* Add `Chilled` event to staking chill extrinsics

* Update do_remove_{nom, val} doc comments

* Not working: trying to match on event

* Account for chilled event in offences benchmarking

* trigger ci

* correct

* only allow `chill_other` near threshold.

* improve test

* skip limit check for existing validators / nominators

* add `ChillThreshold`

* rename to `set` for consistent api

* more tests

* fix some line width

* Use MAX associated const

* Create run_benchmarks.sh

* Update run_benchmarks.sh

* new weights

* Delete run_benchmarks.sh

* wrong folder

* remove grandpa weight

* Update weights.rs

* start count

* track count

* add max limit

* min bonds for participating

* respect min bond when unbonding

* revert a bit of u32

* fix merge

* more merge fixes

* update to `Current*`

* add helper functions

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* fix

* minbond as storage

* checkpoint

* chill_other

* better bond tracking

* MinBond to MinNominatorBond

* better doc

* use helper function

* oops

* simple hard limits to validators / nominators.

* better doc

* update storage version

* fix tests

* enable migrations

* min bond tests

* chill other tests

* tests for max cap

* check `None` on cap too

* benchmarks

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>

* Update frame/staking/src/tests.rs

Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>

* fix benchmark

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* nits

* fix reap_stash benchmark

* remove lower bound to min bond

Co-authored-by: kianenigma <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Parity Bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>

* remove prefixed content with limit.

* test match

* factor comment and factor ext limit removal.

* fix benchmark

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* Implementation but weird initial era in tests

* Emergency mode for elections. (#8918)

* do some testing, some logging.

* some testing apparatus

* genesis election provider (#8970)

* genesis election provider

* fix historical stuff

* Fix test

* remove dbg

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* capitalize comment and name without conflict

* fix log

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* apply suggestion on tests

* remove testing modifications

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Kashitsyn <[email protected]>

* apply suggestion

* fix master merge

Co-authored-by: kianenigma <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Zeke Mostov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Dmitry Kashitsyn <[email protected]>

Closes #9054.

* make all extrinsics public so they are available from outside

* Impl

* fix

* more fix

* more pub

* few more

* merge fix

* fix ui test

* fix ui test

Co-authored-by: Alexander Popiak <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>

* Migrate staking pallet to pallet attribute macro.

* HistoryDepth default value.

* Make all calls public.

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

* remove externalities again

* Update lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* Remove unused event_metadata variable

* Eliminate mod_name and use pallet names to name enum variants

* Rename field name `pallet` to `path`

* Use only the pallet name to generate variant names

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in sudo pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in offences pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in contracts pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in collective pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in bounties pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in balances pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in assets pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in frame support tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in tips pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in transaction payment pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in example pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in elections pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in election provider multi-phase pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in elections phragmen pallet tests

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in chain spec

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in staking pallet mock

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in node-template chain spec

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in node-testing chain spec

* Use new naming scheme for Event enum in node executor tests

* Use new naming scheme for GenesisConfig fields in transaction storage pallet mock

* Refactor match conditions

* Emit `Bonded` event when rebonding

* fix borrow checker

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

Co-authored-by: Parity Bot <[email protected]>

* add NamedReservableCurrency

* move currency related trait and types into a new file

* implement NamedReservableCurrency

* remove empty reserves

* Update frame/support/src/traits.rs

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* fix build

* bump year

* add MaxReserves

* repatriate_reserved_named should put reserved fund into named reserved

* add tests

* add some docs

* fix warning

* Update lib.rs

* fix test

* fix test

* fix

* fix

* triggier CI

* Move NamedReservableCurrency.

* Use strongly bounded vec for reserves.

* Fix test.

