Closes #2160

First part of [Extrinsic
Horizon](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2415)

Introduces a new trait `TransactionExtension` to replace
`SignedExtension`. Introduce the idea of transactions which obey the
runtime's extensions and have according Extension data (né Extra data)
yet do not have hard-coded signatures.

Deprecate the terminology of "Unsigned" when used for
transactions/extrinsics owing to there now being "proper" unsigned
transactions which obey the extension framework and "old-style" unsigned
which do not. Instead we have __*General*__ for the former and
__*Bare*__ for the latter. (Ultimately, the latter will be phased out as
a type of transaction, and Bare will only be used for Inherents.)

Types of extrinsic are now therefore:
- Bare (no hardcoded signature, no Extra data; used to be known as
"Unsigned")
- Bare transactions (deprecated): Gossiped, validated with
`ValidateUnsigned` (deprecated) and the `_bare_compat` bits of
`TransactionExtension` (deprecated).
  - Inherents: Not gossiped, validated with `ProvideInherent`.
- Extended (Extra data): Gossiped, validated via `TransactionExtension`.
  - Signed transactions (with a hardcoded signature).
  - General transactions (without a hardcoded signature).

`TransactionExtension` differs from `SignedExtension` because:
- A signature on the underlying transaction may validly not be present.
- It may alter the origin during validation.
- `pre_dispatch` is renamed to `prepare` and need not contain the checks
present in `validate`.
- `validate` and `prepare` is passed an `Origin` rather than a
`AccountId`.
- `validate` may pass arbitrary information into `prepare` via a new
user-specifiable type `Val`.
- `AdditionalSigned`/`additional_signed` is renamed to
`Implicit`/`implicit`. It is encoded *for the entire transaction* and
passed in to each extension as a new argument to `validate`. This
facilitates the ability of extensions to acts as underlying crypto.

There is a new `DispatchTransaction` trait which contains only default
function impls and is impl'ed for any `TransactionExtension` impler. It
provides several utility functions which reduce some of the tedium from
using `TransactionExtension` (indeed, none of its regular functions
should now need to be called directly).

Three transaction version discriminator ("versions") are now
permissible:
- 0b000000100: Bare (used to be called "Unsigned"): contains Signature
or Extra (extension data). After bare transactions are no longer
supported, this will strictly identify an Inherents only.
- 0b100000100: Old-school "Signed" Transaction: contains Signature and
Extra (extension data).
- 0b010000100: New-school "General" Transaction: contains Extra
(extension data), but no Signature.

For the New-school General Transaction, it becomes trivial for authors
to publish extensions to the mechanism for authorizing an Origin, e.g.
through new kinds of key-signing schemes, ZK proofs, pallet state,
mutations over pre-authenticated origins or any combination of the
above.

## Code Migration

### NOW: Getting it to build

Wrap your `SignedExtension`s in `AsTransactionExtension`. This should be
accompanied by renaming your aggregate type in line with the new
terminology. E.g. Before:

```rust
/// The SignedExtension to the basic transaction logic.
pub type SignedExtra = (
	/* snip */
	MySpecialSignedExtension,
);
/// Unchecked extrinsic type as expected by this runtime.
pub type UncheckedExtrinsic =
	generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, RuntimeCall, Signature, SignedExtra>;
```

After:

```rust
/// The extension to the basic transaction logic.
pub type TxExtension = (
	/* snip */
	AsTransactionExtension<MySpecialSignedExtension>,
);
/// Unchecked extrinsic type as expected by this runtime.
pub type UncheckedExtrinsic =
	generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, RuntimeCall, Signature, TxExtension>;
```

