tests.rs

		type Votes = u64;

		let _ = Staking::chill(Origin::signed(10));
		let _ = Staking::chill(Origin::signed(20));

		bond_validator(3, 2, Votes::max_value() as Balance);
		bond_validator(5, 4, Votes::max_value() as Balance);

		bond_nominator(7, 6, Votes::max_value() as Balance, vec![3, 5]);
		bond_nominator(9, 8, Votes::max_value() as Balance, vec![3, 5]);

		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![4, 2]);

		// We can safely convert back to values within [u64, u128].
		assert!(Staking::eras_stakers(active_era(), 3).total > Votes::max_value() as Balance);
		assert!(Staking::eras_stakers(active_era(), 5).total > Votes::max_value() as Balance);
	})
}

#[test]
fn reward_validator_slashing_validator_does_not_overflow() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		let stake = u64::MAX as Balance * 2;
		let reward_slash = u64::MAX as Balance * 2;

		// Assert multiplication overflows in balance arithmetic.
		assert!(stake.checked_mul(reward_slash).is_none());

		// Set staker
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&11, stake);

		let exposure = Exposure::<AccountId, Balance> { total: stake, own: stake, others: vec![] };
		let reward = EraRewardPoints::<AccountId> {
			total: 1,
			individual: vec![(11, 1)].into_iter().collect(),
		};

		// Check reward
		ErasRewardPoints::<Test>::insert(0, reward);
		ErasStakers::<Test>::insert(0, 11, &exposure);
		ErasStakersClipped::<Test>::insert(0, 11, exposure);
		ErasValidatorReward::<Test>::insert(0, stake);
		assert_ok!(Staking::payout_stakers(Origin::signed(1337), 11, 0));
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), stake * 2);

		// Set staker
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&11, stake);
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&2, stake);

		// only slashes out of bonded stake are applied. without this line,
		// it is 0.
		Staking::bond(Origin::signed(2), 20000, stake - 1, RewardDestination::default()).unwrap();
		// Override exposure of 11
		ErasStakers::<Test>::insert(
			0,
			11,
			Exposure {
				total: stake,
				own: 1,
				others: vec![IndividualExposure { who: 2, value: stake - 1 }],
			},
		);

		// Check slashing
		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(100)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), stake - 1);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), 1);
	})
}

#[test]
fn reward_from_authorship_event_handler_works() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		use pallet_authorship::EventHandler;

		assert_eq!(<pallet_authorship::Pallet<Test>>::author(), 11);

		<Pallet<Test>>::note_author(11);
		<Pallet<Test>>::note_uncle(21, 1);
		// Rewarding the same two times works.
		<Pallet<Test>>::note_uncle(11, 1);

		// Not mandatory but must be coherent with rewards
		assert_eq_uvec!(Session::validators(), vec![11, 21]);

		// 21 is rewarded as an uncle producer
		// 11 is rewarded as a block producer and uncle referencer and uncle producer
		assert_eq!(
			ErasRewardPoints::<Test>::get(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index),
			EraRewardPoints {
				individual: vec![(11, 20 + 2 * 2 + 1), (21, 1)].into_iter().collect(),
				total: 26,
			},
		);
	})
}

#[test]
fn add_reward_points_fns_works() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		// Not mandatory but must be coherent with rewards
		assert_eq_uvec!(Session::validators(), vec![21, 11]);

		<Pallet<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(21, 1), (11, 1), (11, 1)]);

		<Pallet<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(21, 1), (11, 1), (11, 1)]);

		assert_eq!(
			ErasRewardPoints::<Test>::get(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index),
			EraRewardPoints { individual: vec![(11, 4), (21, 2)].into_iter().collect(), total: 6 },
		);
	})
}

#[test]
fn unbonded_balance_is_not_slashable() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		// total amount staked is slashable.
		assert_eq!(Staking::slashable_balance_of(&11), 1000);

		assert_ok!(Staking::unbond(Origin::signed(10), 800));

		// only the active portion.
		assert_eq!(Staking::slashable_balance_of(&11), 200);
	})
}

