lib.rs

// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2017-2021 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! # System Pallet
//!
//! The System pallet provides low-level access to core types and cross-cutting utilities.
//! It acts as the base layer for other pallets to interact with the Substrate framework components.
//!
//! - [`Config`]
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! The System pallet defines the core data types used in a Substrate runtime.
//! It also provides several utility functions (see [`Pallet`]) for other FRAME pallets.
//!
//! In addition, it manages the storage items for extrinsics data, indexes, event records, and digest items,
//! among other things that support the execution of the current block.
//!
//! It also handles low-level tasks like depositing logs, basic set up and take down of
//! temporary storage entries, and access to previous block hashes.
//!
//! ## Interface
//!
//! ### Dispatchable Functions
//!
//! The System pallet does not implement any dispatchable functions.
//!
//! ### Public Functions
//!
//! See the [`Pallet`] struct for details of publicly available functions.
//!
//! ### Signed Extensions
//!
//! The System pallet defines the following extensions:
//!
//!   - [`CheckWeight`]: Checks the weight and length of the block and ensure that it does not
//!     exceed the limits.
//!   - [`CheckNonce`]: Checks the nonce of the transaction. Contains a single payload of type
//!     `T::Index`.
//!   - [`CheckEra`]: Checks the era of the transaction. Contains a single payload of type `Era`.
//!   - [`CheckGenesis`]: Checks the provided genesis hash of the transaction. Must be a part of the
//!     signed payload of the transaction.
//!   - [`CheckSpecVersion`]: Checks that the runtime version is the same as the one used to sign the
//!     transaction.
//!   - [`CheckTxVersion`]: Checks that the transaction version is the same as the one used to sign the
//!     transaction.
//!
//! Lookup the runtime aggregator file (e.g. `node/runtime`) to see the full list of signed
//! extensions included in a chain.

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use serde::Serialize;
use sp_std::prelude::*;
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
use sp_std::map;
use sp_std::marker::PhantomData;
use sp_std::fmt::Debug;
use sp_version::RuntimeVersion;
use sp_runtime::{
	RuntimeDebug, Perbill, DispatchError, Either, generic,
	traits::{
		self, CheckEqual, AtLeast32Bit, Zero, Lookup, LookupError,
		SimpleBitOps, Hash, Member, MaybeDisplay, BadOrigin,
		MaybeSerialize, MaybeSerializeDeserialize, MaybeMallocSizeOf, StaticLookup, One, Bounded,
		Dispatchable, AtLeast32BitUnsigned, Saturating, StoredMapError,
	},
	offchain::storage_lock::BlockNumberProvider,
};

use sp_core::{ChangesTrieConfiguration, storage::well_known_keys};
use frame_support::{
	Parameter, debug, storage,
	traits::{
		Contains, Get, PalletInfo, OnNewAccount, OnKilledAccount, HandleLifetime,
		StoredMap, EnsureOrigin, OriginTrait, Filter,
	},
	weights::{
		Weight, RuntimeDbWeight, DispatchInfo, DispatchClass,
		extract_actual_weight, PerDispatchClass,
	},
	dispatch::DispatchResultWithPostInfo,
};
use codec::{Encode, Decode, FullCodec, EncodeLike};

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use frame_support::traits::GenesisBuild;
#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
use sp_io::TestExternalities;

pub mod offchain;
pub mod limits;
#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) mod mock;

mod extensions;
pub mod weights;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;


pub use extensions::{
	check_mortality::CheckMortality, check_genesis::CheckGenesis, check_nonce::CheckNonce,
	check_spec_version::CheckSpecVersion, check_tx_version::CheckTxVersion,
	check_weight::CheckWeight,
};
// Backward compatible re-export.
pub use extensions::check_mortality::CheckMortality as CheckEra;
pub use weights::WeightInfo;

/// Compute the trie root of a list of extrinsics.
pub fn extrinsics_root<H: Hash, E: codec::Encode>(extrinsics: &[E]) -> H::Output {
	extrinsics_data_root::<H>(extrinsics.iter().map(codec::Encode::encode).collect())
}