You'll also need to alter any transaction building logic to add a
`.into()` to make the conversion happen. E.g. Before:

```rust
fn construct_extrinsic(
		/* snip */
) -> UncheckedExtrinsic {
	let extra: SignedExtra = (
		/* snip */
		MySpecialSignedExtension::new(/* snip */),
	);
	let payload = SignedPayload::new(call.clone(), extra.clone()).unwrap();
	let signature = payload.using_encoded(|e| sender.sign(e));
	UncheckedExtrinsic::new_signed(
		/* snip */
		Signature::Sr25519(signature),
		extra,
	)
}
```

After:

```rust
fn construct_extrinsic(
		/* snip */
) -> UncheckedExtrinsic {
	let tx_ext: TxExtension = (
		/* snip */
		MySpecialSignedExtension::new(/* snip */).into(),
	);
	let payload = SignedPayload::new(call.clone(), tx_ext.clone()).unwrap();
	let signature = payload.using_encoded(|e| sender.sign(e));
	UncheckedExtrinsic::new_signed(
		/* snip */
		Signature::Sr25519(signature),
		tx_ext,
	)
}
```

### SOON: Migrating to `TransactionExtension`

Most `SignedExtension`s can be trivially converted to become a
`TransactionExtension`. There are a few things to know.

- Instead of a single trait like `SignedExtension`, you should now
implement two traits individually: `TransactionExtensionBase` and
`TransactionExtension`.
- Weights are now a thing and must be provided via the new function `fn
weight`.

#### `TransactionExtensionBase`

This trait takes care of anything which is not dependent on types
specific to your runtime, most notably `Call`.

- `AdditionalSigned`/`additional_signed` is renamed to
`Implicit`/`implicit`.
- Weight must be returned by implementing the `weight` function. If your
extension is associated with a pallet, you'll probably want to do this
via the pallet's existing benchmarking infrastructure.

#### `TransactionExtension`

Generally:
- `pre_dispatch` is now `prepare` and you *should not reexecute the
`validate` functionality in there*!
- You don't get an account ID any more; you get an origin instead. If
you need to presume an account ID, then you can use the trait function
`AsSystemOriginSigner::as_system_origin_signer`.
- You get an additional ticket, similar to `Pre`, called `Val`. This
defines data which is passed from `validate` into `prepare`. This is
important since you should not be duplicating logic from `validate` to
`prepare`, you need a way of passing your working from the former into
the latter. This is it.
- This trait takes two type parameters: `Call` and `Context`. `Call` is
the runtime call type which used to be an associated type; you can just
move it to become a type parameter for your trait impl. `Context` is not
currently used and you can safely implement over it as an unbounded
type.
- There's no `AccountId` associated type any more. Just remove it.

Regarding `validate`:
- You get three new parameters in `validate`; all can be ignored when
migrating from `SignedExtension`.
- `validate` returns a tuple on success; the second item in the tuple is
the new ticket type `Self::Val` which gets passed in to `prepare`. If
you use any information extracted during `validate` (off-chain and
on-chain, non-mutating) in `prepare` (on-chain, mutating) then you can
pass it through with this. For the tuple's last item, just return the
`origin` argument.

Regarding `prepare`:
- This is renamed from `pre_dispatch`, but there is one change:
- FUNCTIONALITY TO VALIDATE THE TRANSACTION NEED NOT BE DUPLICATED FROM
`validate`!!
- (This is different to `SignedExtension` which was required to run the
same checks in `pre_dispatch` as in `validate`.)

Regarding `post_dispatch`:
- Since there are no unsigned transactions handled by
`TransactionExtension`, `Pre` is always defined, so the first parameter
is `Self::Pre` rather than `Option<Self::Pre>`.

If you make use of `SignedExtension::validate_unsigned` or
`SignedExtension::pre_dispatch_unsigned`, then:
- Just use the regular versions of these functions instead.
- Have your logic execute in the case that the `origin` is `None`.
- Ensure your transaction creation logic creates a General Transaction
rather than a Bare Transaction; this means having to include all
`TransactionExtension`s' data.
- `ValidateUnsigned` can still be used (for now) if you need to be able
to construct transactions which contain none of the extension data,
however these will be phased out in stage 2 of the Transactions Horizon,
so you should consider moving to an extension-centric design.

