mod.rs

// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2017-2022 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Staking FRAME Pallet.

use frame_election_provider_support::{SortedListProvider, VoteWeight};
use frame_support::{
	dispatch::Codec,
	pallet_prelude::*,
	traits::{
		Currency, CurrencyToVote, DefensiveSaturating, EnsureOrigin, EstimateNextNewSession, Get,
		LockIdentifier, LockableCurrency, OnUnbalanced, UnixTime,
	},
	weights::Weight,
};
use frame_system::{ensure_root, ensure_signed, offchain::SendTransactionTypes, pallet_prelude::*};
use sp_runtime::{
	traits::{CheckedSub, SaturatedConversion, StaticLookup, Zero},
	DispatchError, Perbill, Percent,
};
use sp_staking::{EraIndex, SessionIndex};
use sp_std::{cmp::max, prelude::*};

mod impls;

pub use impls::*;

use crate::{
	slashing, weights::WeightInfo, ActiveEraInfo, BalanceOf, EraPayout, EraRewardPoints, Exposure,
	Forcing, MaxUnlockingChunks, NegativeImbalanceOf, Nominations, PositiveImbalanceOf, Releases,
	RewardDestination, SessionInterface, StakingLedger, UnappliedSlash, UnlockChunk,
	ValidatorPrefs,
};

const STAKING_ID: LockIdentifier = *b"staking ";

#[frame_support::pallet]
pub mod pallet {
	use frame_election_provider_support::ElectionDataProvider;

	use crate::BenchmarkingConfig;

	use super::*;

	#[pallet::pallet]
	#[pallet::generate_store(pub(crate) trait Store)]
	#[pallet::without_storage_info]
	pub struct Pallet<T>(_);

	/// Possible operations on the configuration values of this pallet.
	#[derive(TypeInfo, Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq)]
	pub enum ConfigOp<T: Default + Codec> {
		/// Don't change.
		Noop,
		/// Set the given value.
		Set(T),
		/// Remove from storage.
		Remove,
	}

	#[pallet::config]
	pub trait Config: frame_system::Config + SendTransactionTypes<Call<Self>> {
		/// The staking balance.
		type Currency: LockableCurrency<Self::AccountId, Moment = Self::BlockNumber>;

		/// Time used for computing era duration.
		///
		/// It is guaranteed to start being called from the first `on_finalize`. Thus value at
		/// genesis is not used.
		type UnixTime: UnixTime;

		/// Convert a balance into a number used for election calculation. This must fit into a
		/// `u64` but is allowed to be sensibly lossy. The `u64` is used to communicate with the
		/// [`frame_election_provider_support`] crate which accepts u64 numbers and does operations
		/// in 128.
		/// Consequently, the backward convert is used convert the u128s from sp-elections back to a
		/// [`BalanceOf`].
		type CurrencyToVote: CurrencyToVote<BalanceOf<Self>>;

		/// Something that provides the election functionality.
		type ElectionProvider: frame_election_provider_support::ElectionProvider<
			AccountId = Self::AccountId,
			BlockNumber = Self::BlockNumber,
			// we only accept an election provider that has staking as data provider.
			DataProvider = Pallet<Self>,
		>;

		/// Something that provides the election functionality at genesis.
		type GenesisElectionProvider: frame_election_provider_support::ElectionProvider<
			AccountId = Self::AccountId,
			BlockNumber = Self::BlockNumber,
			DataProvider = Pallet<Self>,
		>;

		/// Maximum number of nominations per nominator.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type MaxNominations: Get<u32>;

		/// Tokens have been minted and are unused for validator-reward.
		/// See [Era payout](./index.html#era-payout).
		type RewardRemainder: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalanceOf<Self>>;

		/// The overarching event type.
		type Event: From<Event<Self>> + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::Event>;

		/// Handler for the unbalanced reduction when slashing a staker.
		type Slash: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalanceOf<Self>>;

		/// Handler for the unbalanced increment when rewarding a staker.
		type Reward: OnUnbalanced<PositiveImbalanceOf<Self>>;

		/// Number of sessions per era.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type SessionsPerEra: Get<SessionIndex>;

		/// Number of eras that staked funds must remain bonded for.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type BondingDuration: Get<EraIndex>;

