Step in https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/171

This PR removes `as [disambiguation_path]` syntax from `derive_impl`
usage across the polkadot-sdk as introduced in
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3505

Revert "FRAME: Create `TransactionExtension` as a replacement for `SignedExtension` (#2280)" (#3665)

This PR reverts #2280 which introduced `TransactionExtension` to replace
`SignedExtension`.

As a result of the discussion
[here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/pull/3623#issuecomment-1986789700),
the changes will be reverted for now with plans to reintroduce the
concept in the future.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>

Closes #2160

First part of [Extrinsic
Horizon](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2415)

Introduces a new trait `TransactionExtension` to replace
`SignedExtension`. Introduce the idea of transactions which obey the
runtime's extensions and have according Extension data (né Extra data)
yet do not have hard-coded signatures.

Deprecate the terminology of "Unsigned" when used for
transactions/extrinsics owing to there now being "proper" unsigned
transactions which obey the extension framework and "old-style" unsigned
which do not. Instead we have __*General*__ for the former and
__*Bare*__ for the latter. (Ultimately, the latter will be phased out as
a type of transaction, and Bare will only be used for Inherents.)

Types of extrinsic are now therefore:
- Bare (no hardcoded signature, no Extra data; used to be known as
"Unsigned")
- Bare transactions (deprecated): Gossiped, validated with
`ValidateUnsigned` (deprecated) and the `_bare_compat` bits of
`TransactionExtension` (deprecated).
  - Inherents: Not gossiped, validated with `ProvideInherent`.
- Extended (Extra data): Gossiped, validated via `TransactionExtension`.
  - Signed transactions (with a hardcoded signature).
  - General transactions (without a hardcoded signature).

`TransactionExtension` differs from `SignedExtension` because:
- A signature on the underlying transaction may validly not be present.
- It may alter the origin during validation.
- `pre_dispatch` is renamed to `prepare` and need not contain the checks
present in `validate`.
- `validate` and `prepare` is passed an `Origin` rather than a
`AccountId`.
- `validate` may pass arbitrary information into `prepare` via a new
user-specifiable type `Val`.
- `AdditionalSigned`/`additional_signed` is renamed to
`Implicit`/`implicit`. It is encoded *for the entire transaction* and
passed in to each extension as a new argument to `validate`. This
facilitates the ability of extensions to acts as underlying crypto.

There is a new `DispatchTransaction` trait which contains only default
function impls and is impl'ed for any `TransactionExtension` impler. It
provides several utility functions which reduce some of the tedium from
using `TransactionExtension` (indeed, none of its regular functions
should now need to be called directly).

Three transaction version discriminator ("versions") are now
permissible:
- 0b000000100: Bare (used to be called "Unsigned"): contains Signature
or Extra (extension data). After bare transactions are no longer
supported, this will strictly identify an Inherents only.
- 0b100000100: Old-school "Signed" Transaction: contains Signature and
Extra (extension data).
- 0b010000100: New-school "General" Transaction: contains Extra
(extension data), but no Signature.

For the New-school General Transaction, it becomes trivial for authors
to publish extensions to the mechanism for authorizing an Origin, e.g.
through new kinds of key-signing schemes, ZK proofs, pallet state,
mutations over pre-authenticated origins or any combination of the
above.

## Code Migration

### NOW: Getting it to build

Wrap your `SignedExtension`s in `AsTransactionExtension`. This should be
accompanied by renaming your aggregate type in line with the new
terminology. E.g. Before:

```rust
/// The SignedExtension to the basic transaction logic.
pub type SignedExtra = (
	/* snip */
	MySpecialSignedExtension,
);
/// Unchecked extrinsic type as expected by this runtime.
pub type UncheckedExtrinsic =
	generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, RuntimeCall, Signature, SignedExtra>;
```

After:

```rust
/// The extension to the basic transaction logic.
pub type TxExtension = (
	/* snip */
	AsTransactionExtension<MySpecialSignedExtension>,
);
/// Unchecked extrinsic type as expected by this runtime.
pub type UncheckedExtrinsic =
	generic::UncheckedExtrinsic<Address, RuntimeCall, Signature, TxExtension>;
```

