client.rs

		let route_from_finalized = crate::blockchain::tree_route(
			self.backend.blockchain(),
			BlockId::Hash(last_finalized),
			BlockId::Hash(block),
		)?;

		if let Some(retracted) = route_from_finalized.retracted().get(0) {
			warn!("Safety violation: attempted to revert finalized block {:?} which is not in the \
				same chain as last finalized {:?}", retracted, last_finalized);

			return Err(error::Error::NotInFinalizedChain);
		}

		let route_from_best = crate::blockchain::tree_route(
			self.backend.blockchain(),
			BlockId::Hash(best_block),
			BlockId::Hash(block),
		)?;

		// if the block is not a direct ancestor of the current best chain,
		// then some other block is the common ancestor.
		if route_from_best.common_block().hash != block {
			// FIXME: #1442 reorganize best block to be the best chain containing
			// `block`.
		}

		let enacted = route_from_finalized.enacted();
		assert!(enacted.len() > 0);
		for finalize_new in &enacted[..enacted.len() - 1] {
			operation.op.mark_finalized(BlockId::Hash(finalize_new.hash), None)?;
		}

		assert_eq!(enacted.last().map(|e| e.hash), Some(block));
		operation.op.mark_finalized(BlockId::Hash(block), justification)?;

		if notify {
			// sometimes when syncing, tons of blocks can be finalized at once.
			// we'll send notifications spuriously in that case.
			const MAX_TO_NOTIFY: usize = 256;
			let enacted = route_from_finalized.enacted();
			let start = enacted.len() - ::std::cmp::min(enacted.len(), MAX_TO_NOTIFY);
			for finalized in &enacted[start..] {
				operation.notify_finalized.push(finalized.hash);
			}
		}

		Ok(())
	}

	fn notify_finalized(
		&self,
		notify_finalized: Vec<Block::Hash>,
	) -> error::Result<()> {
		let mut sinks = self.finality_notification_sinks.lock();

		for finalized_hash in notify_finalized {
			let header = self.header(&BlockId::Hash(finalized_hash))?
				.expect("header already known to exist in DB because it is indicated in the tree route; qed");

			telemetry!(SUBSTRATE_INFO; "notify.finalized";
				"height" => format!("{}", header.number()),
				"best" => ?finalized_hash,
			);

			let notification = FinalityNotification {
				header,
				hash: finalized_hash,
			};

			sinks.retain(|sink| sink.unbounded_send(notification.clone()).is_ok());
		}

		Ok(())
	}

	fn notify_imported(
		&self,
		notify_import: (Block::Hash, BlockOrigin, Block::Header, bool, Option<Vec<(Vec<u8>, Option<Vec<u8>>)>>),
	) -> error::Result<()> {
		let (hash, origin, header, is_new_best, storage_changes) = notify_import;

		if let Some(storage_changes) = storage_changes {
			// TODO [ToDr] How to handle re-orgs? Should we re-emit all storage changes?
			self.storage_notifications.lock()
				.trigger(&hash, storage_changes.into_iter());
		}

		let notification = BlockImportNotification::<Block> {
			hash,
			origin,
			header,
			is_new_best,
		};

		self.import_notification_sinks.lock()
			.retain(|sink| sink.unbounded_send(notification.clone()).is_ok());

		Ok(())
	}

	/// Apply auxiliary data insertion into an operation.
	pub fn apply_aux<
		'a,
		'b: 'a,
		'c: 'a,
		I: IntoIterator<Item=&'a(&'c [u8], &'c [u8])>,
		D: IntoIterator<Item=&'a &'b [u8]>,
	>(
		&self,
		operation: &mut ClientImportOperation<Block, Blake2Hasher, B>,
		insert: I,
		delete: D
	) -> error::Result<()> {
		operation.op.insert_aux(
			insert.into_iter()
				.map(|(k, v)| (k.to_vec(), Some(v.to_vec())))
				.chain(delete.into_iter().map(|k| (k.to_vec(), None)))
		)
	}