		/// Number of eras that slashes are deferred by, after computation.
		///
		/// This should be less than the bonding duration. Set to 0 if slashes
		/// should be applied immediately, without opportunity for intervention.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type SlashDeferDuration: Get<EraIndex>;

		/// The origin which can cancel a deferred slash. Root can always do this.
		type SlashCancelOrigin: EnsureOrigin<Self::Origin>;

		/// Interface for interacting with a session pallet.
		type SessionInterface: SessionInterface<Self::AccountId>;

		/// The payout for validators and the system for the current era.
		/// See [Era payout](./index.html#era-payout).
		type EraPayout: EraPayout<BalanceOf<Self>>;

		/// Something that can estimate the next session change, accurately or as a best effort
		/// guess.
		type NextNewSession: EstimateNextNewSession<Self::BlockNumber>;

		/// The maximum number of nominators rewarded for each validator.
		///
		/// For each validator only the `$MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator` biggest stakers can
		/// claim their reward. This used to limit the i/o cost for the nominator payout.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator: Get<u32>;

		/// The fraction of the validator set that is safe to be offending.
		/// After the threshold is reached a new era will be forced.
		type OffendingValidatorsThreshold: Get<Perbill>;

		/// Something that provides a best-effort sorted list of voters aka electing nominators,
		/// used for NPoS election.
		///
		/// The changes to nominators are reported to this. Moreover, each validator's self-vote is
		/// also reported as one independent vote.
		type VoterList: SortedListProvider<Self::AccountId, Score = VoteWeight>;

		/// The maximum number of `unlocking` chunks a [`StakingLedger`] can have. Effectively
		/// determines how many unique eras a staker may be unbonding in.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type MaxUnlockingChunks: Get<u32>;

		/// Some parameters of the benchmarking.
		type BenchmarkingConfig: BenchmarkingConfig;

		/// Weight information for extrinsics in this pallet.
		type WeightInfo: WeightInfo;
	}

	#[pallet::type_value]
	pub(crate) fn HistoryDepthOnEmpty() -> u32 {
		84u32
	}

	/// Number of eras to keep in history.
	///
	/// Information is kept for eras in `[current_era - history_depth; current_era]`.
	///
	/// Must be more than the number of eras delayed by session otherwise. I.e. active era must
	/// always be in history. I.e. `active_era > current_era - history_depth` must be
	/// guaranteed.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn history_depth)]
	pub(crate) type HistoryDepth<T> = StorageValue<_, u32, ValueQuery, HistoryDepthOnEmpty>;

	/// The ideal number of staking participants.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn validator_count)]
	pub type ValidatorCount<T> = StorageValue<_, u32, ValueQuery>;

	/// Minimum number of staking participants before emergency conditions are imposed.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn minimum_validator_count)]
	pub type MinimumValidatorCount<T> = StorageValue<_, u32, ValueQuery>;

	/// Any validators that may never be slashed or forcibly kicked. It's a Vec since they're
	/// easy to initialize and the performance hit is minimal (we expect no more than four
	/// invulnerables) and restricted to testnets.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn invulnerables)]
	pub type Invulnerables<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Vec<T::AccountId>, ValueQuery>;

	/// Map from all locked "stash" accounts to the controller account.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn bonded)]
	pub type Bonded<T: Config> = StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, T::AccountId>;

	/// The minimum active bond to become and maintain the role of a nominator.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type MinNominatorBond<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, BalanceOf<T>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The minimum active bond to become and maintain the role of a validator.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type MinValidatorBond<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, BalanceOf<T>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The minimum amount of commission that validators can set.
	///
	/// If set to `0`, no limit exists.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type MinCommission<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Perbill, ValueQuery>;

	/// Map from all (unlocked) "controller" accounts to the info regarding the staking.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn ledger)]
	pub type Ledger<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Blake2_128Concat, T::AccountId, StakingLedger<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>;

	/// Where the reward payment should be made. Keyed by stash.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn payee)]
	pub type Payee<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, RewardDestination<T::AccountId>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The map from (wannabe) validator stash key to the preferences of that validator.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn validators)]
	pub type Validators<T: Config> =
		CountedStorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, ValidatorPrefs, ValueQuery>;

	/// The maximum validator count before we stop allowing new validators to join.
	///
	/// When this value is not set, no limits are enforced.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type MaxValidatorsCount<T> = StorageValue<_, u32, OptionQuery>;

