lib.rs

		/// - Contains a limited number of reads, yet the size of which could be large based on `ledger`.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(400_000)]
		fn withdraw_unbonded(origin) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let ledger = ledger.consolidate_unlocked(Self::current_era());

			if ledger.unlocking.is_empty() && ledger.active.is_zero() {
				// This account must have called `unbond()` with some value that caused the active
				// portion to fall below existential deposit + will have no more unlocking chunks
				// left. We can now safely remove this.
				let stash = ledger.stash;
				// remove the lock.
				T::Currency::remove_lock(STAKING_ID, &stash);
				// remove all staking-related information.
				Self::kill_stash(&stash);
			} else {
				// This was the consequence of a partial unbond. just update the ledger and move on.
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
			}
		}

		/// Declare the desire to validate for the origin controller.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(750_000)]
		fn validate(origin, prefs: ValidatorPrefs) {
			Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();

			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let stash = &ledger.stash;
			<Nominators<T>>::remove(stash);
			<Validators<T>>::insert(stash, prefs);
		}

		/// Declare the desire to nominate `targets` for the origin controller.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - The transaction's complexity is proportional to the size of `targets`,
		/// which is capped at `MAX_NOMINATIONS`.
		/// - Both the reads and writes follow a similar pattern.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(750_000)]
		fn nominate(origin, targets: Vec<<T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source>) {
			Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();

			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let stash = &ledger.stash;
			ensure!(!targets.is_empty(), Error::<T>::EmptyTargets);
			let targets = targets.into_iter()
				.take(MAX_NOMINATIONS)
				.map(|t| T::Lookup::lookup(t))
				.collect::<result::Result<Vec<T::AccountId>, _>>()?;

			let nominations = Nominations {
				targets,
				submitted_in: Self::current_era(),
				suppressed: false,
			};

			<Validators<T>>::remove(stash);
			<Nominators<T>>::insert(stash, &nominations);
		}

		/// Declare no desire to either validate or nominate.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - Contains one read.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(500_000)]
		fn chill(origin) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			Self::chill_stash(&ledger.stash);
		}

		/// (Re-)set the payment target for a controller.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(500_000)]
		fn set_payee(origin, payee: RewardDestination) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let stash = &ledger.stash;
			<Payee<T>>::insert(stash, payee);
		}

		/// (Re-)set the controller of a stash.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the stash, not the controller.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads.
		/// - Writes are limited to the `origin` account key.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(750_000)]
		fn set_controller(origin, controller: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source) {
			let stash = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let old_controller = Self::bonded(&stash).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotStash)?;
			let controller = T::Lookup::lookup(controller)?;
			if <Ledger<T>>::exists(&controller) {
				Err(Error::<T>::AlreadyPaired)?
			}
			if controller != old_controller {
				<Bonded<T>>::insert(&stash, &controller);
				if let Some(l) = <Ledger<T>>::take(&old_controller) {
					<Ledger<T>>::insert(&controller, l);
				}
			}
		}

		/// The ideal number of validators.
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn set_validator_count(origin, #[compact] new: u32) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			ValidatorCount::put(new);
		}

		// ----- Root calls.

		/// Force there to be no new eras indefinitely.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - No arguments.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn force_no_eras(origin) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceNone);
		}

		/// Force there to be a new era at the end of the next session. After this, it will be
		/// reset to normal (non-forced) behaviour.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - No arguments.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn force_new_era(origin) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceNew);
		}

		/// Set the validators who cannot be slashed (if any).
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn set_invulnerables(origin, validators: Vec<T::AccountId>) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			<Invulnerables<T>>::put(validators);
		}

		/// Force a current staker to become completely unstaked, immediately.
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn force_unstake(origin, stash: T::AccountId) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;

			// remove the lock.
			T::Currency::remove_lock(STAKING_ID, &stash);
			// remove all staking-related information.
			Self::kill_stash(&stash);
		}

		/// Force there to be a new era at the end of sessions indefinitely.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - One storage write
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn force_new_era_always(origin) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceAlways);
		}

		/// Cancel enactment of a deferred slash. Can be called by either the root origin or
		/// the `T::SlashCancelOrigin`.
		/// passing the era and indices of the slashes for that era to kill.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - One storage write.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FreeOperational]
		fn cancel_deferred_slash(origin, era: EraIndex, slash_indices: Vec<u32>) {
			T::SlashCancelOrigin::try_origin(origin)
				.map(|_| ())
				.or_else(ensure_root)?;

			let mut slash_indices = slash_indices;
			slash_indices.sort_unstable();
			let mut unapplied = <Self as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::get(&era);

			for (removed, index) in slash_indices.into_iter().enumerate() {
				let index = index as usize;