	/// Mark all blocks up to given as finalized in operation. If a
	/// justification is provided it is stored with the given finalized
	/// block (any other finalized blocks are left unjustified).
	pub fn apply_finality(
		&self,
		operation: &mut ClientImportOperation<Block, Blake2Hasher, B>,
		id: BlockId<Block>,
		justification: Option<Justification>,
		notify: bool,
	) -> error::Result<()> {
		let last_best = self.backend.blockchain().info()?.best_hash;
		let to_finalize_hash = self.backend.blockchain().expect_block_hash_from_id(&id)?;
		self.apply_finality_with_block_hash(operation, to_finalize_hash, justification, last_best, notify)
	}

	/// Finalize a block. This will implicitly finalize all blocks up to it and
	/// fire finality notifications.
	///
	/// Pass a flag to indicate whether finality notifications should be propagated.
	/// This is usually tied to some synchronization state, where we don't send notifications
	/// while performing major synchronization work.
	pub fn finalize_block(&self, id: BlockId<Block>, justification: Option<Justification>, notify: bool) -> error::Result<()> {
		self.lock_import_and_run(|operation| {
			let last_best = self.backend.blockchain().info()?.best_hash;
			let to_finalize_hash = self.backend.blockchain().expect_block_hash_from_id(&id)?;
			self.apply_finality_with_block_hash(operation, to_finalize_hash, justification, last_best, notify)
		})
	}

	/// Attempts to revert the chain by `n` blocks. Returns the number of blocks that were
	/// successfully reverted.
	pub fn revert(&self, n: NumberFor<Block>) -> error::Result<NumberFor<Block>> {
		Ok(self.backend.revert(n)?)
	}

	/// Get blockchain info.
	pub fn info(&self) -> error::Result<ClientInfo<Block>> {
		let info = self.backend.blockchain().info().map_err(|e| error::Error::from_blockchain(Box::new(e)))?;
		Ok(ClientInfo {
			chain: info,
			best_queued_hash: None,
			best_queued_number: None,
		})
	}

	/// Get block status.
	pub fn block_status(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<BlockStatus> {
		// this can probably be implemented more efficiently
		if let BlockId::Hash(ref h) = id {
			if self.importing_block.read().as_ref().map_or(false, |importing| h == importing) {
				return Ok(BlockStatus::Queued);
			}
		}
		let hash_and_number = match id.clone() {
			BlockId::Hash(hash) => self.backend.blockchain().number(hash)?.map(|n| (hash, n)),
			BlockId::Number(n) => self.backend.blockchain().hash(n)?.map(|hash| (hash, n)),
		};
		match hash_and_number {
			Some((hash, number)) => {
				if self.backend.have_state_at(&hash, number) {
					Ok(BlockStatus::InChainWithState)
				} else {
					Ok(BlockStatus::InChainPruned)
				}
			}
			None => Ok(BlockStatus::Unknown),
		}
	}

	/// Get block header by id.
	pub fn header(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<<Block as BlockT>::Header>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().header(*id)
	}

	/// Get block body by id.
	pub fn body(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<Vec<<Block as BlockT>::Extrinsic>>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().body(*id)
	}

	/// Get block justification set by id.
	pub fn justification(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<Justification>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().justification(*id)
	}

	/// Get full block by id.
	pub fn block(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>)
		-> error::Result<Option<SignedBlock<Block>>>
	{
		Ok(match (self.header(id)?, self.body(id)?, self.justification(id)?) {
			(Some(header), Some(extrinsics), justification) =>
				Some(SignedBlock { block: Block::new(header, extrinsics), justification }),
			_ => None,
		})
	}