	/// The map from nominator stash key to their nomination preferences, namely the validators that
	/// they wish to support.
	///
	/// Note that the keys of this storage map might become non-decodable in case the
	/// [`Config::MaxNominations`] configuration is decreased. In this rare case, these nominators
	/// are still existent in storage, their key is correct and retrievable (i.e. `contains_key`
	/// indicates that they exist), but their value cannot be decoded. Therefore, the non-decodable
	/// nominators will effectively not-exist, until they re-submit their preferences such that it
	/// is within the bounds of the newly set `Config::MaxNominations`.
	///
	/// This implies that `::iter_keys().count()` and `::iter().count()` might return different
	/// values for this map. Moreover, the main `::count()` is aligned with the former, namely the
	/// number of keys that exist.
	///
	/// Lastly, if any of the nominators become non-decodable, they can be chilled immediately via
	/// [`Call::chill_other`] dispatchable by anyone.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn nominators)]
	pub type Nominators<T: Config> =
		CountedStorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, Nominations<T>>;

	/// The maximum nominator count before we stop allowing new validators to join.
	///
	/// When this value is not set, no limits are enforced.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type MaxNominatorsCount<T> = StorageValue<_, u32, OptionQuery>;

	/// The current era index.
	///
	/// This is the latest planned era, depending on how the Session pallet queues the validator
	/// set, it might be active or not.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn current_era)]
	pub type CurrentEra<T> = StorageValue<_, EraIndex>;

	/// The active era information, it holds index and start.
	///
	/// The active era is the era being currently rewarded. Validator set of this era must be
	/// equal to [`SessionInterface::validators`].
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn active_era)]
	pub type ActiveEra<T> = StorageValue<_, ActiveEraInfo>;

	/// The session index at which the era start for the last `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	///
	/// Note: This tracks the starting session (i.e. session index when era start being active)
	/// for the eras in `[CurrentEra - HISTORY_DEPTH, CurrentEra]`.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_start_session_index)]
	pub type ErasStartSessionIndex<T> = StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, EraIndex, SessionIndex>;

	/// Exposure of validator at era.
	///
	/// This is keyed first by the era index to allow bulk deletion and then the stash account.
	///
	/// Is it removed after `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	/// If stakers hasn't been set or has been removed then empty exposure is returned.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_stakers)]
	pub type ErasStakers<T: Config> = StorageDoubleMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		EraIndex,
		Twox64Concat,
		T::AccountId,
		Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// Clipped Exposure of validator at era.
	///
	/// This is similar to [`ErasStakers`] but number of nominators exposed is reduced to the
	/// `T::MaxNominatorRewardedPerValidator` biggest stakers.
	/// (Note: the field `total` and `own` of the exposure remains unchanged).
	/// This is used to limit the i/o cost for the nominator payout.
	///
	/// This is keyed fist by the era index to allow bulk deletion and then the stash account.
	///
	/// Is it removed after `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	/// If stakers hasn't been set or has been removed then empty exposure is returned.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_stakers_clipped)]
	pub type ErasStakersClipped<T: Config> = StorageDoubleMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		EraIndex,
		Twox64Concat,
		T::AccountId,
		Exposure<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// Similar to `ErasStakers`, this holds the preferences of validators.
	///
	/// This is keyed first by the era index to allow bulk deletion and then the stash account.
	///
	/// Is it removed after `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	// If prefs hasn't been set or has been removed then 0 commission is returned.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_validator_prefs)]
	pub type ErasValidatorPrefs<T: Config> = StorageDoubleMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		EraIndex,
		Twox64Concat,
		T::AccountId,
		ValidatorPrefs,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// The total validator era payout for the last `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	///
	/// Eras that haven't finished yet or has been removed doesn't have reward.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_validator_reward)]
	pub type ErasValidatorReward<T: Config> = StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, EraIndex, BalanceOf<T>>;

	/// Rewards for the last `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	/// If reward hasn't been set or has been removed then 0 reward is returned.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_reward_points)]
	pub type ErasRewardPoints<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, EraIndex, EraRewardPoints<T::AccountId>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The total amount staked for the last `HISTORY_DEPTH` eras.
	/// If total hasn't been set or has been removed then 0 stake is returned.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn eras_total_stake)]
	pub type ErasTotalStake<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, EraIndex, BalanceOf<T>, ValueQuery>;