#[test]
fn era_is_always_same_length() {
	// This ensures that the sessions is always of the same length if there is no forcing no
	// session changes.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		let session_per_era = <SessionsPerEra as Get<SessionIndex>>::get();

		mock::start_active_era(1);
		assert_eq!(Staking::eras_start_session_index(current_era()).unwrap(), session_per_era);

		mock::start_active_era(2);
		assert_eq!(
			Staking::eras_start_session_index(current_era()).unwrap(),
			session_per_era * 2u32
		);

		let session = Session::current_index();
		ForceEra::<Test>::put(Forcing::ForceNew);
		advance_session();
		advance_session();
		assert_eq!(current_era(), 3);
		assert_eq!(Staking::eras_start_session_index(current_era()).unwrap(), session + 2);

		mock::start_active_era(4);
		assert_eq!(
			Staking::eras_start_session_index(current_era()).unwrap(),
			session + 2u32 + session_per_era
		);
	});
}

#[test]
fn offence_forces_new_era() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(5)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceNew);
	});
}

#[test]
fn offence_ensures_new_era_without_clobbering() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		assert_ok!(Staking::force_new_era_always(Origin::root()));
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceAlways);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(5)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceAlways);
	});
}

#[test]
fn offence_deselects_validator_even_when_slash_is_zero() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		assert!(Session::validators().contains(&11));
		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(0)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceNew);
		assert!(!<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));

		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert!(!Session::validators().contains(&11));
		assert!(!<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));
	});
}

#[test]
fn slashing_performed_according_exposure() {
	// This test checks that slashing is performed according the exposure (or more precisely,
	// historical exposure), not the current balance.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		assert_eq!(Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11).own, 1000);

		// Handle an offence with a historical exposure.
		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Exposure { total: 500, own: 500, others: vec![] }),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(50)],
		);

		// The stash account should be slashed for 250 (50% of 500).
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000 - 250);
	});
}

#[test]
fn slash_in_old_span_does_not_deselect() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));
		assert!(Session::validators().contains(&11));

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(0)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceNew);
		assert!(!<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));

		mock::start_active_era(2);

		Staking::validate(Origin::signed(10), Default::default()).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::NotForcing);
		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));
		assert!(!Session::validators().contains(&11));

		mock::start_active_era(3);

		// this staker is in a new slashing span now, having re-registered after
		// their prior slash.

		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(0)],
			1,
		);

		// not forcing for zero-slash and previous span.
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::NotForcing);
		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));
		assert!(Session::validators().contains(&11));

		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			// NOTE: A 100% slash here would clean up the account, causing de-registration.
			&[Perbill::from_percent(95)],
			1,
		);

		// or non-zero.
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::NotForcing);
		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::contains_key(11));
		assert!(Session::validators().contains(&11));
	});
}

#[test]
fn reporters_receive_their_slice() {
	// This test verifies that the reporters of the offence receive their slice from the slashed
	// amount.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		// The reporters' reward is calculated from the total exposure.
		let initial_balance = 1125;

		assert_eq!(
			Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11).total,
			initial_balance
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![1, 2],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(50)],
		);

		// F1 * (reward_proportion * slash - 0)
		// 50% * (10% * initial_balance / 2)
		let reward = (initial_balance / 20) / 2;
		let reward_each = reward / 2; // split into two pieces.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(1), 10 + reward_each);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(2), 20 + reward_each);
	});
}

#[test]
fn subsequent_reports_in_same_span_pay_out_less() {
	// This test verifies that the reporters of the offence receive their slice from the slashed
	// amount, but less and less if they submit multiple reports in one span.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		// The reporters' reward is calculated from the total exposure.
		let initial_balance = 1125;

		assert_eq!(
			Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11).total,
			initial_balance
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![1],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(20)],
		);

		// F1 * (reward_proportion * slash - 0)
		// 50% * (10% * initial_balance * 20%)
		let reward = (initial_balance / 5) / 20;
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(1), 10 + reward);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![1],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(50)],
		);

		let prior_payout = reward;

		// F1 * (reward_proportion * slash - prior_payout)
		// 50% * (10% * (initial_balance / 2) - prior_payout)
		let reward = ((initial_balance / 20) - prior_payout) / 2;
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(1), 10 + prior_payout + reward);
	});
}

#[test]
fn invulnerables_are_not_slashed() {
	// For invulnerable validators no slashing is performed.
	ExtBuilder::default().invulnerables(vec![11]).build_and_execute(|| {
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 2000);

		let exposure = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21);
		let initial_balance = Staking::slashable_balance_of(&21);

		let nominator_balances: Vec<_> =
			exposure.others.iter().map(|o| Balances::free_balance(&o.who)).collect();

		on_offence_now(
			&[
				OffenceDetails {
					offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
					reporters: vec![],
				},
				OffenceDetails {
					offender: (21, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21)),
					reporters: vec![],
				},
			],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(50), Perbill::from_percent(20)],
		);