	/// Gets the uncles of the block with `target_hash` going back `max_generation` ancestors.
	pub fn uncles(&self, target_hash: Block::Hash, max_generation: NumberFor<Block>) -> error::Result<Vec<Block::Hash>> {
		let load_header = |id: Block::Hash| -> error::Result<Block::Header> {
			match self.backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Hash(id))? {
				Some(hdr) => Ok(hdr),
				None => Err(Error::UnknownBlock(format!("Unknown block {:?}", id))),
			}
		};

		let genesis_hash = self.backend.blockchain().info()?.genesis_hash;
		if genesis_hash == target_hash { return Ok(Vec::new()); }

		let mut current_hash = target_hash;
		let mut current = load_header(current_hash)?;
		let mut ancestor_hash = *current.parent_hash();
		let mut ancestor = load_header(ancestor_hash)?;
		let mut uncles = Vec::new();

		for _generation in 0..max_generation.saturated_into() {
			let children = self.backend.blockchain().children(ancestor_hash)?;
			uncles.extend(children.into_iter().filter(|h| h != &current_hash));
			current_hash = ancestor_hash;
			if genesis_hash == current_hash { break; }
			current = ancestor;
			ancestor_hash = *current.parent_hash();
			ancestor = load_header(ancestor_hash)?;
		}

		Ok(uncles)
	}

	fn changes_trie_config(&self) -> Result<Option<ChangesTrieConfiguration>, Error> {
		Ok(self.backend.state_at(BlockId::Number(self.backend.blockchain().info()?.best_number))?
			.storage(well_known_keys::CHANGES_TRIE_CONFIG)
			.map_err(|e| error::Error::from_state(Box::new(e)))?
			.and_then(|c| Decode::decode(&mut &*c)))
	}

	/// Prepare in-memory header that is used in execution environment.
	fn prepare_environment_block(&self, parent: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Block::Header> {
		Ok(<<Block as BlockT>::Header as HeaderT>::new(
			self.backend.blockchain().expect_block_number_from_id(parent)? + One::one(),
			Default::default(),
			Default::default(),
			self.backend.blockchain().expect_block_hash_from_id(&parent)?,
			Default::default(),
		))
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> ChainHeaderBackend<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher> + Send + Sync,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
	RA: Send + Sync
{
	fn header(&self, id: BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<Block::Header>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().header(id)
	}

	fn info(&self) -> error::Result<blockchain::Info<Block>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().info()
	}

	fn status(&self, id: BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<blockchain::BlockStatus> {
		self.backend.blockchain().status(id)
	}

	fn number(&self, hash: Block::Hash) -> error::Result<Option<<<Block as BlockT>::Header as HeaderT>::Number>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().number(hash)
	}

	fn hash(&self, number: NumberFor<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<Block::Hash>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().hash(number)
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> ProvideCache<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	fn cache(&self) -> Option<Arc<Cache<Block>>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().cache()
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> ProvideRuntimeApi for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher> + Clone + Send + Sync,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
	RA: ConstructRuntimeApi<Block, Self>
{
	type Api = <RA as ConstructRuntimeApi<Block, Self>>::RuntimeApi;

	fn runtime_api<'a>(&'a self) -> ApiRef<'a, Self::Api> {
		RA::construct_runtime_api(self)
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> CallRuntimeAt<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher> + Clone + Send + Sync,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	fn call_api_at<
		'a,
		R: Encode + Decode + PartialEq,
		NC: FnOnce() -> result::Result<R, &'static str> + UnwindSafe,
		C: CoreApi<Block>,
	>(
		&self,
		core_api: &C,
		at: &BlockId<Block>,
		function: &'static str,
		args: Vec<u8>,
		changes: &RefCell<OverlayedChanges>,
		initialize_block: InitializeBlock<'a, Block>,
		native_call: Option<NC>,
		context: ExecutionContext,
		recorder: &Option<Rc<RefCell<ProofRecorder<Block>>>>,
	) -> error::Result<NativeOrEncoded<R>> {
		let manager = match context {
			ExecutionContext::BlockConstruction =>
				self.execution_strategies.block_construction.get_manager(),
			ExecutionContext::Syncing =>
				self.execution_strategies.syncing.get_manager(),
			ExecutionContext::Importing =>
				self.execution_strategies.importing.get_manager(),
			ExecutionContext::OffchainWorker(_) =>
				self.execution_strategies.offchain_worker.get_manager(),
			ExecutionContext::Other =>
				self.execution_strategies.other.get_manager(),
		};

