self { candidate, validity_votes, validator_indices };
		if let Some(core_index) = core_index {
			instance.inject_core_index(core_index);
		}
		instance
	}

	/// Get a reference to the descriptor of the candidate.
	pub fn descriptor(&self) -> &CandidateDescriptor<H> {
		&self.candidate.descriptor
	}

	/// Get a reference to the committed candidate receipt of the candidate.
	pub fn candidate(&self) -> &CommittedCandidateReceipt<H> {
		&self.candidate
	}

	/// Get a reference to the validity votes of the candidate.
	pub fn validity_votes(&self) -> &[ValidityAttestation] {
		&self.validity_votes
	}

	/// Get a mutable reference to validity votes of the para.
	pub fn validity_votes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<ValidityAttestation> {
		&mut self.validity_votes
	}

	/// Compute this candidate's hash.
	pub fn hash(&self) -> CandidateHash
	where
		H: Clone + Encode,
	{
		self.candidate.hash()
	}

	/// Get this candidate's receipt.
	pub fn receipt(&self) -> CandidateReceipt<H>
	where
		H: Clone,
	{
		self.candidate.to_plain()
	}

	/// Get a copy of the validator indices and the assumed core index, if any.
	pub fn validator_indices_and_core_index(
		&self,
		core_index_enabled: bool,
	) -> (&BitSlice<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>, Option<CoreIndex>) {
		// This flag tells us if the block producers must enable Elastic Scaling MVP hack.
		// It extends `BackedCandidate::validity_indices` to store a 8 bit core index.
		if core_index_enabled {
			let core_idx_offset = self.validator_indices.len().saturating_sub(8);
			if core_idx_offset > 0 {
				let (validator_indices_slice, core_idx_slice) =
					self.validator_indices.split_at(core_idx_offset);
				return (
					validator_indices_slice,
					Some(CoreIndex(core_idx_slice.load::<u8>() as u32)),
				);
			}
		}

		(&self.validator_indices, None)
	}

	/// Inject a core index in the validator_indices bitvec.
	fn inject_core_index(&mut self, core_index: CoreIndex) {
		let core_index_to_inject: BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0> =
			BitVec::from_vec(vec![core_index.0 as u8]);
		self.validator_indices.extend(core_index_to_inject);
	}

	/// Update the validator indices and core index in the candidate.
	pub fn set_validator_indices_and_core_index(
		&mut self,
		new_indices: BitVec<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>,
		maybe_core_index: Option<CoreIndex>,
	) {
		self.validator_indices = new_indices;

		if let Some(core_index) = maybe_core_index {
			self.inject_core_index(core_index);
		}
	}
}

/// Verify the backing of the given candidate.
///
/// Provide a lookup from the index of a validator within the group assigned to this para,
/// as opposed to the index of the validator within the overall validator set, as well as
/// the number of validators in the group.
///
/// Also provide the signing context.
///
/// Returns either an error, indicating that one of the signatures was invalid or that the index
/// was out-of-bounds, or the number of signatures checked.
pub fn check_candidate_backing<H: AsRef<[u8]> + Clone + Encode + core::fmt::Debug>(
	candidate_hash: CandidateHash,
	validity_votes: &[ValidityAttestation],
	validator_indices: &BitSlice<u8, bitvec::order::Lsb0>,
	signing_context: &SigningContext<H>,
	group_len: usize,
	validator_lookup: impl Fn(usize) -> Option<ValidatorId>,
) -> Result<usize, ()> {
	if validator_indices.len() != group_len {
		log::debug!(
			target: LOG_TARGET,
			"Check candidate backing: indices mismatch: group_len = {} , indices_len = {}",
			group_len,
			validator_indices.len(),
		);
		return Err(())
	}

	if validity_votes.len() > group_len {
		log::debug!(
			target: LOG_TARGET,
			"Check candidate backing: Too many votes, expected: {}, found: {}",
			group_len,
			validity_votes.len(),
		);
		return Err(())
	}

	let mut signed = 0;
	for ((val_in_group_idx, _), attestation) in validator_indices
		.iter()
		.enumerate()
		.filter(|(_, signed)| **signed)
		.zip(validity_votes.iter())
	{
		let validator_id = validator_lookup(val_in_group_idx).ok_or(())?;
		let payload = attestation.signed_payload(candidate_hash, signing_context);
		let sig = attestation.signature();

		if sig.verify(&payload[..], &validator_id) {
			signed += 1;
		} else {
			log::debug!(
				target: LOG_TARGET,
				"Check candidate backing: Invalid signature. validator_id = {:?}, validator_index = {} ",
				validator_id,
				val_in_group_idx,
			);
			return Err(())
		}
	}

	if signed != validity_votes.len() {
		log::error!(
			target: LOG_TARGET,
			"Check candidate backing: Too many signatures, expected = {}, found = {}",
			validity_votes.len(),
			signed,
		);
		return Err(())
	}