				// if `index` is not duplicate, `removed` must be <= index.
				ensure!(removed <= index, Error::<T>::DuplicateIndex);

				// all prior removals were from before this index, since the
				// list is sorted.
				let index = index - removed;
				ensure!(index < unapplied.len(), Error::<T>::InvalidSlashIndex);

				unapplied.remove(index);
			}

			<Self as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::insert(&era, &unapplied);
		}

		/// Rebond a portion of the stash scheduled to be unlocked.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Time complexity: O(1). Bounded by `MAX_UNLOCKING_CHUNKS`.
		/// - Storage changes: Can't increase storage, only decrease it.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(500_000)]
		fn rebond(origin, #[compact] value: BalanceOf<T>) {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			ensure!(
				ledger.unlocking.len() > 0,
				Error::<T>::NoUnlockChunk,
			);

			let ledger = ledger.rebond(value);

			Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
		}
	}
}

impl<T: Trait> Module<T> {
	// PUBLIC IMMUTABLES

	/// The total balance that can be slashed from a stash account as of right now.
	pub fn slashable_balance_of(stash: &T::AccountId) -> BalanceOf<T> {
		Self::bonded(stash).and_then(Self::ledger).map(|l| l.active).unwrap_or_default()
	}

	// MUTABLES (DANGEROUS)

	/// Update the ledger for a controller. This will also update the stash lock. The lock will
	/// will lock the entire funds except paying for further transactions.
	fn update_ledger(
		controller: &T::AccountId,
		ledger: &StakingLedger<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>
	) {
		T::Currency::set_lock(
			STAKING_ID,
			&ledger.stash,
			ledger.total,
			T::BlockNumber::max_value(),
			WithdrawReasons::all(),
		);
		<Ledger<T>>::insert(controller, ledger);
	}

	/// Chill a stash account.
	fn chill_stash(stash: &T::AccountId) {
		<Validators<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Nominators<T>>::remove(stash);
	}

	/// Ensures storage is upgraded to most recent necessary state.
	fn ensure_storage_upgraded() {
		migration::perform_migrations::<T>();
	}

	/// Actually make a payment to a staker. This uses the currency's reward function
	/// to pay the right payee for the given staker account.
	fn make_payout(stash: &T::AccountId, amount: BalanceOf<T>) -> Option<PositiveImbalanceOf<T>> {
		let dest = Self::payee(stash);
		match dest {
			RewardDestination::Controller => Self::bonded(stash)
				.and_then(|controller|
					T::Currency::deposit_into_existing(&controller, amount).ok()
				),
			RewardDestination::Stash =>
				T::Currency::deposit_into_existing(stash, amount).ok(),
			RewardDestination::Staked => Self::bonded(stash)
				.and_then(|c| Self::ledger(&c).map(|l| (c, l)))
				.and_then(|(controller, mut l)| {
					l.active += amount;
					l.total += amount;
					let r = T::Currency::deposit_into_existing(stash, amount).ok();
					Self::update_ledger(&controller, &l);
					r
				}),
		}
	}

	/// Reward a given validator by a specific amount. Add the reward to the validator's, and its
	/// nominators' balance, pro-rata based on their exposure, after having removed the validator's
	/// pre-payout cut.
	fn reward_validator(stash: &T::AccountId, reward: BalanceOf<T>) -> PositiveImbalanceOf<T> {
		let off_the_table = Self::validators(stash).commission * reward;
		let reward = reward.saturating_sub(off_the_table);
		let mut imbalance = <PositiveImbalanceOf<T>>::zero();
		let validator_cut = if reward.is_zero() {
			Zero::zero()
		} else {
			let exposure = Self::stakers(stash);
			let total = exposure.total.max(One::one());

			for i in &exposure.others {
				let per_u64 = Perbill::from_rational_approximation(i.value, total);
				imbalance.maybe_subsume(Self::make_payout(&i.who, per_u64 * reward));
			}

			let per_u64 = Perbill::from_rational_approximation(exposure.own, total);
			per_u64 * reward
		};