		let mut offchain_extensions = match context {
			ExecutionContext::OffchainWorker(ext) => Some(ext),
			_ => None,
		};

		self.executor.contextual_call::<_, _, fn(_,_) -> _,_,_>(
			|| core_api.initialize_block(at, &self.prepare_environment_block(at)?),
			at,
			function,
			&args,
			changes,
			initialize_block,
			manager,
			native_call,
			offchain_extensions.as_mut(),
			recorder,
		)
	}

	fn runtime_version_at(&self, at: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<RuntimeVersion> {
		self.runtime_version_at(at)
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> consensus::BlockImport<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher> + Clone + Send + Sync,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	type Error = ConsensusError;

	/// Import a checked and validated block. If a justification is provided in
	/// `ImportBlock` then `finalized` *must* be true.
	fn import_block(
		&self,
		import_block: ImportBlock<Block>,
		new_cache: HashMap<CacheKeyId, Vec<u8>>,
	) -> Result<ImportResult, Self::Error> {
		self.lock_import_and_run(|operation| {
			self.apply_block(operation, import_block, new_cache)
		}).map_err(|e| ConsensusErrorKind::ClientImport(e.to_string()).into())
	}

	/// Check block preconditions.
	fn check_block(
		&self,
		hash: Block::Hash,
		parent_hash: Block::Hash,
	) -> Result<ImportResult, Self::Error> {
		match self.block_status(&BlockId::Hash(parent_hash))
			.map_err(|e| ConsensusError::from(ConsensusErrorKind::ClientImport(e.to_string())))?
		{
			BlockStatus::InChainWithState | BlockStatus::Queued => {},
			BlockStatus::Unknown | BlockStatus::InChainPruned => return Ok(ImportResult::UnknownParent),
			BlockStatus::KnownBad => return Ok(ImportResult::KnownBad),
		}

		match self.block_status(&BlockId::Hash(hash))
			.map_err(|e| ConsensusError::from(ConsensusErrorKind::ClientImport(e.to_string())))?
		{
			BlockStatus::InChainWithState | BlockStatus::Queued => return Ok(ImportResult::AlreadyInChain),
			BlockStatus::Unknown | BlockStatus::InChainPruned => {},
			BlockStatus::KnownBad => return Ok(ImportResult::KnownBad),
		}

		Ok(ImportResult::imported())
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> CurrentHeight for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	type BlockNumber = <Block::Header as HeaderT>::Number;
	fn current_height(&self) -> Self::BlockNumber {
		self.backend.blockchain().info().map(|i| i.best_number).unwrap_or_else(|_| Zero::zero())
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> BlockNumberToHash for Client<B, E, Block, RA> where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	type BlockNumber = <Block::Header as HeaderT>::Number;
	type Hash = Block::Hash;
	fn block_number_to_hash(&self, n: Self::BlockNumber) -> Option<Self::Hash> {
		self.block_hash(n).unwrap_or(None)
	}
}


impl<B, E, Block, RA> BlockchainEvents<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA>
where
	E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	/// Get block import event stream.
	fn import_notification_stream(&self) -> ImportNotifications<Block> {
		let (sink, stream) = mpsc::unbounded();
		self.import_notification_sinks.lock().push(sink);
		stream
	}

	fn finality_notification_stream(&self) -> FinalityNotifications<Block> {
		let (sink, stream) = mpsc::unbounded();
		self.finality_notification_sinks.lock().push(sink);
		stream
	}

	/// Get storage changes event stream.
	fn storage_changes_notification_stream(&self, filter_keys: Option<&[StorageKey]>) -> error::Result<StorageEventStream<Block::Hash>> {
		Ok(self.storage_notifications.lock().listen(filter_keys))
	}
}