/// Compute the trie root of a list of extrinsics.
pub fn extrinsics_data_root<H: Hash>(xts: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> H::Output {
	H::ordered_trie_root(xts)
}

/// An object to track the currently used extrinsic weight in a block.
pub type ConsumedWeight = PerDispatchClass<Weight>;

pub use pallet::*;

#[frame_support::pallet]
pub mod pallet {
	use crate::{*, pallet_prelude::*, self as frame_system};
	use frame_support::pallet_prelude::*;

	/// System configuration trait. Implemented by runtime.
	#[pallet::config]
	#[pallet::disable_frame_system_supertrait_check]
	pub trait Config: 'static + Eq + Clone {
		/// The basic call filter to use in Origin. All origins are built with this filter as base,
		/// except Root.
		type BaseCallFilter: Filter<Self::Call>;

		/// Block & extrinsics weights: base values and limits.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type BlockWeights: Get<limits::BlockWeights>;

		/// The maximum length of a block (in bytes).
		#[pallet::constant]
		type BlockLength: Get<limits::BlockLength>;

		/// The `Origin` type used by dispatchable calls.
		type Origin:
			Into<Result<RawOrigin<Self::AccountId>, Self::Origin>>
			+ From<RawOrigin<Self::AccountId>>
			+ Clone
			+ OriginTrait<Call=Self::Call>;

		/// The aggregated `Call` type.
		type Call: Dispatchable + Debug;

		/// Account index (aka nonce) type. This stores the number of previous transactions associated
		/// with a sender account.
		type Index:
			Parameter + Member + MaybeSerialize + Debug + Default + MaybeDisplay + AtLeast32Bit
			+ Copy;

		/// The block number type used by the runtime.
		type BlockNumber:
			Parameter + Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + MaybeDisplay +
			AtLeast32BitUnsigned + Default + Bounded + Copy + sp_std::hash::Hash +
			sp_std::str::FromStr + MaybeMallocSizeOf;

		/// The output of the `Hashing` function.
		type Hash:
			Parameter + Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + MaybeDisplay + SimpleBitOps + Ord
			+ Default + Copy + CheckEqual + sp_std::hash::Hash + AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]> + MaybeMallocSizeOf;

		/// The hashing system (algorithm) being used in the runtime (e.g. Blake2).
		type Hashing: Hash<Output=Self::Hash>;

		/// The user account identifier type for the runtime.
		type AccountId: Parameter + Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + MaybeDisplay + Ord
			+ Default;

		/// Converting trait to take a source type and convert to `AccountId`.
		///
		/// Used to define the type and conversion mechanism for referencing accounts in transactions.
		/// It's perfectly reasonable for this to be an identity conversion (with the source type being
		/// `AccountId`), but other pallets (e.g. Indices pallet) may provide more functional/efficient
		/// alternatives.
		type Lookup: StaticLookup<Target=Self::AccountId>;

		/// The block header.
		type Header: Parameter + traits::Header<
			Number=Self::BlockNumber,
			Hash=Self::Hash,
		>;

		/// The aggregated event type of the runtime.
		type Event: Parameter + Member + From<Event<Self>> + Debug + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::Event>;

		/// Maximum number of block number to block hash mappings to keep (oldest pruned first).
		#[pallet::constant]
		type BlockHashCount: Get<Self::BlockNumber>;

		/// The weight of runtime database operations the runtime can invoke.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type DbWeight: Get<RuntimeDbWeight>;

		/// Get the chain's current version.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type Version: Get<RuntimeVersion>;

		/// Provides information about the pallet setup in the runtime.
		///
		/// Expects the `PalletInfo` type that is being generated by `construct_runtime!` in the
		/// runtime.
		///
		/// For tests it is okay to use `()` as type, however it will provide "useless" data.
		type PalletInfo: PalletInfo;