	/// Mode of era forcing.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn force_era)]
	pub type ForceEra<T> = StorageValue<_, Forcing, ValueQuery>;

	/// The percentage of the slash that is distributed to reporters.
	///
	/// The rest of the slashed value is handled by the `Slash`.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn slash_reward_fraction)]
	pub type SlashRewardFraction<T> = StorageValue<_, Perbill, ValueQuery>;

	/// The amount of currency given to reporters of a slash event which was
	/// canceled by extraordinary circumstances (e.g. governance).
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn canceled_payout)]
	pub type CanceledSlashPayout<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, BalanceOf<T>, ValueQuery>;

	/// All unapplied slashes that are queued for later.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub type UnappliedSlashes<T: Config> = StorageMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		EraIndex,
		Vec<UnappliedSlash<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// A mapping from still-bonded eras to the first session index of that era.
	///
	/// Must contains information for eras for the range:
	/// `[active_era - bounding_duration; active_era]`
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type BondedEras<T: Config> =
		StorageValue<_, Vec<(EraIndex, SessionIndex)>, ValueQuery>;

	/// All slashing events on validators, mapped by era to the highest slash proportion
	/// and slash value of the era.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type ValidatorSlashInEra<T: Config> = StorageDoubleMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		EraIndex,
		Twox64Concat,
		T::AccountId,
		(Perbill, BalanceOf<T>),
	>;

	/// All slashing events on nominators, mapped by era to the highest slash value of the era.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type NominatorSlashInEra<T: Config> =
		StorageDoubleMap<_, Twox64Concat, EraIndex, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>;

	/// Slashing spans for stash accounts.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type SlashingSpans<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, slashing::SlashingSpans>;

	/// Records information about the maximum slash of a stash within a slashing span,
	/// as well as how much reward has been paid out.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type SpanSlash<T: Config> = StorageMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		(T::AccountId, slashing::SpanIndex),
		slashing::SpanRecord<BalanceOf<T>>,
		ValueQuery,
	>;

	/// The earliest era for which we have a pending, unapplied slash.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type EarliestUnappliedSlash<T> = StorageValue<_, EraIndex>;

	/// The last planned session scheduled by the session pallet.
	///
	/// This is basically in sync with the call to [`pallet_session::SessionManager::new_session`].
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn current_planned_session)]
	pub type CurrentPlannedSession<T> = StorageValue<_, SessionIndex, ValueQuery>;

	/// Indices of validators that have offended in the active era and whether they are currently
	/// disabled.
	///
	/// This value should be a superset of disabled validators since not all offences lead to the
	/// validator being disabled (if there was no slash). This is needed to track the percentage of
	/// validators that have offended in the current era, ensuring a new era is forced if
	/// `OffendingValidatorsThreshold` is reached. The vec is always kept sorted so that we can find
	/// whether a given validator has previously offended using binary search. It gets cleared when
	/// the era ends.
	#[pallet::storage]
	#[pallet::getter(fn offending_validators)]
	pub type OffendingValidators<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Vec<(u32, bool)>, ValueQuery>;

	/// True if network has been upgraded to this version.
	/// Storage version of the pallet.
	///
	/// This is set to v7.0.0 for new networks.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type StorageVersion<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Releases, ValueQuery>;

	/// The threshold for when users can start calling `chill_other` for other validators /
	/// nominators. The threshold is compared to the actual number of validators / nominators
	/// (`CountFor*`) in the system compared to the configured max (`Max*Count`).
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(crate) type ChillThreshold<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, Percent, OptionQuery>;

	#[pallet::genesis_config]
	pub struct GenesisConfig<T: Config> {
		pub history_depth: u32,
		pub validator_count: u32,
		pub minimum_validator_count: u32,
		pub invulnerables: Vec<T::AccountId>,
		pub force_era: Forcing,
		pub slash_reward_fraction: Perbill,
		pub canceled_payout: BalanceOf<T>,
		pub stakers:
			Vec<(T::AccountId, T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>, crate::StakerStatus<T::AccountId>)>,
		pub min_nominator_bond: BalanceOf<T>,
		pub min_validator_bond: BalanceOf<T>,
		pub max_validator_count: Option<u32>,
		pub max_nominator_count: Option<u32>,
	}