You'll also need to alter any transaction building logic to add a
`.into()` to make the conversion happen. E.g. Before:

```rust
fn construct_extrinsic(
		/* snip */
) -> UncheckedExtrinsic {
	let extra: SignedExtra = (
		/* snip */
		MySpecialSignedExtension::new(/* snip */),
	);
	let payload = SignedPayload::new(call.clone(), extra.clone()).unwrap();
	let signature = payload.using_encoded(|e| sender.sign(e));
	UncheckedExtrinsic::new_signed(
		/* snip */
		Signature::Sr25519(signature),
		extra,
	)
}
```

After:

```rust
fn construct_extrinsic(
		/* snip */
) -> UncheckedExtrinsic {
	let tx_ext: TxExtension = (
		/* snip */
		MySpecialSignedExtension::new(/* snip */).into(),
	);
	let payload = SignedPayload::new(call.clone(), tx_ext.clone()).unwrap();
	let signature = payload.using_encoded(|e| sender.sign(e));
	UncheckedExtrinsic::new_signed(
		/* snip */
		Signature::Sr25519(signature),
		tx_ext,
	)
}
```

### SOON: Migrating to `TransactionExtension`

Most `SignedExtension`s can be trivially converted to become a
`TransactionExtension`. There are a few things to know.

- Instead of a single trait like `SignedExtension`, you should now
implement two traits individually: `TransactionExtensionBase` and
`TransactionExtension`.
- Weights are now a thing and must be provided via the new function `fn
weight`.

#### `TransactionExtensionBase`

This trait takes care of anything which is not dependent on types
specific to your runtime, most notably `Call`.

- `AdditionalSigned`/`additional_signed` is renamed to
`Implicit`/`implicit`.
- Weight must be returned by implementing the `weight` function. If your
extension is associated with a pallet, you'll probably want to do this
via the pallet's existing benchmarking infrastructure.

#### `TransactionExtension`

Generally:
- `pre_dispatch` is now `prepare` and you *should not reexecute the
`validate` functionality in there*!
- You don't get an account ID any more; you get an origin instead. If
you need to presume an account ID, then you can use the trait function
`AsSystemOriginSigner::as_system_origin_signer`.
- You get an additional ticket, similar to `Pre`, called `Val`. This
defines data which is passed from `validate` into `prepare`. This is
important since you should not be duplicating logic from `validate` to
`prepare`, you need a way of passing your working from the former into
the latter. This is it.
- This trait takes two type parameters: `Call` and `Context`. `Call` is
the runtime call type which used to be an associated type; you can just
move it to become a type parameter for your trait impl. `Context` is not
currently used and you can safely implement over it as an unbounded
type.
- There's no `AccountId` associated type any more. Just remove it.

Regarding `validate`:
- You get three new parameters in `validate`; all can be ignored when
migrating from `SignedExtension`.
- `validate` returns a tuple on success; the second item in the tuple is
the new ticket type `Self::Val` which gets passed in to `prepare`. If
you use any information extracted during `validate` (off-chain and
on-chain, non-mutating) in `prepare` (on-chain, mutating) then you can
pass it through with this. For the tuple's last item, just return the
`origin` argument.

Regarding `prepare`:
- This is renamed from `pre_dispatch`, but there is one change:
- FUNCTIONALITY TO VALIDATE THE TRANSACTION NEED NOT BE DUPLICATED FROM
`validate`!!
- (This is different to `SignedExtension` which was required to run the
same checks in `pre_dispatch` as in `validate`.)

Regarding `post_dispatch`:
- Since there are no unsigned transactions handled by
`TransactionExtension`, `Pre` is always defined, so the first parameter
is `Self::Pre` rather than `Option<Self::Pre>`.