		/// Data to be associated with an account (other than nonce/transaction counter, which this
		/// pallet does regardless).
		type AccountData: Member + FullCodec + Clone + Default;

		/// Handler for when a new account has just been created.
		type OnNewAccount: OnNewAccount<Self::AccountId>;

		/// A function that is invoked when an account has been determined to be dead.
		///
		/// All resources should be cleaned up associated with the given account.
		type OnKilledAccount: OnKilledAccount<Self::AccountId>;

		type SystemWeightInfo: WeightInfo;

		/// The designated SS85 prefix of this chain.
		///
		/// This replaces the "ss58Format" property declared in the chain spec. Reason is
		/// that the runtime should know about the prefix in order to make use of it as
		/// an identifier of the chain.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type SS58Prefix: Get<u8>;
	}

	#[pallet::pallet]
	#[pallet::generate_store(pub (super) trait Store)]
	pub struct Pallet<T>(PhantomData<T>);

	#[pallet::hooks]
	impl<T: Config> Hooks<BlockNumberFor<T>> for Pallet<T> {
		fn on_runtime_upgrade() -> frame_support::weights::Weight {
			if !UpgradedToDualRefCount::<T>::get() {
				UpgradedToDualRefCount::<T>::put(true);
				migrations::migrate_to_dual_ref_count::<T>()
			} else {
				0
			}
		}

		fn integrity_test() {
			T::BlockWeights::get()
				.validate()
				.expect("The weights are invalid.");
		}
	}

	#[pallet::call]
	impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
		/// A dispatch that will fill the block weight up to the given ratio.
		// TODO: This should only be available for testing, rather than in general usage, but
		// that's not possible at present (since it's within the pallet macro).
		#[pallet::weight(*_ratio * T::BlockWeights::get().max_block)]
		pub(crate) fn fill_block(origin: OriginFor<T>, _ratio: Perbill) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Make some on-chain remark.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(1)`
		/// - Base Weight: 0.665 µs, independent of remark length.
		/// - No DB operations.
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::SystemWeightInfo::remark(_remark.len() as u32))]
		pub(crate) fn remark(origin: OriginFor<T>, _remark: Vec<u8>) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_signed(origin)?;
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Set the number of pages in the WebAssembly environment's heap.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(1)`
		/// - 1 storage write.
		/// - Base Weight: 1.405 µs
		/// - 1 write to HEAP_PAGES
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((T::SystemWeightInfo::set_heap_pages(), DispatchClass::Operational))]
		pub(crate) fn set_heap_pages(origin: OriginFor<T>, pages: u64) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			storage::unhashed::put_raw(well_known_keys::HEAP_PAGES, &pages.encode());
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Set the new runtime code.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(C + S)` where `C` length of `code` and `S` complexity of `can_set_code`
		/// - 1 storage write (codec `O(C)`).
		/// - 1 call to `can_set_code`: `O(S)` (calls `sp_io::misc::runtime_version` which is expensive).
		/// - 1 event.
		/// The weight of this function is dependent on the runtime, but generally this is very expensive.
		/// We will treat this as a full block.
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((T::BlockWeights::get().max_block, DispatchClass::Operational))]
		pub fn set_code(origin: OriginFor<T>, code: Vec<u8>) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			Self::can_set_code(&code)?;