## TODO

- [x] Introduce `CheckSignature` impl of `TransactionExtension` to
ensure it's possible to have crypto be done wholly in a
`TransactionExtension`.
- [x] Deprecate `SignedExtension` and move all uses in codebase to
`TransactionExtension`.
  - [x] `ChargeTransactionPayment`
  - [x] `DummyExtension`
  - [x] `ChargeAssetTxPayment` (asset-tx-payment)
  - [x] `ChargeAssetTxPayment` (asset-conversion-tx-payment)
  - [x] `CheckWeight`
  - [x] `CheckTxVersion`
  - [x] `CheckSpecVersion`
  - [x] `CheckNonce`
  - [x] `CheckNonZeroSender`
  - [x] `CheckMortality`
  - [x] `CheckGenesis`
  - [x] `CheckOnlySudoAccount`
  - [x] `WatchDummy`
  - [x] `PrevalidateAttests`
  - [x] `GenericSignedExtension`
  - [x] `SignedExtension` (chain-polkadot-bulletin)
  - [x] `RefundSignedExtensionAdapter`
- [x] Implement `fn weight` across the board.
- [ ] Go through all pre-existing extensions which assume an account
signer and explicitly handle the possibility of another kind of origin.
- [x] `CheckNonce` should probably succeed in the case of a non-account
origin.
- [x] `CheckNonZeroSender` should succeed in the case of a non-account
origin.
- [x] `ChargeTransactionPayment` and family should fail in the case of a
non-account origin.
  - [ ] 
- [x] Fix any broken tests.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Nikhil Gupta <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Chevdor <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Maciej <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Marcin S. <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tsvetomir Dimitrov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Bullrich <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Koute <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Adrian Catangiu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Vladimir Istyufeev <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: André Silva <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Joshy Orndorff <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: PG Herveou <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Just van Stam <[email protected]>
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Update bridges subtree

## Summary

This PR aligns Rococo/Westend bridge with latest Bridges repo
development:
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2727
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2728
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2729




Part of: https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/issues/2452

Rococo<>Wococo bridge is replaced by Rococo<Westend bridge, so this PR
removes unneeded code.

- [x] update bridges subtree after
https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2692

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>

closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1882

## Breaking Changes

This PR introduces a new item to `pallet_balances::Config`:

```diff
trait Config {
++    type RuntimeFreezeReasons;
}
```

This value is only used to check it against `type MaxFreeze`. A similar
check has been added for `MaxHolds` against `RuntimeHoldReasons`, which
is already given to `pallet_balances`.

In all contexts, you should pass the real `RuntimeFreezeReasons`
generated by `construct_runtime` to `type RuntimeFreezeReasons`. Passing
`()` would also work, but it would imply that the runtime uses no
freezes at all.

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

* Move the bridges subtree under root

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 277f0d5496..e50398d1c5

e50398d1c5 bridges subtree fixes (#2528)
99af07522d Markdown linter (#1309) (#2526)
733ff0fe7a `polkadot-staging` branch: Use polkadot-sdk dependencies (#2524)
e8a59f141e Fix benchmark with new XCM::V3 `MAX_INSTRUCTIONS_TO_DECODE` (#2514)
62b185de15 Backport `polkadot-sdk` changes to `polkadot-staging` (#2518)
d9658f4d5b Fix equivocation detection containers startup (#2516) (#2517)
d65db28a8f Backport: building images from locally built binaries (#2513)
5fdbaf45f6 Start the equivocation detection loop from the complex relayer (#2507) (#2512)
7fbb67de46 Backport: Implement basic equivocations detection loop (#2375)
cb7efe245c Manually update deps in polkadot staging (#2371)
d17981fc33 #2351 to polkadot-staging (#2359)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: e50398d1c594e4e96df70b0bd376e565d17e8558

* Reapply diener workspacify

* Fix Cargo.toml

* Fix ...