/// Implement Longest Chain Select implementation
/// where 'longest' is defined as the highest number of blocks
pub struct LongestChain<B, Block> {
	backend: Arc<B>,
	import_lock: Arc<Mutex<()>>,
	_phantom: PhantomData<Block>
}

impl<B, Block> Clone for LongestChain<B, Block> {
	fn clone(&self) -> Self {
		let backend = self.backend.clone();
		let import_lock = self.import_lock.clone();
		LongestChain {
			backend,
			import_lock,
			_phantom: Default::default()
		}
	}
}

impl<B, Block> LongestChain<B, Block>
where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	/// Instantiate a new LongestChain for Backend B
	pub fn new(backend: Arc<B>, import_lock: Arc<Mutex<()>>) -> Self {
		LongestChain {
			backend,
			import_lock,
			_phantom: Default::default()
		}
	}

	fn best_block_header(&self) -> error::Result<<Block as BlockT>::Header> {
		let info : ChainInfo<Block> = match self.backend.blockchain().info() {
			Ok(i) => i,
			Err(e) => return Err(error::Error::from_blockchain(Box::new(e)))
		};
		Ok(self.backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Hash(info.best_hash))?
			.expect("Best block header must always exist"))
	}

	/// Get the most recent block hash of the best (longest) chains
	/// that contain block with the given `target_hash`.
	///
	/// The search space is always limited to blocks which are in the finalized
	/// chain or descendents of it.
	///
	/// If `maybe_max_block_number` is `Some(max_block_number)`
	/// the search is limited to block `numbers <= max_block_number`.
	/// in other words as if there were no blocks greater `max_block_number`.
	/// Returns `Ok(None)` if `target_hash` is not found in search space.
	/// TODO: document time complexity of this, see [#1444](https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/issues/1444)
	fn best_containing(
		&self,
		target_hash: Block::Hash,
		maybe_max_number: Option<NumberFor<Block>>
	) -> error::Result<Option<Block::Hash>> {
		let target_header = {
			match self.backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Hash(target_hash))? {
				Some(x) => x,
				// target not in blockchain
				None => { return Ok(None); },
			}
		};

		if let Some(max_number) = maybe_max_number {
			// target outside search range
			if target_header.number() > &max_number {
				return Ok(None);
			}
		}

		let (leaves, best_already_checked) = {
			// ensure no blocks are imported during this code block.
			// an import could trigger a reorg which could change the canonical chain.
			// we depend on the canonical chain staying the same during this code block.
			let _import_lock = self.import_lock.lock();

			let info = self.backend.blockchain().info()?;

			let canon_hash = self.backend.blockchain().hash(*target_header.number())?
				.ok_or_else(|| error::Error::from(format!("failed to get hash for block number {}", target_header.number())))?;

			if canon_hash == target_hash {
				// if no block at the given max depth exists fallback to the best block
				if let Some(max_number) = maybe_max_number {
					if let Some(header) = self.backend.blockchain().hash(max_number)? {
						return Ok(Some(header));
					}
				}

				return Ok(Some(info.best_hash));
			} else if info.finalized_number >= *target_header.number() {
				// header is on a dead fork.
				return Ok(None);
			}

			(self.backend.blockchain().leaves()?, info.best_hash)
		};

		// for each chain. longest chain first. shortest last
		for leaf_hash in leaves {
			// ignore canonical chain which we already checked above
			if leaf_hash == best_already_checked {
				continue;
			}

			// start at the leaf
			let mut current_hash = leaf_hash;

			// if search is not restricted then the leaf is the best
			let mut best_hash = leaf_hash;

			// go backwards entering the search space
			// waiting until we are <= max_number
			if let Some(max_number) = maybe_max_number {
				loop {
					let current_header = self.backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Hash(current_hash.clone()))?
						.ok_or_else(|| error::Error::from(format!("failed to get header for hash {}", current_hash)))?;

					if current_header.number() <= &max_number {
						best_hash = current_header.hash();
						break;
					}

					current_hash = *current_header.parent_hash();
				}
			}

			// go backwards through the chain (via parent links)
			loop {
				// until we find target
				if current_hash == target_hash {
					return Ok(Some(best_hash));
				}

				let current_header = self.backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Hash(current_hash.clone()))?
					.ok_or_else(|| error::Error::from(format!("failed to get header for hash {}", current_hash)))?;