If you make use of `SignedExtension::validate_unsigned` or
`SignedExtension::pre_dispatch_unsigned`, then:
- Just use the regular versions of these functions instead.
- Have your logic execute in the case that the `origin` is `None`.
- Ensure your transaction creation logic creates a General Transaction
rather than a Bare Transaction; this means having to include all
`TransactionExtension`s' data.
- `ValidateUnsigned` can still be used (for now) if you need to be able
to construct transactions which contain none of the extension data,
however these will be phased out in stage 2 of the Transactions Horizon,
so you should consider moving to an extension-centric design.

## TODO

- [x] Introduce `CheckSignature` impl of `TransactionExtension` to
ensure it's possible to have crypto be done wholly in a
`TransactionExtension`.
- [x] Deprecate `SignedExtension` and move all uses in codebase to
`TransactionExtension`.
  - [x] `ChargeTransactionPayment`
  - [x] `DummyExtension`
  - [x] `ChargeAssetTxPayment` (asset-tx-payment)
  - [x] `ChargeAssetTxPayment` (asset-conversion-tx-payment)
  - [x] `CheckWeight`
  - [x] `CheckTxVersion`
  - [x] `CheckSpecVersion`
  - [x] `CheckNonce`
  - [x] `CheckNonZeroSender`
  - [x] `CheckMortality`
  - [x] `CheckGenesis`
  - [x] `CheckOnlySudoAccount`
  - [x] `WatchDummy`
  - [x] `PrevalidateAttests`
  - [x] `GenericSignedExtension`
  - [x] `SignedExtension` (chain-polkadot-bulletin)
  - [x] `RefundSignedExtensionAdapter`
- [x] Implement `fn weight` across the board.
- [ ] Go through all pre-existing extensions which assume an account
signer and explicitly handle the possibility of another kind of origin.
- [x] `CheckNonce` should probably succeed in the case of a non-account
origin.
- [x] `CheckNonZeroSender` should succeed in the case of a non-account
origin.
- [x] `ChargeTransactionPayment` and family should fail in the case of a
non-account origin.
  - [ ] 
- [x] Fix any broken tests.

---------

Signed-off-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Vasile <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Alexandru Gheorghe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrei Sandu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Nikhil Gupta <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: georgepisaltu <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Chevdor <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Bastian Köcher <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Maciej <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Viola <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Marcin S. <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tsvetomir Dimitrov <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Javier Bullrich <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Koute <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: Vladimir Istyufeev <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ross Bulat <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Gonçalo Pestana <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Liam Aharon <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: André Silva <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Will | Paradox | ParaNodes.io <[email protected]>
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Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

backport of
https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2821 (see
detailed description there)

Update bridges subtree

# Note for reviewer

Most changes are just syntax changes necessary for the new version.
Most important files should be the ones under the `xcm` folder.

# Description 

Added XCMv4.

## Removed `Multi` prefix
The following types have been renamed:
- MultiLocation -> Location
- MultiAsset -> Asset
- MultiAssets -> Assets
- InteriorMultiLocation -> InteriorLocation
- MultiAssetFilter -> AssetFilter
- VersionedMultiAsset -> VersionedAsset
- WildMultiAsset -> WildAsset
- VersionedMultiLocation -> VersionedLocation

In order to fix a name conflict, the `Assets` in `xcm-executor` were
renamed to `HoldingAssets`, as they represent assets in holding.

## Removed `Abstract` asset id

It was not being used anywhere and this simplifies the code.

Now assets are just constructed as follows:

```rust
let asset: Asset = (AssetId(Location::new(1, Here)), 100u128).into();
```

No need for specifying `Concrete` anymore.

## Outcome is now a named fields struct

Instead of

```rust
pub enum Outcome {
  Complete(Weight),
  Incomplete(Weight, Error),
  Error(Error),
}
```

we now have

```rust
pub enum Outcome {
  Complete { used: Weight },
  Incomplete { used: Weight, error: Error },
  Error { error: Error },
}
```

## Added Reanchorable trait

Now both locations and assets implement this trait, making it easier to
reanchor both.