	#[cfg(feature = "std")]
	impl<T: Config> Default for GenesisConfig<T> {
		fn default() -> Self {
			GenesisConfig {
				history_depth: 84u32,
				validator_count: Default::default(),
				minimum_validator_count: Default::default(),
				invulnerables: Default::default(),
				force_era: Default::default(),
				slash_reward_fraction: Default::default(),
				canceled_payout: Default::default(),
				stakers: Default::default(),
				min_nominator_bond: Default::default(),
				min_validator_bond: Default::default(),
				max_validator_count: None,
				max_nominator_count: None,
			}
		}
	}

	#[pallet::genesis_build]
	impl<T: Config> GenesisBuild<T> for GenesisConfig<T> {
		fn build(&self) {
			HistoryDepth::<T>::put(self.history_depth);
			ValidatorCount::<T>::put(self.validator_count);
			MinimumValidatorCount::<T>::put(self.minimum_validator_count);
			Invulnerables::<T>::put(&self.invulnerables);
			ForceEra::<T>::put(self.force_era);
			CanceledSlashPayout::<T>::put(self.canceled_payout);
			SlashRewardFraction::<T>::put(self.slash_reward_fraction);
			StorageVersion::<T>::put(Releases::V7_0_0);
			MinNominatorBond::<T>::put(self.min_nominator_bond);
			MinValidatorBond::<T>::put(self.min_validator_bond);
			if let Some(x) = self.max_validator_count {
				MaxValidatorsCount::<T>::put(x);
			}
			if let Some(x) = self.max_nominator_count {
				MaxNominatorsCount::<T>::put(x);
			}

			for &(ref stash, ref controller, balance, ref status) in &self.stakers {
				crate::log!(
					trace,
					"inserting genesis staker: {:?} => {:?} => {:?}",
					stash,
					balance,
					status
				);
				assert!(
					T::Currency::free_balance(&stash) >= balance,
					"Stash does not have enough balance to bond."
				);
				frame_support::assert_ok!(<Pallet<T>>::bond(
					T::Origin::from(Some(stash.clone()).into()),
					T::Lookup::unlookup(controller.clone()),
					balance,
					RewardDestination::Staked,
				));
				frame_support::assert_ok!(match status {
					crate::StakerStatus::Validator => <Pallet<T>>::validate(
						T::Origin::from(Some(controller.clone()).into()),
						Default::default(),
					),
					crate::StakerStatus::Nominator(votes) => <Pallet<T>>::nominate(
						T::Origin::from(Some(controller.clone()).into()),
						votes.iter().map(|l| T::Lookup::unlookup(l.clone())).collect(),
					),
					_ => Ok(()),
				});
			}

			// all voters are reported to the `VoterList`.
			assert_eq!(
				T::VoterList::count(),
				Nominators::<T>::count() + Validators::<T>::count(),
				"not all genesis stakers were inserted into sorted list provider, something is wrong."
			);
		}
	}

	#[pallet::event]
	#[pallet::generate_deposit(pub(crate) fn deposit_event)]
	pub enum Event<T: Config> {
		/// The era payout has been set; the first balance is the validator-payout; the second is
		/// the remainder from the maximum amount of reward.
		/// \[era_index, validator_payout, remainder\]
		EraPaid(EraIndex, BalanceOf<T>, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// The nominator has been rewarded by this amount. \[stash, amount\]
		Rewarded(T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// One validator (and its nominators) has been slashed by the given amount.
		/// \[validator, amount\]
		Slashed(T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// An old slashing report from a prior era was discarded because it could
		/// not be processed. \[session_index\]
		OldSlashingReportDiscarded(SessionIndex),
		/// A new set of stakers was elected.
		StakersElected,
		/// An account has bonded this amount. \[stash, amount\]
		///
		/// NOTE: This event is only emitted when funds are bonded via a dispatchable. Notably,
		/// it will not be emitted for staking rewards when they are added to stake.
		Bonded(T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// An account has unbonded this amount. \[stash, amount\]
		Unbonded(T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// An account has called `withdraw_unbonded` and removed unbonding chunks worth `Balance`
		/// from the unlocking queue. \[stash, amount\]
		Withdrawn(T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>),
		/// A nominator has been kicked from a validator. \[nominator, stash\]
		Kicked(T::AccountId, T::AccountId),
		/// The election failed. No new era is planned.
		StakingElectionFailed,
		/// An account has stopped participating as either a validator or nominator.
		/// \[stash\]
		Chilled(T::AccountId),
		/// The stakers' rewards are getting paid. \[era_index, validator_stash\]
		PayoutStarted(EraIndex, T::AccountId),
	}