				// stop search in this chain once we go below the target's block number
				if current_header.number() < target_header.number() {
					break;
				}

				current_hash = *current_header.parent_hash();
			}
		}

		// header may be on a dead fork -- the only leaves that are considered are
		// those which can still be finalized.
		//
		// FIXME #1558 only issue this warning when not on a dead fork
		warn!(
			"Block {:?} exists in chain but not found when following all \
			leaves backwards. Number limit = {:?}",
			target_hash,
			maybe_max_number,
		);

		Ok(None)
	}

	fn leaves(&self) -> Result<Vec<<Block as BlockT>::Hash>, error::Error> {
		self.backend.blockchain().leaves()
	}
}

impl<B, Block> SelectChain<Block> for LongestChain<B, Block>
where
	B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
	Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{

	fn leaves(&self) -> Result<Vec<<Block as BlockT>::Hash>, ConsensusError> {
		LongestChain::leaves(self)
			.map_err(|e| ConsensusErrorKind::ChainLookup(e.to_string()).into())
	}

	fn best_chain(&self)
		-> Result<<Block as BlockT>::Header, ConsensusError>
	{
		LongestChain::best_block_header(&self)
			.map_err(|e| ConsensusErrorKind::ChainLookup(e.to_string()).into())
	}

	fn finality_target(
		&self,
		target_hash: Block::Hash,
		maybe_max_number: Option<NumberFor<Block>>
	) -> Result<Option<Block::Hash>, ConsensusError> {
		LongestChain::best_containing(self, target_hash, maybe_max_number)
			.map_err(|e| ConsensusErrorKind::ChainLookup(e.to_string()).into())
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> BlockBody<Block> for Client<B, E, Block, RA>
	where
		B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
		E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
		Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	fn block_body(&self, id: &BlockId<Block>) -> error::Result<Option<Vec<<Block as BlockT>::Extrinsic>>> {
		self.body(id)
	}
}

impl<B, E, Block, RA> backend::AuxStore for Client<B, E, Block, RA>
	where
		B: backend::Backend<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
		E: CallExecutor<Block, Blake2Hasher>,
		Block: BlockT<Hash=H256>,
{
	/// Insert auxiliary data into key-value store.
	fn insert_aux<
		'a,
		'b: 'a,
		'c: 'a,
		I: IntoIterator<Item=&'a(&'c [u8], &'c [u8])>,
		D: IntoIterator<Item=&'a &'b [u8]>,
	>(&self, insert: I, delete: D) -> error::Result<()> {
		// Import is locked here because we may have other block import
		// operations that tries to set aux data. Note that for consensus
		// layer, one can always use atomic operations to make sure
		// import is only locked once.
		self.lock_import_and_run(|operation| {
			self.apply_aux(operation, insert, delete)
		})
	}
	/// Query auxiliary data from key-value store.
	fn get_aux(&self, key: &[u8]) -> error::Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
		crate::backend::AuxStore::get_aux(&*self.backend, key)
	}
}
#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) mod tests {
	use std::collections::HashMap;
	use super::*;
	use primitives::blake2_256;
	use runtime_primitives::traits::DigestItem as DigestItemT;
	use runtime_primitives::generic::DigestItem;
	use test_client::{self, TestClient, AccountKeyring};
	use consensus::{BlockOrigin, SelectChain};
	use test_client::client::backend::Backend as TestBackend;
	use test_client::BlockBuilderExt;
	use test_client::runtime::{self, Block, Transfer, RuntimeApi, TestAPI};