## New syntax for building locations and junctions

Now junctions are built using the following methods:

```rust
let location = Location {
    parents: 1,
    interior: [Parachain(1000), PalletInstance(50), GeneralIndex(1984)].into()
};
```

or

```rust
let location = Location::new(1, [Parachain(1000), PalletInstance(50), GeneralIndex(1984)]);
```

And they are matched like so:

```rust
match location.unpack() {
  (1, [Parachain(id)]) => ...
  (0, Here) => ...,
  (1, [_]) => ...,
}
```

This syntax is mandatory in v4, and has been also implemented for v2 and
v3 for easier migration.

This was needed to make all sizes smaller.

# TODO
- [x] Scaffold v4
- [x] Port github.com/paritytech/polkadot/pull/7236
- [x] Remove `Multi` prefix
- [x] Remove `Abstract` asset id

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Keith Yeung <[email protected]>

## Summary

This pull request proposes a solution for improved control of the
versioned XCM flow over the bridge (across different consensus chains)
and resolves the situation where the sending chain/consensus has already
migrated to a higher XCM version than the receiving chain/consensus.

## Problem/Motivation

The current flow over the bridge involves a transfer from AssetHubRococo
(AHR) to BridgeHubRococo (BHR) to BridgeHubWestend (BHW) and finally to
AssetHubWestend (AHW), beginning with a reserve-backed transfer on AHR.

In this process:
1. AHR sends XCM `ExportMessage` through `XcmpQueue`, incorporating XCM
version checks using the `WrapVersion` feature, influenced by
`pallet_xcm::SupportedVersion` (managed by
`pallet_xcm::force_xcm_version` or version discovery).

2. BHR handles the `ExportMessage` instruction, utilizing the latest XCM
version. The `HaulBlobExporter` converts the inner XCM to
[`VersionedXcm::from`](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/63ac2471/polkadot/xcm/xcm-builder/src/universal_exports.rs#L465-L467),
also using the latest XCM version.

However, challenges arise:
- Incompatibility when BHW uses a different version than BHR. For
instance, if BHR migrates to **XCMv4** while BHW remains on **XCMv3**,
BHR's `VersionedXcm::from` uses `VersionedXcm::V4` variant, causing
encoding issues for BHW.
  ```
	/// Just a simulation of possible error, which could happen on BHW
	/// (this code is based on actual master without XCMv4)
	let encoded = hex_literal::hex!("0400");
	println!("{:?}", VersionedXcm::<()>::decode(&mut &encoded[..]));

Err(Error { cause: None, desc: "Could not decode `VersionedXcm`, variant
doesn't exist" })
  ``` 
- Similar compatibility issues exist between AHR and AHW.

## Solution

This pull request introduces the following solutions:

1. **New trait `CheckVersion`** - added to the `xcm` module and exposing
`pallet_xcm::SupportedVersion`. This enhancement allows checking the
actual XCM version for desired destinations outside of the `pallet_xcm`
module.

2. **Version Check in `HaulBlobExporter`** uses `CheckVersion` to check
known/configured destination versions, ensuring compatibility. For
example, in the scenario mentioned, BHR can store the version `3` for
BHW. If BHR is on XCMv4, it will attempt to downgrade the message to
version `3` instead of using the latest version `4`.

3. **Version Check in `pallet-xcm-bridge-hub-router`** - this check
ensures compatibility with the real destination's XCM version,
preventing the unnecessary sending of messages to the local bridge hub
if versions are incompatible.

These additions aim to improve the control and compatibility of XCM
flows over the bridge and addressing issues related to version
mismatches.