	#[pallet::error]
	pub enum Error<T> {
		/// Not a controller account.
		NotController,
		/// Not a stash account.
		NotStash,
		/// Stash is already bonded.
		AlreadyBonded,
		/// Controller is already paired.
		AlreadyPaired,
		/// Targets cannot be empty.
		EmptyTargets,
		/// Duplicate index.
		DuplicateIndex,
		/// Slash record index out of bounds.
		InvalidSlashIndex,
		/// Cannot have a validator or nominator role, with value less than the minimum defined by
		/// governance (see `MinValidatorBond` and `MinNominatorBond`). If unbonding is the
		/// intention, `chill` first to remove one's role as validator/nominator.
		InsufficientBond,
		/// Can not schedule more unlock chunks.
		NoMoreChunks,
		/// Can not rebond without unlocking chunks.
		NoUnlockChunk,
		/// Attempting to target a stash that still has funds.
		FundedTarget,
		/// Invalid era to reward.
		InvalidEraToReward,
		/// Invalid number of nominations.
		InvalidNumberOfNominations,
		/// Items are not sorted and unique.
		NotSortedAndUnique,
		/// Rewards for this era have already been claimed for this validator.
		AlreadyClaimed,
		/// Incorrect previous history depth input provided.
		IncorrectHistoryDepth,
		/// Incorrect number of slashing spans provided.
		IncorrectSlashingSpans,
		/// Internal state has become somehow corrupted and the operation cannot continue.
		BadState,
		/// Too many nomination targets supplied.
		TooManyTargets,
		/// A nomination target was supplied that was blocked or otherwise not a validator.
		BadTarget,
		/// The user has enough bond and thus cannot be chilled forcefully by an external person.
		CannotChillOther,
		/// There are too many nominators in the system. Governance needs to adjust the staking
		/// settings to keep things safe for the runtime.
		TooManyNominators,
		/// There are too many validators in the system. Governance needs to adjust the staking
		/// settings to keep things safe for the runtime.
		TooManyValidators,
		/// Commission is too low. Must be at least `MinCommission`.
		CommissionTooLow,
	}

	#[pallet::hooks]
	impl<T: Config> Hooks<BlockNumberFor<T>> for Pallet<T> {
		fn on_initialize(_now: BlockNumberFor<T>) -> Weight {
			// just return the weight of the on_finalize.
			T::DbWeight::get().reads(1)
		}

		fn on_finalize(_n: BlockNumberFor<T>) {
			// Set the start of the first era.
			if let Some(mut active_era) = Self::active_era() {
				if active_era.start.is_none() {
					let now_as_millis_u64 = T::UnixTime::now().as_millis().saturated_into::<u64>();
					active_era.start = Some(now_as_millis_u64);
					// This write only ever happens once, we don't include it in the weight in
					// general
					ActiveEra::<T>::put(active_era);
				}
			}
			// `on_finalize` weight is tracked in `on_initialize`
		}

		fn integrity_test() {
			// ensure that we funnel the correct value to the `DataProvider::MaxVotesPerVoter`;
			assert_eq!(
				T::MaxNominations::get(),
				<Self as ElectionDataProvider>::MaxVotesPerVoter::get()
			);
			// and that MaxNominations is always greater than 1, since we count on this.
			assert!(!T::MaxNominations::get().is_zero());

			sp_std::if_std! {
				sp_io::TestExternalities::new_empty().execute_with(||
					assert!(
						T::SlashDeferDuration::get() < T::BondingDuration::get() || T::BondingDuration::get() == 0,
						"As per documentation, slash defer duration ({}) should be less than bonding duration ({}).",
						T::SlashDeferDuration::get(),
						T::BondingDuration::get(),
					)
				);
			}
		}
	}