	/// Returns tuple, consisting of:
	/// 1) test client pre-filled with blocks changing balances;
	/// 2) roots of changes tries for these blocks
	/// 3) test cases in form (begin, end, key, vec![(block, extrinsic)]) that are required to pass
	pub fn prepare_client_with_key_changes() -> (
		test_client::client::Client<test_client::Backend, test_client::Executor, Block, RuntimeApi>,
		Vec<H256>,
		Vec<(u64, u64, Vec<u8>, Vec<(u64, u32)>)>,
	) {
		// prepare block structure
		let blocks_transfers = vec![
			vec![(AccountKeyring::Alice, AccountKeyring::Dave), (AccountKeyring::Bob, AccountKeyring::Dave)],
			vec![(AccountKeyring::Charlie, AccountKeyring::Eve)],
			vec![],
			vec![(AccountKeyring::Alice, AccountKeyring::Dave)],
		];

		// prepare client ang import blocks
		let mut local_roots = Vec::new();
		let remote_client = test_client::new_with_changes_trie();
		let mut nonces: HashMap<_, u64> = Default::default();
		for (i, block_transfers) in blocks_transfers.into_iter().enumerate() {
			let mut builder = remote_client.new_block().unwrap();
			for (from, to) in block_transfers {
				builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
					from: from.into(),
					to: to.into(),
					amount: 1,
					nonce: *nonces.entry(from).and_modify(|n| { *n = *n + 1 }).or_default(),
				}).unwrap();
			}
			remote_client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, builder.bake().unwrap()).unwrap();

			let header = remote_client.header(&BlockId::Number(i as u64 + 1)).unwrap().unwrap();
			let trie_root = header.digest().log(DigestItem::as_changes_trie_root)
				.map(|root| H256::from_slice(root.as_ref()))
				.unwrap();
			local_roots.push(trie_root);
		}

		// prepare test cases
		let alice = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Alice.into())).to_vec();
		let bob = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Bob.into())).to_vec();
		let charlie = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Charlie.into())).to_vec();
		let dave = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Dave.into())).to_vec();
		let eve = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Eve.into())).to_vec();
		let ferdie = blake2_256(&runtime::system::balance_of_key(AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into())).to_vec();
		let test_cases = vec![
			(1, 4, alice.clone(), vec![(4, 0), (1, 0)]),
			(1, 3, alice.clone(), vec![(1, 0)]),
			(2, 4, alice.clone(), vec![(4, 0)]),
			(2, 3, alice.clone(), vec![]),

			(1, 4, bob.clone(), vec![(1, 1)]),
			(1, 1, bob.clone(), vec![(1, 1)]),
			(2, 4, bob.clone(), vec![]),

			(1, 4, charlie.clone(), vec![(2, 0)]),

			(1, 4, dave.clone(), vec![(4, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0)]),
			(1, 1, dave.clone(), vec![(1, 1), (1, 0)]),
			(3, 4, dave.clone(), vec![(4, 0)]),

			(1, 4, eve.clone(), vec![(2, 0)]),
			(1, 1, eve.clone(), vec![]),
			(3, 4, eve.clone(), vec![]),

			(1, 4, ferdie.clone(), vec![]),
		];

		(remote_client, local_roots, test_cases)
	}

	#[test]
	fn client_initializes_from_genesis_ok() {
		let client = test_client::new();

		assert_eq!(
			client.runtime_api().balance_of(
				&BlockId::Number(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number),
				AccountKeyring::Alice.into()
			).unwrap(),
			1000
		);
		assert_eq!(
			client.runtime_api().balance_of(
				&BlockId::Number(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number),
				AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into()
			).unwrap(),
			0
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn block_builder_works_with_no_transactions() {
		let client = test_client::new();

		let builder = client.new_block().unwrap();

		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, builder.bake().unwrap()).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 1);
	}

	#[test]
	fn block_builder_works_with_transactions() {
		let client = test_client::new();

		let mut builder = client.new_block().unwrap();

		builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into(),
			amount: 42,
			nonce: 0,
		}).unwrap();

		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, builder.bake().unwrap()).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 1);
		assert!(client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(1)).unwrap().pairs() != client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(0)).unwrap().pairs());
		assert_eq!(
			client.runtime_api().balance_of(
				&BlockId::Number(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number),
				AccountKeyring::Alice.into()
			).unwrap(),
			958
		);
		assert_eq!(
			client.runtime_api().balance_of(
				&BlockId::Number(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number),
				AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into()
			).unwrap(),
			42
		);
	}