			storage::unhashed::put_raw(well_known_keys::CODE, &code);
			Self::deposit_event(Event::CodeUpdated);
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Set the new runtime code without doing any checks of the given `code`.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(C)` where `C` length of `code`
		/// - 1 storage write (codec `O(C)`).
		/// - 1 event.
		/// The weight of this function is dependent on the runtime. We will treat this as a full block.
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((T::BlockWeights::get().max_block, DispatchClass::Operational))]
		pub fn set_code_without_checks(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			code: Vec<u8>,
		) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			storage::unhashed::put_raw(well_known_keys::CODE, &code);
			Self::deposit_event(Event::CodeUpdated);
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Set the new changes trie configuration.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(1)`
		/// - 1 storage write or delete (codec `O(1)`).
		/// - 1 call to `deposit_log`: Uses `append` API, so O(1)
		/// - Base Weight: 7.218 µs
		/// - DB Weight:
		///     - Writes: Changes Trie, System Digest
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((T::SystemWeightInfo::set_changes_trie_config(), DispatchClass::Operational))]
		pub fn set_changes_trie_config(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			changes_trie_config: Option<ChangesTrieConfiguration>,
		) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			match changes_trie_config.clone() {
				Some(changes_trie_config) => storage::unhashed::put_raw(
					well_known_keys::CHANGES_TRIE_CONFIG,
					&changes_trie_config.encode(),
				),
				None => storage::unhashed::kill(well_known_keys::CHANGES_TRIE_CONFIG),
			}

			let log = generic::DigestItem::ChangesTrieSignal(
				generic::ChangesTrieSignal::NewConfiguration(changes_trie_config),
			);
			Self::deposit_log(log.into());
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Set some items of storage.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(I)` where `I` length of `items`
		/// - `I` storage writes (`O(1)`).
		/// - Base Weight: 0.568 * i µs
		/// - Writes: Number of items
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((
			T::SystemWeightInfo::set_storage(items.len() as u32),
			DispatchClass::Operational,
		))]
		pub(crate) fn set_storage(origin: OriginFor<T>, items: Vec<KeyValue>) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			for i in &items {
				storage::unhashed::put_raw(&i.0, &i.1);
			}
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Kill some items from storage.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(IK)` where `I` length of `keys` and `K` length of one key
		/// - `I` storage deletions.
		/// - Base Weight: .378 * i µs
		/// - Writes: Number of items
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((
			T::SystemWeightInfo::kill_storage(keys.len() as u32),
			DispatchClass::Operational,
		))]
		pub(crate) fn kill_storage(origin: OriginFor<T>, keys: Vec<Key>) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			for key in &keys {
				storage::unhashed::kill(&key);
			}
			Ok(().into())
		}

		/// Kill all storage items with a key that starts with the given prefix.
		///
		/// **NOTE:** We rely on the Root origin to provide us the number of subkeys under
		/// the prefix we are removing to accurately calculate the weight of this function.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - `O(P)` where `P` amount of keys with prefix `prefix`
		/// - `P` storage deletions.
		/// - Base Weight: 0.834 * P µs
		/// - Writes: Number of subkeys + 1
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight((
			T::SystemWeightInfo::kill_prefix(_subkeys.saturating_add(1)),
			DispatchClass::Operational,
		))]
		pub(crate) fn kill_prefix(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			prefix: Key,
			_subkeys: u32,
		) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			storage::unhashed::kill_prefix(&prefix);
			Ok(().into())
		}
	}

	/// Event for the System pallet.
	#[pallet::event]
	#[pallet::metadata(T::AccountId = "AccountId")]
	pub enum Event<T: Config> {
		/// An extrinsic completed successfully. \[info\]
		ExtrinsicSuccess(DispatchInfo),
		/// An extrinsic failed. \[error, info\]
		ExtrinsicFailed(DispatchError, DispatchInfo),
		/// `:code` was updated.
		CodeUpdated,
		/// A new \[account\] was created.
		NewAccount(T::AccountId),
		/// An \[account\] was reaped.
		KilledAccount(T::AccountId),
	}

	/// Old name generated by `decl_event`.
	#[deprecated(note = "use `Event` instead")]
	pub type RawEvent<T> = Event<T>;

	/// Error for the System pallet
	#[pallet::error]
	pub enum Error<T> {
		/// The name of specification does not match between the current runtime
		/// and the new runtime.
		InvalidSpecName,
		/// The specification version is not allowed to decrease between the current runtime
		/// and the new runtime.
		SpecVersionNeedsToIncrease,
		/// Failed to extract the runtime version from the new runtime.
		///
		/// Either calling `Core_version` or decoding `RuntimeVersion` failed.
		FailedToExtractRuntimeVersion,
		/// Suicide called when the account has non-default composite data.
		NonDefaultComposite,
		/// There is a non-zero reference count preventing the account from being purged.
		NonZeroRefCount,
	}