		// The validator 11 hasn't been slashed, but 21 has been.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		// 2000 - (0.2 * initial_balance)
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 2000 - (2 * initial_balance / 10));

		// ensure that nominators were slashed as well.
		for (initial_balance, other) in nominator_balances.into_iter().zip(exposure.others) {
			assert_eq!(
				Balances::free_balance(&other.who),
				initial_balance - (2 * other.value / 10),
			);
		}
	});
}

#[test]
fn dont_slash_if_fraction_is_zero() {
	// Don't slash if the fraction is zero.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(0)],
		);

		// The validator hasn't been slashed. The new era is not forced.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceNew);
	});
}

#[test]
fn only_slash_for_max_in_era() {
	// multiple slashes within one era are only applied if it is more than any previous slash in the
	// same era.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(50)],
		);

		// The validator has been slashed and has been force-chilled.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 500);
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::ForceNew);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(25)],
		);

		// The validator has not been slashed additionally.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 500);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(60)],
		);

		// The validator got slashed 10% more.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 400);
	})
}

#[test]
fn garbage_collection_after_slashing() {
	// ensures that `SlashingSpans` and `SpanSlash` of an account is removed after reaping.
	ExtBuilder::default()
		.existential_deposit(2)
		.min_nominator_bond(2)
		.min_validator_bond(2)
		.build_and_execute(|| {
			assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 256_000);

			on_offence_now(
				&[OffenceDetails {
					offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
					reporters: vec![],
				}],
				&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
			);

			assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 256_000 - 25_600);
			assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&11).is_some());
			assert_eq!(
				<Staking as crate::Store>::SpanSlash::get(&(11, 0)).amount_slashed(),
				&25_600
			);

			on_offence_now(
				&[OffenceDetails {
					offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
					reporters: vec![],
				}],
				&[Perbill::from_percent(100)],
			);

			// validator and nominator slash in era are garbage-collected by era change,
			// so we don't test those here.

			assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 2);
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), 2);

			let slashing_spans = <Staking as crate::Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&11).unwrap();
			assert_eq!(slashing_spans.iter().count(), 2);

			// reap_stash respects num_slashing_spans so that weight is accurate
			assert_noop!(
				Staking::reap_stash(Origin::none(), 11, 0),
				Error::<Test>::IncorrectSlashingSpans
			);
			assert_ok!(Staking::reap_stash(Origin::none(), 11, 2));

			assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&11).is_none());
			assert_eq!(<Staking as crate::Store>::SpanSlash::get(&(11, 0)).amount_slashed(), &0);
		})
}

#[test]
fn garbage_collection_on_window_pruning() {
	// ensures that `ValidatorSlashInEra` and `NominatorSlashInEra` are cleared after
	// `BondingDuration`.
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		let now = Staking::active_era().unwrap().index;

		let exposure = Staking::eras_stakers(now, 11);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);
		let nominated_value = exposure.others.iter().find(|o| o.who == 101).unwrap().value;

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(now, 11)), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 900);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - (nominated_value / 10));

		assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::ValidatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &11).is_some());
		assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::NominatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &101).is_some());

		// + 1 because we have to exit the bonding window.
		for era in (0..(BondingDuration::get() + 1)).map(|offset| offset + now + 1) {
			assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::ValidatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &11).is_some());
			assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::NominatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &101).is_some());

			mock::start_active_era(era);
		}

		assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::ValidatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &11).is_none());
		assert!(<Staking as crate::Store>::NominatorSlashInEra::get(&now, &101).is_none());
	})
}

#[test]
fn slashing_nominators_by_span_max() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);
		mock::start_active_era(2);
		mock::start_active_era(3);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 2000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);
		assert_eq!(Staking::slashable_balance_of(&21), 1000);

		let exposure_11 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11);
		let exposure_21 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21);
		let nominated_value_11 = exposure_11.others.iter().find(|o| o.who == 101).unwrap().value;
		let nominated_value_21 = exposure_21.others.iter().find(|o| o.who == 101).unwrap().value;