* remove duplicated file

* trigger CI

* Make `ReserveIdentifier` assosicated type

* add helpers

* make ReserveIdentifier assosicated type

* fix

* update

* trigger CI

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* trigger CI

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gavin Wood <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shaun Wang <[email protected]>

* Removed can_report api from OnOffenceHandler

* Removed DeferredOffences and create a storage migration

* Removed missing comments

* Mock set_deferred_offences and deferred_offences methods

* OnOffenceHandler::on_offence always succeed

* Fix benchmark tests

* Fix runtime-benchmark cfg methods

* Removed 'applied' attribute from Offence event

* refactor deprecated deferred offences getter

* Validate if offences are submited after on_runtime_upgrade

* update changelog

* Remove empty lines

* Fix remove_deferred_storage weights

* Remove Offence::on_runtime_upgrade benchmark

* Revert CHANGELOG.md update

* Deprecate DeferredOffenceOf type

* Update copyright

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Add migration logs

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Fix migration log

* Remove unused import

* Add migration tests

* rustfmt

* use generate_storage_alias! macro

* Refactor should_resubmit_deferred_offences test

* Replace spaces by tabs

* Refactor should_resubmit_deferred_offences test

* Removed WeightSoftLimit

* Removed WeightSoftLimit from tests and mocks

* Remove unused imports

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* first commit

* get to compile

* fix deprecated grandpa

* formatting

* module to pallet

* add authorship pallet to mocks

* Fix upgrade of storage.

Co-authored-by: Xiliang Chen <[email protected]>

* trigger CI

* put back doc

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Xiliang Chen <[email protected]>

Link was a dead-end

* Simplify some Option / Result / ? operator patterns

When those match a combinator exactly.

Tool-aided by [comby-rust](https://github.com/huitseeker/comby-rust).

* adjust after review

* adjust post-review

* Remove `serde` requirement from FRAME macros

Currently there is some implicit requirement on `serde` being present in
the `Cargo.toml` of a pallet when `GenesisConfig` is used. This pr
removes this requirement by using the serde attribute `serde(crate = "..")`.

* build a unique reexport of serde in impl_opaque_keys, by abusing paste doc concatenation

* Optimize

Co-authored-by: thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Add more asserts and debug_asserts

fixing #8106

* Remove assignments

* convert debug_assert to runtime assert

* Introduce OnSetCode type into system config trait.

* Docs.

* Fixes

* Fixes

* helper macro to create storage types on the fly

* Update frame/support/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Alexander Popiak <[email protected]>

* update lock

* fix test;

* Fix line width

Co-authored-by: Alexander Popiak <[email protected]>

* Bring back the on_finalize weighg of stakin.

* Better logs

* Also make a few things pub

* Fix build

* Add assertions

* Add test.

* remove dbg

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/unsigned.rs

* Update frame/staking/src/tests.rs

* Fix

* Fix

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/unsigned.rs

* [pallet-staking] Refund unused weight for `payout_stakers` 

fixes #8428

* Use periods in comments

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Address Shawn's Feedback

* Assert monotomic weights && improve test note

* Remove stray new line

* debug_assert payout_count <= max

* Only track payouts to nominators; not validators

* Trivial comment update

Co-authored-by: Parity Benchmarking Bot <[email protected]>

* Base features and traits.

* pallet and unsigned phase

* Undo bad formattings.

* some formatting cleanup.

* Small self-cleanup.

* Make it all build

* self-review

* Some doc tests.

* Some changes from other PR

* Fix session test

* Update Cargo.lock

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Some review comments

* Rename + make encode/decode

* Do an assert as well, just in case.

* Fix build

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/unsigned.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Las comment

* fix staking fuzzer.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Add one last layer of feasibility check as well.

* Last fixes to benchmarks

* Some more docs.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Some nits

* It all works

* Some self cleanup

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* remove most todos.

* Round of self-review.

* Fix migration

* clean macro

* Revert wrong merge

* Make the number of nominations configurable

* Self reivew

* renmae.

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Parity Benchmarking Bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* Base features and traits.

* pallet and unsigned phase

* Undo bad formattings.

* some formatting cleanup.

* Small self-cleanup.

* Make it all build

* self-review

* Some doc tests.

* Some changes from other PR

* Fix session test

* Update Cargo.lock

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Some review comments

* Rename + make encode/decode

* Do an assert as well, just in case.

* Fix build

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/unsigned.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Las comment

* fix staking fuzzer.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Add one last layer of feasibility check as well.

* Last fixes to benchmarks

* Some more docs.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Some nits

* It all works

* Some self cleanup

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* remove most todos.

* Round of self-review.

* Fix migration

* clean macro

* Revert wrong merge

* remove fuzzer stuff.