		imbalance.maybe_subsume(Self::make_payout(stash, validator_cut + off_the_table));

		imbalance
	}

	/// Session has just ended. Provide the validator set for the next session if it's an era-end, along
	/// with the exposure of the prior validator set.
	fn new_session(session_index: SessionIndex)
		-> Option<(Vec<T::AccountId>, Vec<(T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>)>)>
	{
		let era_length = session_index.checked_sub(Self::current_era_start_session_index()).unwrap_or(0);
		match ForceEra::get() {
			Forcing::ForceNew => ForceEra::kill(),
			Forcing::ForceAlways => (),
			Forcing::NotForcing if era_length >= T::SessionsPerEra::get() => (),
			_ => return None,
		}
		let validators = T::SessionInterface::validators();
		let prior = validators.into_iter()
			.map(|v| { let e = Self::stakers(&v); (v, e) })
			.collect();

		Self::new_era(session_index).map(move |new| (new, prior))
	}

	/// The era has changed - enact new staking set.
	///
	/// NOTE: This always happens immediately before a session change to ensure that new validators
	/// get a chance to set their session keys.
	fn new_era(start_session_index: SessionIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		// Payout
		let points = CurrentEraPointsEarned::take();
		let now = T::Time::now();
		let previous_era_start = <CurrentEraStart<T>>::mutate(|v| {
			sp_std::mem::replace(v, now)
		});
		let era_duration = now - previous_era_start;
		if !era_duration.is_zero() {
			let validators = Self::current_elected();

			let validator_len: BalanceOf<T> = (validators.len() as u32).into();
			let total_rewarded_stake = Self::slot_stake() * validator_len;

			let (total_payout, max_payout) = inflation::compute_total_payout(
				&T::RewardCurve::get(),
				total_rewarded_stake.clone(),
				T::Currency::total_issuance(),
				// Duration of era; more than u64::MAX is rewarded as u64::MAX.
				era_duration.saturated_into::<u64>(),
			);

			let mut total_imbalance = <PositiveImbalanceOf<T>>::zero();

			for (v, p) in validators.iter().zip(points.individual.into_iter()) {
				if p != 0 {
					let reward = Perbill::from_rational_approximation(p, points.total) * total_payout;
					total_imbalance.subsume(Self::reward_validator(v, reward));
				}
			}

			// assert!(total_imbalance.peek() == total_payout)
			let total_payout = total_imbalance.peek();

			let rest = max_payout.saturating_sub(total_payout);
			Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::Reward(total_payout, rest));

			T::Reward::on_unbalanced(total_imbalance);
			T::RewardRemainder::on_unbalanced(T::Currency::issue(rest));
		}

		// Increment current era.
		let current_era = CurrentEra::mutate(|s| { *s += 1; *s });

		CurrentEraStartSessionIndex::mutate(|v| {
			*v = start_session_index;
		});
		let bonding_duration = T::BondingDuration::get();

		BondedEras::mutate(|bonded| {
			bonded.push((current_era, start_session_index));

			if current_era > bonding_duration {
				let first_kept = current_era - bonding_duration;

				// prune out everything that's from before the first-kept index.
				let n_to_prune = bonded.iter()
					.take_while(|&&(era_idx, _)| era_idx < first_kept)
					.count();

				// kill slashing metadata.
				for (pruned_era, _) in bonded.drain(..n_to_prune) {
					slashing::clear_era_metadata::<T>(pruned_era);
				}

				if let Some(&(_, first_session)) = bonded.first() {
					T::SessionInterface::prune_historical_up_to(first_session);
				}
			}
		});

		// Reassign all Stakers.
		let (_slot_stake, maybe_new_validators) = Self::select_validators();
		Self::apply_unapplied_slashes(current_era);

		maybe_new_validators
	}

	/// Apply previously-unapplied slashes on the beginning of a new era, after a delay.
	fn apply_unapplied_slashes(current_era: EraIndex) {
		let slash_defer_duration = T::SlashDeferDuration::get();
		<Self as Store>::EarliestUnappliedSlash::mutate(|earliest| if let Some(ref mut earliest) = earliest {
			let keep_from = current_era.saturating_sub(slash_defer_duration);
			for era in (*earliest)..keep_from {
				let era_slashes = <Self as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::take(&era);
				for slash in era_slashes {
					slashing::apply_slash::<T>(slash);
				}
			}