		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
			2,
		);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 900);

		let slash_1_amount = Perbill::from_percent(10) * nominated_value_11;
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - slash_1_amount);

		let expected_spans = vec![
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 1, start: 4, length: None },
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 0, start: 0, length: Some(4) },
		];

		let get_span = |account| <Staking as crate::Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&account).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(get_span(11).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), expected_spans);

		assert_eq!(get_span(101).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), expected_spans);

		// second slash: higher era, higher value, same span.
		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (21, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(30)],
			3,
		);

		// 11 was not further slashed, but 21 and 101 were.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 900);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 1700);

		let slash_2_amount = Perbill::from_percent(30) * nominated_value_21;
		assert!(slash_2_amount > slash_1_amount);

		// only the maximum slash in a single span is taken.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - slash_2_amount);

		// third slash: in same era and on same validator as first, higher
		// in-era value, but lower slash value than slash 2.
		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(20)],
			2,
		);

		// 11 was further slashed, but 21 and 101 were not.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 800);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 1700);

		let slash_3_amount = Perbill::from_percent(20) * nominated_value_21;
		assert!(slash_3_amount < slash_2_amount);
		assert!(slash_3_amount > slash_1_amount);

		// only the maximum slash in a single span is taken.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - slash_2_amount);
	});
}

#[test]
fn slashes_are_summed_across_spans() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);
		mock::start_active_era(2);
		mock::start_active_era(3);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 2000);
		assert_eq!(Staking::slashable_balance_of(&21), 1000);

		let get_span = |account| <Staking as crate::Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&account).unwrap();

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (21, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		let expected_spans = vec![
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 1, start: 4, length: None },
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 0, start: 0, length: Some(4) },
		];

		assert_eq!(get_span(21).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), expected_spans);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 1900);

		// 21 has been force-chilled. re-signal intent to validate.
		Staking::validate(Origin::signed(20), Default::default()).unwrap();

		mock::start_active_era(4);

		assert_eq!(Staking::slashable_balance_of(&21), 900);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (21, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		let expected_spans = vec![
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 2, start: 5, length: None },
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 1, start: 4, length: Some(1) },
			slashing::SlashingSpan { index: 0, start: 0, length: Some(4) },
		];

		assert_eq!(get_span(21).iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), expected_spans);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(21), 1810);
	});
}

#[test]
fn deferred_slashes_are_deferred() {
	ExtBuilder::default().slash_defer_duration(2).build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);

		let exposure = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);
		let nominated_value = exposure.others.iter().find(|o| o.who == 101).unwrap().value;

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (11, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		mock::start_active_era(2);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		mock::start_active_era(3);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		// at the start of era 4, slashes from era 1 are processed,
		// after being deferred for at least 2 full eras.
		mock::start_active_era(4);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 900);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - (nominated_value / 10));
	})
}

#[test]
fn remove_deferred() {
	ExtBuilder::default().slash_defer_duration(2).build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);

		let exposure = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);
		let nominated_value = exposure.others.iter().find(|o| o.who == 101).unwrap().value;

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		mock::start_active_era(2);

		on_offence_in_era(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(15)],
			1,
		);

		// fails if empty
		assert_noop!(
			Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![]),
			Error::<Test>::EmptyTargets
		);

		assert_ok!(Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![0]));

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		mock::start_active_era(3);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		// at the start of era 4, slashes from era 1 are processed,
		// after being deferred for at least 2 full eras.
		mock::start_active_era(4);

		// the first slash for 10% was cancelled, so no effect.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		mock::start_active_era(5);

		let slash_10 = Perbill::from_percent(10);
		let slash_15 = Perbill::from_percent(15);
		let initial_slash = slash_10 * nominated_value;

		let total_slash = slash_15 * nominated_value;
		let actual_slash = total_slash - initial_slash;

		// 5% slash (15 - 10) processed now.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 950);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - actual_slash);
	})
}

#[test]
fn remove_multi_deferred() {
	ExtBuilder::default().slash_defer_duration(2).build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);

		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);

		let exposure = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 11);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (21, Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, 21)),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(25)],
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (42, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(25)],
		);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (69, exposure.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(25)],
		);

		assert_eq!(<Staking as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::get(&1).len(), 5);