	/// Exposed trait-generic origin type.
	#[pallet::origin]
	pub type Origin<T> = RawOrigin<<T as Config>::AccountId>;

	/// The full account information for a particular account ID.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn account)]
	pub type Account<T: Config> = StorageMap<
		_,
		Blake2_128Concat,
		T::AccountId,
		AccountInfo<T::Index, T::AccountData>,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// Total extrinsics count for the current block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type ExtrinsicCount<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, u32>;

	/// The current weight for the block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn block_weight)]
	pub(super) type BlockWeight<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, ConsumedWeight, ValueQuery>;

	/// Total length (in bytes) for all extrinsics put together, for the current block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type AllExtrinsicsLen<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, u32>;

	/// Map of block numbers to block hashes.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn block_hash)]
	pub type BlockHash<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::BlockNumber, T::Hash, ValueQuery>;

	/// Extrinsics data for the current block (maps an extrinsic's index to its data).
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn extrinsic_data)]
	pub(super) type ExtrinsicData<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, u32, Vec<u8>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The current block number being processed. Set by `execute_block`.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn block_number)]
	pub(super) type Number<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, T::BlockNumber, ValueQuery>;

	/// Hash of the previous block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn parent_hash)]
	pub(super) type ParentHash<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, T::Hash, ValueQuery>;

	/// Digest of the current block, also part of the block header.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn digest)]
	pub(super) type Digest<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, DigestOf<T>, ValueQuery>;

	/// Events deposited for the current block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn events)]
	pub(super) type Events<T: Config> =
		StorageValue<_, Vec<EventRecord<T::Event, T::Hash>>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The number of events in the `Events<T>` list.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn event_count)]
	pub(super) type EventCount<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, EventIndex, ValueQuery>;

	/// Mapping between a topic (represented by T::Hash) and a vector of indexes
	/// of events in the `<Events<T>>` list.
	///
	/// All topic vectors have deterministic storage locations depending on the topic. This
	/// allows light-clients to leverage the changes trie storage tracking mechanism and
	/// in case of changes fetch the list of events of interest.
	///
	/// The value has the type `(T::BlockNumber, EventIndex)` because if we used only just
	/// the `EventIndex` then in case if the topic has the same contents on the next block
	/// no notification will be triggered thus the event might be lost.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn event_topics)]
	pub(super) type EventTopics<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Blake2_128Concat, T::Hash, Vec<(T::BlockNumber, EventIndex)>, ValueQuery>;

	/// Stores the `spec_version` and `spec_name` of when the last runtime upgrade happened.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type LastRuntimeUpgrade<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, LastRuntimeUpgradeInfo>;

	/// True if we have upgraded so that `type RefCount` is `u32`. False (default) if not.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type UpgradedToU32RefCount<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, bool, ValueQuery>;

	/// True if we have upgraded so that AccountInfo contains two types of `RefCount`. False
	/// (default) if not.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type UpgradedToDualRefCount<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, bool, ValueQuery>;

	/// The execution phase of the block.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type ExecutionPhase<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Phase>;

	#[pallet::genesis_config]
	pub struct GenesisConfig {
		pub changes_trie_config: Option<ChangesTrieConfiguration>,
		#[serde(with = "sp_core::bytes")]
		pub code: Vec<u8>,
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "std")]
	impl Default for GenesisConfig {
		fn default() -> Self {
			Self {
				changes_trie_config: Default::default(),
				code: Default::default(),
			}
		}
	}