* Add missing Cumulus licenses

* Typo

* Add missing Substrate licenses

* Single job checking the sub-repos in steps

* Remove dates

* Remove dates

* Add missing (C)

* Update FRAME UI tests

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

* Update more UI tests

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from edf33a2c85..277f0d5496

277f0d5496 Dynamic fees for bridges-v1 (#2294)
b1c51f7dd2 Finality loop refactoring (#2357)
620db2b10f Add equivocation detector crate and implement clients (#2348) (#2353)
3fe4b13eb4 Add basic equivocation detection pipeline schema (#2338) (#2341)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 277f0d54961c800b231d8123c6445f378b1deb89

* [dynfees] Rococo/Wococo does not need congestion and dynamic fees (for now)

* Fix

* ".git/.scripts/commands/fmt/fmt.sh"

* Forgotten bridges/Cargo.lock

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 0417308a48..3c4ada921b

3c4ada921b Update dependecies (#2277) (#2281)
3e195c9e76 GRANDPA: optimize votes_ancestries when needed (#2262) (#2264)
7065bbabc6 Implement RuntimeDebug for GrandpaJustification (#2254)
8c9e59bcbc Define generate_grandpa_key_ownership_proof() (#2247) (#2248)
0b46956df7 Deduplicate Grandpa consensus log reading logic (#2245) (#2246)
96c9701710 Fix deps from Cumulus (#2244)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 3c4ada921bbdbdba945c3aa85d76ce316f7baab3

* removed extra files

* post-merge fixes

* also post-merge fixes

* replace Index for Nonce

* update lockfile for {"substrate", "polkadot"}

---------

Co-authored-by: parity-processbot <>

Moves `Block` to `frame_system` instead of `construct_runtime` and removes `Header` and `BlockNumber` (#2790)

* Fixes

* Removes unused import

* Uses Block and removes BlockNumber/Header from Chain

* Fixes bridges

* Fixes

* Removes unused import

* Fixes build

* Uses correct RelayBlock

* Minor fix

* Fixes glutton-kusama

* Uses correct RelayBlock

* Minor fix

* Fixes benchmark for pallet-bridge-parachains

* Adds appropriate constraints

* Minor fixes

* Removes unused import

* Fixes integrity tests

* Minor fixes

* Updates trait bounds

* Uses custom bound for AsPrimitive

* Fixes trait bounds

* Revert "Fixes trait bounds"

This reverts commit 0b0f42f583f3a616a88afe45fcd06d31e7d9a06f.

* Revert "Uses custom bound for AsPrimitive"

This reverts commit 838e5281adf8b6e9632a2abb9cd550db4ae24126.

* No AsPrimitive trait bound for now

* Removes bounds on Number

* update lockfile for {"substrate", "polkadot"}

* Formatting

* ".git/.scripts/commands/fmt/fmt.sh"

* Minor fix

---------

Co-authored-by: parity-processbot <>

* GenesisBuild<T,I> deprecated. BuildGenesisConfig added

* ".git/.scripts/commands/fmt/fmt.sh"

* integration-tests/emulated: ..Default::default added to genesis configs

* Cargo.lock updated

* Cargo.lock updated

* update lockfile for {"polkadot", "substrate"}

* clippy fixes

* clippy fixes

* clippy fixes again

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

* Companion for: Substrate#13869

https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/pull/13869

* Fix

* Warning

* update lockfile for {"polkadot", "substrate"}

---------

Co-authored-by: parity-processbot <>

* Initial version of bridges pallet as subtree of https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common
Added `Bridges subtree files` pr review rule

* Squashed 'bridges/' content from commit d30927c08

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: d30927c089bd9e73092d1ec1a62895603cb277a3