		// fails if list is not sorted
		assert_noop!(
			Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![2, 0, 4]),
			Error::<Test>::NotSortedAndUnique
		);
		// fails if list is not unique
		assert_noop!(
			Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![0, 2, 2]),
			Error::<Test>::NotSortedAndUnique
		);
		// fails if bad index
		assert_noop!(
			Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]),
			Error::<Test>::InvalidSlashIndex
		);

		assert_ok!(Staking::cancel_deferred_slash(Origin::root(), 1, vec![0, 2, 4]));

		let slashes = <Staking as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::get(&1);
		assert_eq!(slashes.len(), 2);
		assert_eq!(slashes[0].validator, 21);
		assert_eq!(slashes[1].validator, 42);
	})
}

#[test]
fn slash_kicks_validators_not_nominators_and_disables_nominator_for_kicked_validator() {
	ExtBuilder::default().build_and_execute(|| {
		mock::start_active_era(1);
		assert_eq_uvec!(Session::validators(), vec![11, 21]);

		// pre-slash balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 1000);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000);

		// 11 and 21 both have the support of 100
		let exposure_11 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, &11);
		let exposure_21 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, &21);

		assert_eq!(exposure_11.total, 1000 + 125);
		assert_eq!(exposure_21.total, 1000 + 375);

		on_offence_now(
			&[OffenceDetails { offender: (11, exposure_11.clone()), reporters: vec![] }],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(10)],
		);

		// post-slash balance
		let nominator_slash_amount_11 = 125 / 10;
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(11), 900);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(101), 2000 - nominator_slash_amount_11);

		// This is the best way to check that the validator was chilled; `get` will
		// return default value.
		for (stash, _) in <Staking as Store>::Validators::iter() {
			assert!(stash != 11);
		}

		let nominations = <Staking as Store>::Nominators::get(&101).unwrap();

		// and make sure that the vote will be ignored even if the validator
		// re-registers.
		let last_slash = <Staking as Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&11).unwrap().last_nonzero_slash();
		assert!(nominations.submitted_in < last_slash);

		// actually re-bond the slashed validator
		assert_ok!(Staking::validate(Origin::signed(10), Default::default()));

		mock::start_active_era(2);
		let exposure_11 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, &11);
		let exposure_21 = Staking::eras_stakers(Staking::active_era().unwrap().index, &21);

		// 10 is re-elected, but without the support of 100
		assert_eq!(exposure_11.total, 900);

		// 20 is re-elected, with the (almost) entire support of 100
		assert_eq!(exposure_21.total, 1000 + 500 - nominator_slash_amount_11);
	});
}

#[test]
fn claim_reward_at_the_last_era_and_no_double_claim_and_invalid_claim() {
	// should check that:
	// * rewards get paid until history_depth for both validators and nominators
	// * an invalid era to claim doesn't update last_reward
	// * double claim of one era fails
	ExtBuilder::default().nominate(true).build_and_execute(|| {
		// Consumed weight for all payout_stakers dispatches that fail
		let err_weight = weights::SubstrateWeight::<Test>::payout_stakers_alive_staked(0);

		let init_balance_10 = Balances::total_balance(&10);
		let init_balance_100 = Balances::total_balance(&100);

		let part_for_10 = Perbill::from_rational::<u32>(1000, 1125);
		let part_for_100 = Perbill::from_rational::<u32>(125, 1125);

		// Check state
		Payee::<Test>::insert(11, RewardDestination::Controller);
		Payee::<Test>::insert(101, RewardDestination::Controller);

		<Pallet<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);
		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_0 = current_total_payout_for_duration(reward_time_per_era());

		mock::start_active_era(1);

		<Pallet<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);
		// Change total issuance in order to modify total payout
		let _ = Balances::deposit_creating(&999, 1_000_000_000);
		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_1 = current_total_payout_for_duration(reward_time_per_era());
		assert!(total_payout_1 != total_payout_0);

		mock::start_active_era(2);

		<Pallet<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);
		// Change total issuance in order to modify total payout
		let _ = Balances::deposit_creating(&999, 1_000_000_000);
		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_2 = current_total_payout_for_duration(reward_time_per_era());
		assert!(total_payout_2 != total_payout_0);
		assert!(total_payout_2 != total_payout_1);

		mock::start_active_era(Staking::history_depth() + 1);

		let active_era = Staking::active_era().unwrap().index;

		// This is the latest planned era in staking, not the active era
		let current_era = Staking::current_era().unwrap();

		// Last kept is 1:
		assert!(current_era - Staking::history_depth() == 1);
		assert_noop!(
			Staking::payout_stakers(Origin::signed(1337), 11, 0),
			// Fail: Era out of history
			Error::<Test>::InvalidEraToReward.with_weight(err_weight)