	#[pallet::call]
	impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
		/// Take the origin account as a stash and lock up `value` of its balance. `controller` will
		/// be the account that controls it.
		///
		/// `value` must be more than the `minimum_balance` specified by `T::Currency`.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the stash account.
		///
		/// Emits `Bonded`.
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Moderate complexity.
		/// - O(1).
		/// - Three extra DB entries.
		///
		/// NOTE: Two of the storage writes (`Self::bonded`, `Self::payee`) are _never_ cleaned
		/// unless the `origin` falls below _existential deposit_ and gets removed as dust.
		/// ------------------
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::bond())]
		pub fn bond(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			controller: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[pallet::compact] value: BalanceOf<T>,
			payee: RewardDestination<T::AccountId>,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			let stash = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			if <Bonded<T>>::contains_key(&stash) {
				Err(Error::<T>::AlreadyBonded)?
			}

			let controller = T::Lookup::lookup(controller)?;

			if <Ledger<T>>::contains_key(&controller) {
				Err(Error::<T>::AlreadyPaired)?
			}

			// Reject a bond which is considered to be _dust_.
			if value < T::Currency::minimum_balance() {
				Err(Error::<T>::InsufficientBond)?
			}

			frame_system::Pallet::<T>::inc_consumers(&stash).map_err(|_| Error::<T>::BadState)?;

			// You're auto-bonded forever, here. We might improve this by only bonding when
			// you actually validate/nominate and remove once you unbond __everything__.
			<Bonded<T>>::insert(&stash, &controller);
			<Payee<T>>::insert(&stash, payee);

			let current_era = CurrentEra::<T>::get().unwrap_or(0);
			let history_depth = Self::history_depth();
			let last_reward_era = current_era.saturating_sub(history_depth);

			let stash_balance = T::Currency::free_balance(&stash);
			let value = value.min(stash_balance);
			Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Bonded(stash.clone(), value));
			let item = StakingLedger {
				stash,
				total: value,
				active: value,
				unlocking: Default::default(),
				claimed_rewards: (last_reward_era..current_era).collect(),
			};
			Self::update_ledger(&controller, &item);
			Ok(())
		}

		/// Add some extra amount that have appeared in the stash `free_balance` into the balance up
		/// for staking.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the stash, not the controller.
		///
		/// Use this if there are additional funds in your stash account that you wish to bond.
		/// Unlike [`bond`](Self::bond) or [`unbond`](Self::unbond) this function does not impose
		/// any limitation on the amount that can be added.
		///
		/// Emits `Bonded`.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments. Insignificant complexity.
		/// - O(1).
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::bond_extra())]
		pub fn bond_extra(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			#[pallet::compact] max_additional: BalanceOf<T>,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			let stash = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			let controller = Self::bonded(&stash).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotStash)?;
			let mut ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;

			let stash_balance = T::Currency::free_balance(&stash);
			if let Some(extra) = stash_balance.checked_sub(&ledger.total) {
				let extra = extra.min(max_additional);
				ledger.total += extra;
				ledger.active += extra;
				// Last check: the new active amount of ledger must be more than ED.
				ensure!(
					ledger.active >= T::Currency::minimum_balance(),
					Error::<T>::InsufficientBond
				);

				// NOTE: ledger must be updated prior to calling `Self::weight_of`.
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);
				// update this staker in the sorted list, if they exist in it.
				if T::VoterList::contains(&stash) {
					T::VoterList::on_update(&stash, Self::weight_of(&ledger.stash));
					debug_assert_eq!(T::VoterList::sanity_check(), Ok(()));
				}

				Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Bonded(stash.clone(), extra));
			}
			Ok(())
		}

		/// Schedule a portion of the stash to be unlocked ready for transfer out after the bond
		/// period ends. If this leaves an amount actively bonded less than
		/// T::Currency::minimum_balance(), then it is increased to the full amount.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		///
		/// Once the unlock period is done, you can call `withdraw_unbonded` to actually move
		/// the funds out of management ready for transfer.
		///
		/// No more than a limited number of unlocking chunks (see `MaxUnlockingChunks`)
		/// can co-exists at the same time. In that case, [`Call::withdraw_unbonded`] need
		/// to be called first to remove some of the chunks (if possible).
		///
		/// If a user encounters the `InsufficientBond` error when calling this extrinsic,
		/// they should call `chill` first in order to free up their bonded funds.
		///
		/// Emits `Unbonded`.
		///
		/// See also [`Call::withdraw_unbonded`].
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::unbond())]
		pub fn unbond(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			#[pallet::compact] value: BalanceOf<T>,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let mut ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			ensure!(
				ledger.unlocking.len() < MaxUnlockingChunks::get() as usize,
				Error::<T>::NoMoreChunks,
			);

			let mut value = value.min(ledger.active);

			if !value.is_zero() {
				ledger.active -= value;