			*earliest = (*earliest).max(keep_from)
		})
	}

	/// Select a new validator set from the assembled stakers and their role preferences.
	///
	/// Returns the new `SlotStake` value and a set of newly selected _stash_ IDs.
	///
	/// Assumes storage is coherent with the declaration.
	fn select_validators() -> (BalanceOf<T>, Option<Vec<T::AccountId>>) {
		let mut all_nominators: Vec<(T::AccountId, Vec<T::AccountId>)> = Vec::new();
		let all_validator_candidates_iter = <Validators<T>>::enumerate();
		let all_validators = all_validator_candidates_iter.map(|(who, _pref)| {
			let self_vote = (who.clone(), vec![who.clone()]);
			all_nominators.push(self_vote);
			who
		}).collect::<Vec<T::AccountId>>();

		let nominator_votes = <Nominators<T>>::enumerate().map(|(nominator, nominations)| {
			let Nominations { submitted_in, mut targets, suppressed: _ } = nominations;

			// Filter out nomination targets which were nominated before the most recent
			// slashing span.
			targets.retain(|stash| {
				<Self as Store>::SlashingSpans::get(&stash).map_or(
					true,
					|spans| submitted_in >= spans.last_start(),
				)
			});

			(nominator, targets)
		});
		all_nominators.extend(nominator_votes);

		let maybe_phragmen_result = sp_phragmen::elect::<_, _, _, T::CurrencyToVote>(
			Self::validator_count() as usize,
			Self::minimum_validator_count().max(1) as usize,
			all_validators,
			all_nominators,
			Self::slashable_balance_of,
		);

		if let Some(phragmen_result) = maybe_phragmen_result {
			let elected_stashes = phragmen_result.winners.iter()
				.map(|(s, _)| s.clone())
				.collect::<Vec<T::AccountId>>();
			let assignments = phragmen_result.assignments;

			let to_votes = |b: BalanceOf<T>|
				<T::CurrencyToVote as Convert<BalanceOf<T>, u64>>::convert(b) as ExtendedBalance;
			let to_balance = |e: ExtendedBalance|
				<T::CurrencyToVote as Convert<ExtendedBalance, BalanceOf<T>>>::convert(e);

			let mut supports = sp_phragmen::build_support_map::<_, _, _, T::CurrencyToVote>(
				&elected_stashes,
				&assignments,
				Self::slashable_balance_of,
			);

			// Clear Stakers.
			for v in Self::current_elected().iter() {
				<Stakers<T>>::remove(v);
			}

			// Populate Stakers and figure out the minimum stake behind a slot.
			let mut slot_stake = BalanceOf::<T>::max_value();
			for (c, s) in supports.into_iter() {
				// build `struct exposure` from `support`
				let mut others = Vec::new();
				let mut own: BalanceOf<T> = Zero::zero();
				let mut total: BalanceOf<T> = Zero::zero();
				s.voters
					.into_iter()
					.map(|(who, value)| (who, to_balance(value)))
					.for_each(|(who, value)| {
						if who == c {
							own = own.saturating_add(value);
						} else {
							others.push(IndividualExposure { who, value });
						}
						total = total.saturating_add(value);
					});
				let exposure = Exposure {
					own,
					others,
					// This might reasonably saturate and we cannot do much about it. The sum of
					// someone's stake might exceed the balance type if they have the maximum amount
					// of balance and receive some support. This is super unlikely to happen, yet
					// we simulate it in some tests.
					total,
				};

				if exposure.total < slot_stake {
					slot_stake = exposure.total;
				}
				<Stakers<T>>::insert(&c, exposure.clone());
			}

			// Update slot stake.
			<SlotStake<T>>::put(&slot_stake);

			// Set the new validator set in sessions.
			<CurrentElected<T>>::put(&elected_stashes);

			// In order to keep the property required by `n_session_ending`
			// that we must return the new validator set even if it's the same as the old,
			// as long as any underlying economic conditions have changed, we don't attempt
			// to do any optimization where we compare against the prior set.
			(slot_stake, Some(elected_stashes))
		} else {
			// There were not enough candidates for even our minimal level of functionality.
			// This is bad.
			// We should probably disable all functionality except for block production
			// and let the chain keep producing blocks until we can decide on a sufficiently
			// substantial set.
			// TODO: #2494
			(Self::slot_stake(), None)
		}
	}