	#[pallet::genesis_build]
	impl<T: Config> GenesisBuild<T> for GenesisConfig {
		fn build(&self) {
			<BlockHash<T>>::insert::<_, T::Hash>(T::BlockNumber::zero(), hash69());
			<ParentHash<T>>::put::<T::Hash>(hash69());
			<LastRuntimeUpgrade<T>>::put(LastRuntimeUpgradeInfo::from(T::Version::get()));
			<UpgradedToU32RefCount<T>>::put(true);
			<UpgradedToDualRefCount<T>>::put(true);

			sp_io::storage::set(well_known_keys::CODE, &self.code);
			sp_io::storage::set(well_known_keys::EXTRINSIC_INDEX, &0u32.encode());
			if let Some(ref changes_trie_config) = self.changes_trie_config {
				sp_io::storage::set(well_known_keys::CHANGES_TRIE_CONFIG, &changes_trie_config.encode());
			}
		}
	}
}

mod migrations {
	use super::*;

	#[allow(dead_code)]
	pub fn migrate_all<T: Config>() -> frame_support::weights::Weight {
		Account::<T>::translate::<(T::Index, u8, T::AccountData), _>(|_key, (nonce, rc, data)|
			Some(AccountInfo { nonce, consumers: rc as RefCount, providers: 1, data })
		);
		T::BlockWeights::get().max_block
	}

	pub fn migrate_to_dual_ref_count<T: Config>() -> frame_support::weights::Weight {
		Account::<T>::translate::<(T::Index, RefCount, T::AccountData), _>(|_key, (nonce, rc, data)|
			Some(AccountInfo { nonce, consumers: rc as RefCount, providers: 1, data })
		);
		T::BlockWeights::get().max_block
	}
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl GenesisConfig {
	/// Direct implementation of `GenesisBuild::build_storage`.
	///
	/// Kept in order not to break dependency.
	pub fn build_storage<T: Config>(&self) -> Result<sp_runtime::Storage, String> {
		<Self as GenesisBuild<T>>::build_storage(self)
	}

	/// Direct implementation of `GenesisBuild::assimilate_storage`.
	///
	/// Kept in order not to break dependency.
	pub fn assimilate_storage<T: Config>(
		&self,
		storage: &mut sp_runtime::Storage
	) -> Result<(), String> {
		<Self as GenesisBuild<T>>::assimilate_storage(self, storage)
	}
}

pub type DigestOf<T> = generic::Digest<<T as Config>::Hash>;
pub type DigestItemOf<T> = generic::DigestItem<<T as Config>::Hash>;

pub type Key = Vec<u8>;
pub type KeyValue = (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>);

/// A phase of a block's execution.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone))]
pub enum Phase {
	/// Applying an extrinsic.
	ApplyExtrinsic(u32),
	/// Finalizing the block.
	Finalization,
	/// Initializing the block.
	Initialization,
}

impl Default for Phase {
	fn default() -> Self {
		Self::Initialization
	}
}

/// Record of an event happening.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone))]
pub struct EventRecord<E: Parameter + Member, T> {
	/// The phase of the block it happened in.
	pub phase: Phase,
	/// The event itself.
	pub event: E,
	/// The list of the topics this event has.
	pub topics: Vec<T>,
}

/// Origin for the System pallet.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, RuntimeDebug, Encode, Decode)]
pub enum RawOrigin<AccountId> {
	/// The system itself ordained this dispatch to happen: this is the highest privilege level.
	Root,
	/// It is signed by some public key and we provide the `AccountId`.
	Signed(AccountId),
	/// It is signed by nobody, can be either:
	/// * included and agreed upon by the validators anyway,
	/// * or unsigned transaction validated by a pallet.
	None,
}

impl<AccountId> From<Option<AccountId>> for RawOrigin<AccountId> {
	fn from(s: Option<AccountId>) -> RawOrigin<AccountId> {
		match s {
			Some(who) => RawOrigin::Signed(who),
			None => RawOrigin::None,
		}
	}
}

// Create a Hash with 69 for each byte,
// only used to build genesis config.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
fn hash69<T: AsMut<[u8]> + Default>() -> T {
	let mut h = T::default();
	h.as_mut().iter_mut().for_each(|byte| *byte = 69);
	h
}

