Introduce `rusty-cachier` and remove old `pre_cache.sh`

Sergej Kostjucenko requested to merge vi-rusty-cachier into master

Created by: rcny

This PR enables rusty-cachier for this project, which will allow future PRs to reuse CARGO_HOME and CARGO_TARGET_DIR caches from the latest master, improving run time for all Rust-related CI jobs.

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