	/// Remove all associated data of a stash account from the staking system.
	///
	/// Assumes storage is upgraded before calling.
	///
	/// This is called :
	/// - Immediately when an account's balance falls below existential deposit.
	/// - after a `withdraw_unbond()` call that frees all of a stash's bonded balance.
	fn kill_stash(stash: &T::AccountId) {
		if let Some(controller) = <Bonded<T>>::take(stash) {
			<Ledger<T>>::remove(&controller);
		}
		<Payee<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Validators<T>>::remove(stash);
		<Nominators<T>>::remove(stash);

		slashing::clear_stash_metadata::<T>(stash);
	}

	/// Add reward points to validators using their stash account ID.
	///
	/// Validators are keyed by stash account ID and must be in the current elected set.
	///
	/// For each element in the iterator the given number of points in u32 is added to the
	/// validator, thus duplicates are handled.
	///
	/// At the end of the era each the total payout will be distributed among validator
	/// relatively to their points.
	///
	/// COMPLEXITY: Complexity is `number_of_validator_to_reward x current_elected_len`.
	/// If you need to reward lots of validator consider using `reward_by_indices`.
	pub fn reward_by_ids(validators_points: impl IntoIterator<Item = (T::AccountId, u32)>) {
		CurrentEraPointsEarned::mutate(|rewards| {
			let current_elected = <Module<T>>::current_elected();
			for (validator, points) in validators_points.into_iter() {
				if let Some(index) = current_elected.iter()
					.position(|elected| *elected == validator)
				{
					rewards.add_points_to_index(index as u32, points);
				}
			}
		});
	}

	/// Add reward points to validators using their validator index.
	///
	/// For each element in the iterator the given number of points in u32 is added to the
	/// validator, thus duplicates are handled.
	pub fn reward_by_indices(validators_points: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u32, u32)>) {
		// TODO: This can be optimised once #3302 is implemented.
		let current_elected_len = <Module<T>>::current_elected().len() as u32;

		CurrentEraPointsEarned::mutate(|rewards| {
			for (validator_index, points) in validators_points.into_iter() {
				if validator_index < current_elected_len {
					rewards.add_points_to_index(validator_index, points);
				}
			}
		});
	}

	/// Ensures that at the end of the current session there will be a new era.
	fn ensure_new_era() {
		match ForceEra::get() {
			Forcing::ForceAlways | Forcing::ForceNew => (),
			_ => ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceNew),
		}
	}
}

impl<T: Trait> pallet_session::OnSessionEnding<T::AccountId> for Module<T> {
	fn on_session_ending(_ending: SessionIndex, start_session: SessionIndex) -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();
		Self::new_session(start_session - 1).map(|(new, _old)| new)
	}
}

impl<T: Trait> OnSessionEnding<T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>> for Module<T> {
	fn on_session_ending(_ending: SessionIndex, start_session: SessionIndex)
		-> Option<(Vec<T::AccountId>, Vec<(T::AccountId, Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>)>)>
	{
		Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();
		Self::new_session(start_session - 1)
	}
}

impl<T: Trait> OnFreeBalanceZero<T::AccountId> for Module<T> {
	fn on_free_balance_zero(stash: &T::AccountId) {
		Self::ensure_storage_upgraded();
		Self::kill_stash(stash);
	}
}

/// Add reward points to block authors:
/// * 20 points to the block producer for producing a (non-uncle) block in the relay chain,
/// * 2 points to the block producer for each reference to a previously unreferenced uncle, and
/// * 1 point to the producer of each referenced uncle block.
impl<T: Trait + pallet_authorship::Trait> pallet_authorship::EventHandler<T::AccountId, T::BlockNumber> for Module<T> {
	fn note_author(author: T::AccountId) {
		Self::reward_by_ids(vec![(author, 20)]);
	}
	fn note_uncle(author: T::AccountId, _age: T::BlockNumber) {
		Self::reward_by_ids(vec![
			(<pallet_authorship::Module<T>>::author(), 2),
			(author, 1)
		])
	}
}

/// A `Convert` implementation that finds the stash of the given controller account,
/// if any.
pub struct StashOf<T>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<T>);

impl<T: Trait> Convert<T::AccountId, Option<T::AccountId>> for StashOf<T> {
	fn convert(controller: T::AccountId) -> Option<T::AccountId> {
		<Module<T>>::ledger(&controller).map(|l| l.stash)
	}
}