				// Avoid there being a dust balance left in the staking system.
				if ledger.active < T::Currency::minimum_balance() {
					value += ledger.active;
					ledger.active = Zero::zero();
				}

				let min_active_bond = if Nominators::<T>::contains_key(&ledger.stash) {
					MinNominatorBond::<T>::get()
				} else if Validators::<T>::contains_key(&ledger.stash) {
					MinValidatorBond::<T>::get()
				} else {
					Zero::zero()
				};

				// Make sure that the user maintains enough active bond for their role.
				// If a user runs into this error, they should chill first.
				ensure!(ledger.active >= min_active_bond, Error::<T>::InsufficientBond);

				// Note: in case there is no current era it is fine to bond one era more.
				let era = Self::current_era().unwrap_or(0) + T::BondingDuration::get();
				if let Some(mut chunk) =
					ledger.unlocking.last_mut().filter(|chunk| chunk.era == era)
				{
					// To keep the chunk count down, we only keep one chunk per era. Since
					// `unlocking` is a FiFo queue, if a chunk exists for `era` we know that it will
					// be the last one.
					chunk.value = chunk.value.defensive_saturating_add(value)
				} else {
					ledger
						.unlocking
						.try_push(UnlockChunk { value, era })
						.map_err(|_| Error::<T>::NoMoreChunks)?;
				};
				// NOTE: ledger must be updated prior to calling `Self::weight_of`.
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);

				// update this staker in the sorted list, if they exist in it.
				if T::VoterList::contains(&ledger.stash) {
					T::VoterList::on_update(&ledger.stash, Self::weight_of(&ledger.stash));
				}

				Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Unbonded(ledger.stash, value));
			}
			Ok(())
		}

		/// Remove any unlocked chunks from the `unlocking` queue from our management.
		///
		/// This essentially frees up that balance to be used by the stash account to do
		/// whatever it wants.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller.
		///
		/// Emits `Withdrawn`.
		///
		/// See also [`Call::unbond`].
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// Complexity O(S) where S is the number of slashing spans to remove
		/// NOTE: Weight annotation is the kill scenario, we refund otherwise.
		/// # </weight>
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::withdraw_unbonded_kill(*num_slashing_spans))]
		pub fn withdraw_unbonded(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			num_slashing_spans: u32,
		) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let mut ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;
			let (stash, old_total) = (ledger.stash.clone(), ledger.total);
			if let Some(current_era) = Self::current_era() {
				ledger = ledger.consolidate_unlocked(current_era)
			}

			let post_info_weight = if ledger.unlocking.is_empty() &&
				ledger.active < T::Currency::minimum_balance()
			{
				// This account must have called `unbond()` with some value that caused the active
				// portion to fall below existential deposit + will have no more unlocking chunks
				// left. We can now safely remove all staking-related information.
				Self::kill_stash(&stash, num_slashing_spans)?;
				// Remove the lock.
				T::Currency::remove_lock(STAKING_ID, &stash);
				// This is worst case scenario, so we use the full weight and return None
				None
			} else {
				// This was the consequence of a partial unbond. just update the ledger and move on.
				Self::update_ledger(&controller, &ledger);

				// This is only an update, so we use less overall weight.
				Some(T::WeightInfo::withdraw_unbonded_update(num_slashing_spans))
			};

			// `old_total` should never be less than the new total because
			// `consolidate_unlocked` strictly subtracts balance.
			if ledger.total < old_total {
				// Already checked that this won't overflow by entry condition.
				let value = old_total - ledger.total;
				Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Withdrawn(stash, value));
			}

			Ok(post_info_weight.into())
		}

		/// Declare the desire to validate for the origin controller.
		///
		/// Effects will be felt at the beginning of the next era.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be _Signed_ by the controller, not the stash.
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::validate())]
		pub fn validate(origin: OriginFor<T>, prefs: ValidatorPrefs) -> DispatchResult {
			let controller = ensure_signed(origin)?;

			let ledger = Self::ledger(&controller).ok_or(Error::<T>::NotController)?;

			ensure!(ledger.active >= MinValidatorBond::<T>::get(), Error::<T>::InsufficientBond);
			let stash = &ledger.stash;