/// This type alias represents an index of an event.
///
/// We use `u32` here because this index is used as index for `Events<T>`
/// which can't contain more than `u32::max_value()` items.
type EventIndex = u32;

/// Type used to encode the number of references an account has.
pub type RefCount = u32;

/// Information of an account.
#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, RuntimeDebug, Encode, Decode)]
pub struct AccountInfo<Index, AccountData> {
	/// The number of transactions this account has sent.
	pub nonce: Index,
	/// The number of other modules that currently depend on this account's existence. The account
	/// cannot be reaped until this is zero.
	pub consumers: RefCount,
	/// The number of other modules that allow this account to exist. The account may not be reaped
	/// until this is zero.
	pub providers: RefCount,
	/// The additional data that belongs to this account. Used to store the balance(s) in a lot of
	/// chains.
	pub data: AccountData,
}

/// Stores the `spec_version` and `spec_name` of when the last runtime upgrade
/// happened.
#[derive(sp_runtime::RuntimeDebug, Encode, Decode)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(PartialEq))]
pub struct LastRuntimeUpgradeInfo {
	pub spec_version: codec::Compact<u32>,
	pub spec_name: sp_runtime::RuntimeString,
}

impl LastRuntimeUpgradeInfo {
	/// Returns if the runtime was upgraded in comparison of `self` and `current`.
	///
	/// Checks if either the `spec_version` increased or the `spec_name` changed.
	pub fn was_upgraded(&self, current: &sp_version::RuntimeVersion) -> bool {
		current.spec_version > self.spec_version.0 || current.spec_name != self.spec_name
	}
}

impl From<sp_version::RuntimeVersion> for LastRuntimeUpgradeInfo {
	fn from(version: sp_version::RuntimeVersion) -> Self {
		Self {
			spec_version: version.spec_version.into(),
			spec_name: version.spec_name,
		}
	}
}

pub struct EnsureRoot<AccountId>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<AccountId>);
impl<
	O: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, O>> + From<RawOrigin<AccountId>>,
	AccountId,
> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureRoot<AccountId> {
	type Success = ();
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		o.into().and_then(|o| match o {
			RawOrigin::Root => Ok(()),
			r => Err(O::from(r)),
		})
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		O::from(RawOrigin::Root)
	}
}

pub struct EnsureSigned<AccountId>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<AccountId>);
impl<
	O: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, O>> + From<RawOrigin<AccountId>>,
	AccountId: Default,
> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureSigned<AccountId> {
	type Success = AccountId;
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		o.into().and_then(|o| match o {
			RawOrigin::Signed(who) => Ok(who),
			r => Err(O::from(r)),
		})
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		O::from(RawOrigin::Signed(Default::default()))
	}
}

pub struct EnsureSignedBy<Who, AccountId>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<(Who, AccountId)>);
impl<
	O: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, O>> + From<RawOrigin<AccountId>>,
	Who: Contains<AccountId>,
	AccountId: PartialEq + Clone + Ord + Default,
> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureSignedBy<Who, AccountId> {
	type Success = AccountId;
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		o.into().and_then(|o| match o {
			RawOrigin::Signed(ref who) if Who::contains(who) => Ok(who.clone()),
			r => Err(O::from(r)),
		})
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		let members = Who::sorted_members();
		let first_member = match members.get(0) {
			Some(account) => account.clone(),
			None => Default::default(),
		};
		O::from(RawOrigin::Signed(first_member.clone()))
	}
}

pub struct EnsureNone<AccountId>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<AccountId>);
impl<
	O: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, O>> + From<RawOrigin<AccountId>>,
	AccountId,
> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureNone<AccountId> {
	type Success = ();
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		o.into().and_then(|o| match o {
			RawOrigin::None => Ok(()),
			r => Err(O::from(r)),
		})
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		O::from(RawOrigin::None)
	}
}

pub struct EnsureNever<T>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
impl<O, T> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureNever<T> {
	type Success = T;
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		Err(o)
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		unimplemented!()
	}
}