/// A typed conversion from stash account ID to the current exposure of nominators
/// on that account.
pub struct ExposureOf<T>(sp_std::marker::PhantomData<T>);

impl<T: Trait> Convert<T::AccountId, Option<Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>>
	for ExposureOf<T>
{
	fn convert(validator: T::AccountId) -> Option<Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>> {
		Some(<Module<T>>::stakers(&validator))
	}
}

impl<T: Trait> SelectInitialValidators<T::AccountId> for Module<T> {
	fn select_initial_validators() -> Option<Vec<T::AccountId>> {
		<Module<T>>::select_validators().1
	}
}

/// This is intended to be used with `FilterHistoricalOffences`.
impl <T: Trait> OnOffenceHandler<T::AccountId, pallet_session::historical::IdentificationTuple<T>> for Module<T> where
	T: pallet_session::Trait<ValidatorId = <T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T: pallet_session::historical::Trait<
		FullIdentification = Exposure<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
		FullIdentificationOf = ExposureOf<T>,
	>,
	T::SessionHandler: pallet_session::SessionHandler<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::OnSessionEnding: pallet_session::OnSessionEnding<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::SelectInitialValidators: pallet_session::SelectInitialValidators<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>,
	T::ValidatorIdOf: Convert<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId, Option<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>
{
	fn on_offence(
		offenders: &[OffenceDetails<T::AccountId, pallet_session::historical::IdentificationTuple<T>>],
		slash_fraction: &[Perbill],
		slash_session: SessionIndex,
	) {
		<Module<T>>::ensure_storage_upgraded();

		let reward_proportion = SlashRewardFraction::get();

		let era_now = Self::current_era();
		let window_start = era_now.saturating_sub(T::BondingDuration::get());
		let current_era_start_session = CurrentEraStartSessionIndex::get();

		// fast path for current-era report - most likely.
		let slash_era = if slash_session >= current_era_start_session {
			era_now
		} else {
			let eras = BondedEras::get();

			// reverse because it's more likely to find reports from recent eras.
			match eras.iter().rev().filter(|&&(_, ref sesh)| sesh <= &slash_session).next() {
				None => return, // before bonding period. defensive - should be filtered out.
				Some(&(ref slash_era, _)) => *slash_era,
			}
		};

		<Self as Store>::EarliestUnappliedSlash::mutate(|earliest| {
			if earliest.is_none() {
				*earliest = Some(era_now)
			}
		});

		let slash_defer_duration = T::SlashDeferDuration::get();

		for (details, slash_fraction) in offenders.iter().zip(slash_fraction) {
			let stash = &details.offender.0;
			let exposure = &details.offender.1;

			// Skip if the validator is invulnerable.
			if Self::invulnerables().contains(stash) {
				continue
			}

			let unapplied = slashing::compute_slash::<T>(slashing::SlashParams {
				stash,
				slash: *slash_fraction,
				exposure,
				slash_era,
				window_start,
				now: era_now,
				reward_proportion,
			});

			if let Some(mut unapplied) = unapplied {
				unapplied.reporters = details.reporters.clone();
				if slash_defer_duration == 0 {
					// apply right away.
					slashing::apply_slash::<T>(unapplied);
				} else {
					// defer to end of some `slash_defer_duration` from now.
					<Self as Store>::UnappliedSlashes::mutate(
						era_now,
						move |for_later| for_later.push(unapplied),
					);
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

/// Filter historical offences out and only allow those from the bonding period.
pub struct FilterHistoricalOffences<T, R> {
	_inner: sp_std::marker::PhantomData<(T, R)>,
}

impl<T, Reporter, Offender, R, O> ReportOffence<Reporter, Offender, O>
	for FilterHistoricalOffences<Module<T>, R> where
	T: Trait,
	R: ReportOffence<Reporter, Offender, O>,
	O: Offence<Offender>,
{
	fn report_offence(reporters: Vec<Reporter>, offence: O) {
		<Module<T>>::ensure_storage_upgraded();

		// disallow any slashing from before the current bonding period.
		let offence_session = offence.session_index();
		let bonded_eras = BondedEras::get();

		if bonded_eras.first().filter(|(_, start)| offence_session >= *start).is_some() {
			R::report_offence(reporters, offence)
		} else {
			<Module<T>>::deposit_event(
				RawEvent::OldSlashingReportDiscarded(offence_session)
			)
		}
	}
}