* Self review

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* review comments

* add logs

* Add tests to demonstrate the capacity of the snapshot.

* Replace upgrade

* Last touches

* Fix benchmakrs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* remove unused stuff

* Fix tests.

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Parity Benchmarking Bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* Use 'Pallet' struct in construct_runtime.

* Fix genesis and metadata macro.

* Fix 'Pallet' type alias.

* Replace 'Module' with 'Pallet' for all construct_runtime use cases.

* Replace more deprecated 'Module' struct.

* Bring back AllModules and AllPalletsWithSystem type, but deprecate them.

* Replace deprecated 'Module' struct from merge master.

* Minor fix.

* Fix UI tests.

* Revert UI override in derive_no_bound.

* Fix more deprecated 'Module' use from master branch.

* Fix more deprecated 'Module' use from master branch.

* use more efficient search through candidates in offchain-election

* mark linear accessors as test-only in election-provider-multi-phase

This prevents production code which uses them from compiling.

Also write an efficient helper for getting the target index.

* doc grammar

* use faster target_index_fn in benchmarks

* unbox helper functions

* remove unnecessary import

* write lifetime after primary trait

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Initial abstraction

* Alter rest of APIs

* Fixes

* Some extra getters in Gilt pallet.

* Refactor Gilt to avoid u128 conversions

* Simplify and improve pow in per_things

* Add scalar division to per_things

* Renaming from_fraction -> from_float, drop _approximation

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Make stuff build

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Update .gitignore

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Update frame/gilt/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Update frame/gilt/src/mock.rs

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Fixes

* Fixes

* Fixes

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Base features and traits.

* pallet and unsigned phase

* Undo bad formattings.

* some formatting cleanup.

* Small self-cleanup.

* Make it all build

* self-review

* Some doc tests.

* Some changes from other PR

* Fix session test

* Update Cargo.lock

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Some review comments

* Rename + make encode/decode

* Do an assert as well, just in case.

* Fix build

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/unsigned.rs

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>

* Las comment

* fix staking fuzzer.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Add one last layer of feasibility check as well.

* Last fixes to benchmarks

* Some more docs.

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Some nits

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Fix doc

* Mkae ci green

* Audit fixes for election-provider: part 2 signed phase.

* Fix weight

* Some grumbles.

* Try and weigh to get_npos_voters

* Fix build

* Fix line width

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* Fix tests.

* Fix build

* Reorg some stuff

* More reorg.

* Reorg done.

* Fix build

* Another rename

* Fix build

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/mock.rs

Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* nit

* better doc

* Line width

* Fix build

* Self-review

* Self-review

* Fix wan

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_election_provider_multi_phase --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* cargo run --release --features=runtime-benchmarks --manifest-path=bin/node/cli/Cargo.toml -- benchmark --chain=dev --steps=50 --repeat=20 --pallet=pallet_staking --extrinsic=* --execution=wasm --wasm-execution=compiled --heap-pages=4096 --output=./frame/staking/src/weights.rs --template=./.maintain/frame-weight-template.hbs

* fix build and review comments.

* Update frame/election-provider-multi-phase/src/lib.rs

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* add comment

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Thiolliere <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Parity Benchmarking Bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus <[email protected]>

* Don't log so many stkaing events on genesis block

* Clean a few more warn and info logs

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

* Update frame/staking/src/lib.rs

* frame-support: add method to estimate current session progress

* im-online: use EstimateNextSessionRotation trait to delay heartbeats

* node: fix im-online pallet instantiation

* frame-support: fix docs

* frame: fix tests

* pallet-session: last block of periodic session means 100% session progress

* pallet-session: add test for periodic session progress

* pallet-babe: fix epoch progress and add test

* frame-support: return weight with session estimates

* pallet-im-online: add test for session progress logic

* Apply.

* get rid of glob import

* use meaningful generic type name

* pjr_check operates on `Supports` struct used elsewhere

* improve algorithmic complexity of `prepare_pjr_input`

* fix rustdoc warnings

* improve module docs

* typo

* simplify debug assertion

* add test finding the phase-change threshold value for a constructed scenario

* add more threshold scenarios to disambiguate plausible interpretations

* add link to npos paper reference

* docs: staked_assignment -> supports

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* add utility method for generating npos inputs

* add a fuzzer which asserts that all unbalanced seq_phragmen are PJR

Note that this currently fails. I hope that this can be rectified
by calculating the threshold instead of choosing some arbitrary number.