## Possible alternative solution

_(More investigation is needed, and at the very least, it should extend
to XCMv4/5. If this proves to be a viable option, I can open an RFC for
XCM.)._

Add the `XcmVersion` attribute to the `ExportMessage` so that the
sending chain can determine, based on what is stored in
`pallet_xcm::SupportedVersion`, the version the destination is using.
This way, we may not need to handle the version in `HaulBlobExporter`.

```
ExportMessage {
	network: NetworkId,
	destination: InteriorMultiLocation,
	xcm: Xcm<()>
	destination_xcm_version: Version, // <- new attritbute
},
```

```
pub trait ExportXcm {
        fn validate(
		network: NetworkId,
		channel: u32,
		universal_source: &mut Option<InteriorMultiLocation>,
		destination: &mut Option<InteriorMultiLocation>,
		message: &mut Option<Xcm<()>>,
                destination_xcm_version: Version, , // <- new attritbute
	) -> SendResult<Self::Ticket>;
```

## Future Directions

This PR does not fix version discovery over bridge, further
investigation will be conducted here:
https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/2417.

## TODO

- [x] `pallet_xcm` mock for tests uses hard-coded XCM version `2` -
change to 3 or lastest?
- [x] fix `pallet-xcm-bridge-hub-router`
- [x] fix HaulBlobExporter with version determination
[here](https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/blob/2183669d/polkadot/xcm/xcm-builder/src/universal_exports.rs#L465)
- [x] add unit-tests to the runtimes
- [x] run benchmarks for `ExportMessage`
- [x] extend local run scripts about `force_xcm_version(dest, version)`
- [ ] when merged, prepare governance calls for Rococo/Westend
- [ ] add PRDoc

Part of: https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/issues/2719

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>

## Summary

This PR aligns Rococo/Westend bridge with latest Bridges repo
development:
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2727
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2728
- https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2729




Part of: https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/issues/2452

Rococo<>Wococo bridge is replaced by Rococo<Westend bridge, so this PR
removes unneeded code.

- [x] update bridges subtree after
https://github.com/paritytech/parity-bridges-common/pull/2692

---------

Co-authored-by: command-bot <>
Co-authored-by: Svyatoslav Nikolsky <[email protected]>

Right now governance could only control byte-fee component of Rococo <>
Westend message fees (paid at Asset Hubs). This PR changes it a bit:
1) governance now allowed to control both fee components - byte fee and
base fee;
2) base fee now includes cost of "default" delivery and confirmation
transactions, in addition to `ExportMessage` instruction cost.

closes https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/issues/1882

## Breaking Changes

This PR introduces a new item to `pallet_balances::Config`:

```diff
trait Config {
++    type RuntimeFreezeReasons;
}
```

This value is only used to check it against `type MaxFreeze`. A similar
check has been added for `MaxHolds` against `RuntimeHoldReasons`, which
is already given to `pallet_balances`.

In all contexts, you should pass the real `RuntimeFreezeReasons`
generated by `construct_runtime` to `type RuntimeFreezeReasons`. Passing
`()` would also work, but it would imply that the runtime uses no
freezes at all.

---------

Signed-off-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Oliver Tale-Yazdi <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: Branislav Kontur <[email protected]>

* Move the bridges subtree under root

* Squashed 'bridges/' changes from 277f0d5496..e50398d1c5

e50398d1c5 bridges subtree fixes (#2528)
99af07522d Markdown linter (#1309) (#2526)
733ff0fe7a `polkadot-staging` branch: Use polkadot-sdk dependencies (#2524)
e8a59f141e Fix benchmark with new XCM::V3 `MAX_INSTRUCTIONS_TO_DECODE` (#2514)
62b185de15 Backport `polkadot-sdk` changes to `polkadot-staging` (#2518)
d9658f4d5b Fix equivocation detection containers startup (#2516) (#2517)
d65db28a8f Backport: building images from locally built binaries (#2513)
5fdbaf45f6 Start the equivocation detection loop from the complex relayer (#2507) (#2512)
7fbb67de46 Backport: Implement basic equivocations detection loop (#2375)
cb7efe245c Manually update deps in polkadot staging (#2371)
d17981fc33 #2351 to polkadot-staging (#2359)

git-subtree-dir: bridges
git-subtree-split: e50398d1c594e4e96df70b0bd376e565d17e8558

* Reapply diener workspacify

* Fix Cargo.toml

* Fix ...