/// The "OR gate" implementation of `EnsureOrigin`.
///
/// Origin check will pass if `L` or `R` origin check passes. `L` is tested first.
pub struct EnsureOneOf<AccountId, L, R>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<(AccountId, L, R)>);
impl<
	AccountId,
	O: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, O>> + From<RawOrigin<AccountId>>,
	L: EnsureOrigin<O>,
	R: EnsureOrigin<O>,
> EnsureOrigin<O> for EnsureOneOf<AccountId, L, R> {
	type Success = Either<L::Success, R::Success>;
	fn try_origin(o: O) -> Result<Self::Success, O> {
		L::try_origin(o).map_or_else(
			|o| R::try_origin(o).map(|o| Either::Right(o)),
			|o| Ok(Either::Left(o)),
		)
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "runtime-benchmarks")]
	fn successful_origin() -> O {
		L::successful_origin()
	}
}

/// Ensure that the origin `o` represents a signed extrinsic (i.e. transaction).
/// Returns `Ok` with the account that signed the extrinsic or an `Err` otherwise.
pub fn ensure_signed<OuterOrigin, AccountId>(o: OuterOrigin) -> Result<AccountId, BadOrigin>
	where OuterOrigin: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, OuterOrigin>>
{
	match o.into() {
		Ok(RawOrigin::Signed(t)) => Ok(t),
		_ => Err(BadOrigin),
	}
}

/// Ensure that the origin `o` represents the root. Returns `Ok` or an `Err` otherwise.
pub fn ensure_root<OuterOrigin, AccountId>(o: OuterOrigin) -> Result<(), BadOrigin>
	where OuterOrigin: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, OuterOrigin>>
{
	match o.into() {
		Ok(RawOrigin::Root) => Ok(()),
		_ => Err(BadOrigin),
	}
}

/// Ensure that the origin `o` represents an unsigned extrinsic. Returns `Ok` or an `Err` otherwise.
pub fn ensure_none<OuterOrigin, AccountId>(o: OuterOrigin) -> Result<(), BadOrigin>
	where OuterOrigin: Into<Result<RawOrigin<AccountId>, OuterOrigin>>
{
	match o.into() {
		Ok(RawOrigin::None) => Ok(()),
		_ => Err(BadOrigin),
	}
}

/// A type of block initialization to perform.
pub enum InitKind {
	/// Leave inspectable storage entries in state.
	///
	/// i.e. `Events` are not being reset.
	/// Should only be used for off-chain calls,
	/// regular block execution should clear those.
	Inspection,

	/// Reset also inspectable storage entries.
	///
	/// This should be used for regular block execution.
	Full,
}

impl Default for InitKind {
	fn default() -> Self {
		InitKind::Full
	}
}

/// Reference status; can be either referenced or unreferenced.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum RefStatus {
	Referenced,
	Unreferenced,
}

/// Some resultant status relevant to incrementing a provider reference.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum IncRefStatus {
	/// Account was created.
	Created,
	/// Account already existed.
	Existed,
}

/// Some resultant status relevant to decrementing a provider reference.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum DecRefStatus {
	/// Account was destroyed.
	Reaped,
	/// Account still exists.
	Exists,
}

/// Some resultant status relevant to decrementing a provider reference.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum DecRefError {
	/// Account cannot have the last provider reference removed while there is a consumer.
	ConsumerRemaining,
}

/// Some resultant status relevant to incrementing a provider reference.
#[derive(RuntimeDebug)]
pub enum IncRefError {
	/// Account cannot introduce a consumer while there are no providers.
	NoProviders,
}

impl<T: Config> Module<T> {
	pub fn account_exists(who: &T::AccountId) -> bool {
		Account::<T>::contains_key(who)
	}

	/// Increment the reference counter on an account.
	#[deprecated = "Use `inc_consumers` instead"]
	pub fn inc_ref(who: &T::AccountId) {