* assert in all cases, not just debug

* leverage a native solution to choose candidates

* use existing helper methods

* add pjr-check and incorporate into the fuzzer

We should probably have one of the W3F people look at this to ensure
we're not misconstruing any definitions, but this seems like a
fairly straightforward implementation.

* fix compilation errors

* Enable manually setting iteration parameters in single run.

This gives us the ability to reproducably extract cases where
honggfuzz has discovered a panic. For example:

$ cargo run --release --bin phragmen_pjr -- --candidates 569 --voters 100
Tue 23 Feb 2021 11:23:39 AM CET
   Compiling bitflags v1.2.1
   Compiling unicode-width v0.1.8
   Compiling unicode-segmentation v1.7.1
   Compiling ansi_term v0.11.0
   Compiling strsim v0.8.0
   Compiling vec_map v0.8.2
   Compiling proc-macro-error-attr v1.0.4
   Compiling proc-macro-error v1.0.4
   Compiling textwrap v0.11.0
   Compiling atty v0.2.14
   Compiling heck v0.3.2
   Compiling clap v2.33.3
   Compiling structopt-derive v0.4.14
   Compiling structopt v0.3.21
   Compiling sp-npos-elections-fuzzer v2.0.0-alpha.5 (/home/coriolinus/Documents/Projects/paritytech/substrate/primitives/npos-elections/fuzzer)
    Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 6.15s
     Running `/home/coriolinus/Documents/Projects/paritytech/substrate/target/release/phragmen_pjr -c 569 -v 100`
thread 'main' panicked at 'unbalanced sequential phragmen must satisfy PJR', primitives/npos-elections/fuzzer/src/phragmen_pjr.rs:133:5
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

This is still not adequate proof that seq_phragmen is broken; it could
very well be that our PJR checker is doing the wrong thing, or we've
somehow missed a parameter of interest. Still, it's concerning.

* update comment verbiage for accuracy

* it is valid in PJR for an elected candidate to have 0 support

* Fix phragmen_pjr fuzzer

It turns out that the fundamental problem causing previous implementations
of the fuzzer to fail wasn't in `seq_phragmen` _or_ in `pjr_check`: it was
in the rounding errors introduced in the various conversions between the
internal data representation and the external one.

Fixing the fuzzer is then simply an issue of using the internal representation
and staying in that representation. However, that leaves the issue that
`seq_phragmen` occasionally produces an output which is technically not
PJR due to rounding errors. In the future we will need to add some kind of
"close-enough" threshold. However, that is explicitly out of scope of
this PR.

* restart ci; it appears to be stalled

* use necessary import for no-std

* use a more realistic distribution of voters and candidates

This isn't ideal; more realistic numbers would be about twice these.
However, either case generation or voting has nonlinear execution
time, and doubling these values brings iteration time from ~20s to
~180s. Fuzzing 6x as fast should make up for fuzzing cases half the size.

* identify specifically which PJR check may fail

* move candidate collection comment into correct place

* standard_threshold: use a calculation method which cannot overflow

* Apply suggestions from code review (update comments)

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* clarify the effectiveness bounds for t-pjr check

* how to spell "committee"

* reorganize: high -> low abstraction

* ensure standard threshold calc cannot panic

Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: kianenigma <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Kian Paimani <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Shawn Tabrizi <[email protected]>

* Add MMR custom RPC.

* Change RuntimeApi to avoid hardcoding leaf type.

* Properly implement the new RuntimeAPI and wire up RPC.

* Extract Offchain DB as separate execution extension.

* Enable offchain DB access for offchain calls.

* Fix offchain_election tests.

* Skip block initialisation for proof generation.

* Fix integration test setup.

* Fix offchain tests. Not sure how I missed them earlier 🤷.

* Fix long line.

* One more test missing.

* Update mock for multi-phase.

* Address review grumbbles.

* Address review grumbles.

* Fix line width of a comment

* implement

* make default pre/post_upgrade

* simplify Cargo.toml

* revert removal of outdated/private links

* link in pallet-mmr