client/authority-discovery: Limit number of connections to authorities

Instead of connecting to all sentry nodes of all authorities, with this
patch the authority discovery module does the following:

- Choose one sentry node per authority at random.

- Choose MAX_NUM_AUTHORITY_CONN out of the above at random.

The module uses randomness to prevent hot spots, e.g. all nodes trying
to connect to a single node. If the authority discovery module would
choose the nodes to connect to at random on each new address that it
learns of, the node would go through a lot of connection churn.  Instead
it creates a random seed at start up and uses this seed for its RNG on
each update cycle.