	Ok(signed)
}

/// The unique (during session) index of a core.
#[derive(
	Encode, Decode, Default, PartialOrd, Ord, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug,
)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Hash))]
pub struct CoreIndex(pub u32);

impl From<u32> for CoreIndex {
	fn from(i: u32) -> CoreIndex {
		CoreIndex(i)
	}
}

impl TypeIndex for CoreIndex {
	fn type_index(&self) -> usize {
		self.0 as usize
	}
}

/// The unique (during session) index of a validator group.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Default, Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, TypeInfo, PartialOrd, Ord)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Hash))]
pub struct GroupIndex(pub u32);

impl From<u32> for GroupIndex {
	fn from(i: u32) -> GroupIndex {
		GroupIndex(i)
	}
}

impl TypeIndex for GroupIndex {
	fn type_index(&self) -> usize {
		self.0 as usize
	}
}

/// A claim on authoring the next block for a given parathread (on-demand parachain).
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct ParathreadClaim(pub Id, pub Option<CollatorId>);

/// An entry tracking a claim to ensure it does not pass the maximum number of retries.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct ParathreadEntry {
	/// The claim.
	pub claim: ParathreadClaim,
	/// Number of retries
	pub retries: u32,
}

/// A helper data-type for tracking validator-group rotations.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(PartialEq))]
pub struct GroupRotationInfo<N = BlockNumber> {
	/// The block number where the session started.
	pub session_start_block: N,
	/// How often groups rotate. 0 means never.
	pub group_rotation_frequency: N,
	/// The current block number.
	pub now: N,
}

impl GroupRotationInfo {
	/// Returns the index of the group needed to validate the core at the given index, assuming
	/// the given number of cores.
	///
	/// `core_index` should be less than `cores`, which is capped at `u32::max()`.
	pub fn group_for_core(&self, core_index: CoreIndex, cores: usize) -> GroupIndex {
		if self.group_rotation_frequency == 0 {
			return GroupIndex(core_index.0)
		}
		if cores == 0 {
			return GroupIndex(0)
		}

		let cores = sp_std::cmp::min(cores, u32::MAX as usize);
		let blocks_since_start = self.now.saturating_sub(self.session_start_block);
		let rotations = blocks_since_start / self.group_rotation_frequency;

		// g = c + r mod cores

		let idx = (core_index.0 as usize + rotations as usize) % cores;
		GroupIndex(idx as u32)
	}

	/// Returns the index of the group assigned to the given core. This does no checking or
	/// whether the group index is in-bounds.
	///
	/// `core_index` should be less than `cores`, which is capped at `u32::max()`.
	pub fn core_for_group(&self, group_index: GroupIndex, cores: usize) -> CoreIndex {
		if self.group_rotation_frequency == 0 {
			return CoreIndex(group_index.0)
		}
		if cores == 0 {
			return CoreIndex(0)
		}

		let cores = sp_std::cmp::min(cores, u32::MAX as usize);
		let blocks_since_start = self.now.saturating_sub(self.session_start_block);
		let rotations = blocks_since_start / self.group_rotation_frequency;
		let rotations = rotations % cores as u32;

		// g = c + r mod cores
		// c = g - r mod cores
		// x = x + cores mod cores
		// c = (g + cores) - r mod cores

		let idx = (group_index.0 as usize + cores - rotations as usize) % cores;
		CoreIndex(idx as u32)
	}

	/// Create a new `GroupRotationInfo` with one further rotation applied.
	pub fn bump_rotation(&self) -> Self {
		GroupRotationInfo {
			session_start_block: self.session_start_block,
			group_rotation_frequency: self.group_rotation_frequency,
			now: self.next_rotation_at(),