	#[test]
	fn block_builder_does_not_include_invalid() {
		let client = test_client::new();

		let mut builder = client.new_block().unwrap();

		builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into(),
			amount: 42,
			nonce: 0,
		}).unwrap();

		assert!(builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Eve.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			amount: 42,
			nonce: 0,
		}).is_err());

		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, builder.bake().unwrap()).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 1);
		assert!(client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(1)).unwrap().pairs() != client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(0)).unwrap().pairs());
		assert_eq!(client.body(&BlockId::Number(1)).unwrap().unwrap().len(), 1)
	}

	#[test]
	fn best_containing_with_genesis_block() {
		// block tree:
		// G

		let client = test_client::new();

		let genesis_hash = client.info().unwrap().chain.genesis_hash;
		let longest_chain_select = test_client::client::LongestChain::new(
			client.backend().clone(),
			client.import_lock()
		);


		assert_eq!(genesis_hash.clone(), longest_chain_select.finality_target(
			genesis_hash.clone(), None).unwrap().unwrap());
	}

	#[test]
	fn best_containing_with_hash_not_found() {
		// block tree:
		// G

		let client = test_client::new();

		let uninserted_block = client.new_block().unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		let backend = client.backend().as_in_memory();
		let longest_chain_select = test_client::client::LongestChain::new(
				Arc::new(backend),
				client.import_lock());

		assert_eq!(None, longest_chain_select.finality_target(
			uninserted_block.hash().clone(), None).unwrap());
	}

	#[test]
	fn uncles_with_only_ancestors() {
		// block tree:
		// G -> A1 -> A2
		let client = test_client::new();

		// G -> A1
		let a1 = client.new_block().unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a1.clone()).unwrap();

		// A1 -> A2
		let a2 = client.new_block().unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a2.clone()).unwrap();
		let v: Vec<H256> = Vec::new();
		assert_eq!(v, client.uncles(a2.hash(), 3).unwrap());
	}

	#[test]
	fn uncles_with_multiple_forks() {
		// block tree:
		// G -> A1 -> A2 -> A3 -> A4 -> A5
		//      A1 -> B2 -> B3 -> B4
		//	          B2 -> C3
		//	    A1 -> D2
		let client = test_client::new();

		// G -> A1
		let a1 = client.new_block().unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a1.clone()).unwrap();

		// A1 -> A2
		let a2 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a1.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a2.clone()).unwrap();

		// A2 -> A3
		let a3 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a2.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a3.clone()).unwrap();

		// A3 -> A4
		let a4 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a3.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a4.clone()).unwrap();

		// A4 -> A5
		let a5 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a4.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, a5.clone()).unwrap();

		// A1 -> B2
		let mut builder = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a1.hash())).unwrap();
		// this push is required as otherwise B2 has the same hash as A2 and won't get imported
		builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into(),
			amount: 41,
			nonce: 0,
		}).unwrap();
		let b2 = builder.bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, b2.clone()).unwrap();

		// B2 -> B3
		let b3 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(b2.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, b3.clone()).unwrap();

		// B3 -> B4
		let b4 = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(b3.hash())).unwrap().bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, b4.clone()).unwrap();

		// // B2 -> C3
		let mut builder = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(b2.hash())).unwrap();
		// this push is required as otherwise C3 has the same hash as B3 and won't get imported
		builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into(),
			amount: 1,
			nonce: 1,
		}).unwrap();
		let c3 = builder.bake().unwrap();
		client.import(BlockOrigin::Own, c3.clone()).unwrap();

		// A1 -> D2
		let mut builder = client.new_block_at(&BlockId::Hash(a1.hash())).unwrap();
		// this push is required as otherwise D2 has the same hash as B2 and won't get imported
		builder.push_transfer(Transfer {
			from: AccountKeyring::Alice.into(),
			to: AccountKeyring::Ferdie.into(),
			amount: 1,
			nonce: 0,
		}).unwrap();