* Updated REAMDE.md and BRIDGES.md (inspired by original https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot/blob/d22eb62fe40e55e15eb91d375f48cc540d83a47e/BRIDGES.md)

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from d30927c08..d3970944b

d3970944b Small simplifications (#2050)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: d3970944b0cfc4ea5226225e1ca07dab234c3556

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from d3970944b..2180797fb

2180797fb Removed CODEOWNERS (#2051)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 2180797fbf8a990490c67853dcffd81bc8dd083c

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 2180797fbf..4850aac8ce

4850aac8ce Removed relayer_account: &AccountId from MessageDispatch  (#2080)
8c8adafd54 Revert "Fix max-size messages at test chains (#2064)" (#2077)
c01a63efd8 Fixed off-by-one when confirming rewards in messages pallet (#2075)
a298be96aa Update subxt dependencies (#2072)
c0eef51eab Fix max-size messages at test chains (#2064)
3a658e3697 Messages relay fixes (#2073)
0022b5ab22 Slash relayers for invalid transactions (#2025)
198104007f Bump enumflags2 from 0.7.5 to 0.7.7
9229b257e5 [ci] Fix rules for docker build (#2069)
660d791390 [ci] Update buildah command and version (#2058)
e4535c0ca4 fix the way latest_confirmed_nonce_at_source is "calculated" (#2067)
dbc2d37590 select nothing if we have already selected nonces to submit or have submitted something (#2065)
a7eedd21fe [relay-substrate-client] Bump jsonrpsee (#2066)
8875d5aeae Bump clap from 4.2.2 to 4.2.4
25f9cf55e2 Another use of RangeInclusiveExt::checked_len() (#2060)
4942c12a5f submit lane unblock transactions from relay (#2030)
c0325d3c9c Test deployments fixes (#2057)
fc7b9b7ed7 Use the new matrix server (#2056)
63bcb5c10b Fixed delivery alert rule (#2052)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 4850aac8ce6c34e5ca6246b88cd14c873a879cba

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 4850aac8ce..66aaf0dd23

66aaf0dd23 Nits (#2083)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 66aaf0dd239dde40b64264061a77c921e2c82568

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 66aaf0dd23..557ecbcecc

557ecbcecc Fix sized messages (Follow-up on #2064) (#2103)
54f587a066 Add weight of refund extension post_dispatch to the weights of messages pallet (#2089)
5b1626f8c4 fix pallet param for nightly benchmarks check (#2099)
ae44c6b7a1 Add millau specific messages weights (#2097)
6ad0bd1f1e Add integrity tests to rialto parachain runtiime (#2096)
6919556de5 Bump tokio from 1.27.0 to 1.28.0
58795fcb75 Bump clap from 4.2.4 to 4.2.5
01bf31085b Bump scale-info from 2.5.0 to 2.6.0
8fe383240d Bump anyhow from 1.0.70 to 1.0.71
8d94e82ad5 deployments: add new BEEFY metrics and alarms (#2090)
e9a4749e7e Bump wasmtime from 6.0.1 to 6.0.2
9d9936c0d9 Bump wasmtime from 6.0.1 to 6.0.2 in /tools/runtime-codegen
5d77cd7bee Add more logs to relayer and message pallets (#2082)
75fbb9d3ef Update comment (#2081)
9904d09cf6 Benchmarks for new relayers pallet calls (#2040)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 557ecbcecc585547b744a5ac9fb8d7f3b9de4521

* fmt

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 557ecbcecc..04b3dda6aa

04b3dda6aa Remove from subtree (#2111)
f8ff15e7e7 Add `MessagesPalletInstance` for integrity tests (#2107)
92ccef58e6 Use generated runtimes for BHR/BHW (#2106)
b33e0a585b Fix comment (#2105)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: 04b3dda6aa38599e612ff637710b6d2cff275ef3

* ".git/.scripts/commands/fmt/fmt.sh"

---------

Co-authored-by: parity-processbot <>