lib.rs

// Copyright 2017-2020 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Substrate.

// Substrate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Substrate is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! # Balances Module
//!
//! The Balances module provides functionality for handling accounts and balances.
//!
//! - [`balances::Trait`](./trait.Trait.html)
//! - [`Call`](./enum.Call.html)
//! - [`Module`](./struct.Module.html)
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! The Balances module provides functions for:
//!
//! - Getting and setting free balances.
//! - Retrieving total, reserved and unreserved balances.
//! - Repatriating a reserved balance to a beneficiary account that exists.
//! - Transferring a balance between accounts (when not reserved).
//! - Slashing an account balance.
//! - Account creation and removal.
//! - Managing total issuance.
//! - Setting and managing locks.
//!
//! ### Terminology
//!
//! - **Existential Deposit:** The minimum balance required to create or keep an account open. This prevents
//! "dust accounts" from filling storage.
//! - **Total Issuance:** The total number of units in existence in a system.
//! - **Reaping an account:** The act of removing an account by resetting its nonce. Happens after its balance is set
//! to zero.
//! - **Free Balance:** The portion of a balance that is not reserved. The free balance is the only
//!   balance that matters for most operations. When this balance falls below the existential
//!   deposit, most functionality of the account is removed. When both it and the reserved balance
//!   are deleted, then the account is said to be dead.
//!
//!   No account should ever have a free balance that is strictly between 0 and the existential
//!   deposit (exclusive). If this ever happens, it indicates either a bug in this module or an
//!   erroneous raw mutation of storage.
//!
//! - **Reserved Balance:** Reserved balance still belongs to the account holder, but is suspended.
//!   Reserved balance can still be slashed, but only after all the free balance has been slashed.
//!   If the reserved balance falls below the existential deposit, it and any related functionality
//!   will be deleted. When both it and the free balance are deleted, then the account is said to
//!   be dead.
//!
//!   No account should ever have a reserved balance that is strictly between 0 and the existential
//!   deposit (exclusive). If this ever happens, it indicates either a bug in this module or an
//!   erroneous raw mutation of storage.
//!
//! - **Imbalance:** A condition when some funds were credited or debited without equal and opposite accounting
//! (i.e. a difference between total issuance and account balances). Functions that result in an imbalance will
//! return an object of the `Imbalance` trait that can be managed within your runtime logic. (If an imbalance is
//! simply dropped, it should automatically maintain any book-keeping such as total issuance.)
//! - **Lock:** A freeze on a specified amount of an account's free balance until a specified block number. Multiple
//! locks always operate over the same funds, so they "overlay" rather than "stack".
//! - **Vesting:** Similar to a lock, this is another, but independent, liquidity restriction that reduces linearly
//! over time.
//!
//! ### Implementations
//!
//! The Balances module provides implementations for the following traits. If these traits provide the functionality
//! that you need, then you can avoid coupling with the Balances module.
//!
//! - [`Currency`](../frame_support/traits/trait.Currency.html): Functions for dealing with a
//! fungible assets system.
//! - [`ReservableCurrency`](../frame_support/traits/trait.ReservableCurrency.html):
//! Functions for dealing with assets that can be reserved from an account.
//! - [`LockableCurrency`](../frame_support/traits/trait.LockableCurrency.html): Functions for
//! dealing with accounts that allow liquidity restrictions.
//! - [`Imbalance`](../frame_support/traits/trait.Imbalance.html): Functions for handling
//! imbalances between total issuance in the system and account balances. Must be used when a function
//! creates new funds (e.g. a reward) or destroys some funds (e.g. a system fee).
//! - [`IsDeadAccount`](../frame_system/trait.IsDeadAccount.html): Determiner to say whether a
//! given account is unused.
//!
//! ## Interface
//!
//! ### Dispatchable Functions
//!
//! - `transfer` - Transfer some liquid free balance to another account.
//! - `set_balance` - Set the balances of a given account. The origin of this call must be root.
//!
//! ### Public Functions
//!
//! - `vesting_balance` - Get the amount that is currently being vested and cannot be transferred out of this account.
//!
//! ## Usage
//!
//! The following examples show how to use the Balances module in your custom module.
//!
//! ### Examples from the SRML
//!
//! The Contract module uses the `Currency` trait to handle gas payment, and its types inherit from `Currency`:
//!
//! ```
//! use frame_support::traits::Currency;
//! # pub trait Trait: frame_system::Trait {
//! # 	type Currency: Currency<Self::AccountId>;
//! # }
//!
//! pub type BalanceOf<T> = <<T as Trait>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::Balance;
//! pub type NegativeImbalanceOf<T> = <<T as Trait>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::NegativeImbalance;
//!
//! # fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The Staking module uses the `LockableCurrency` trait to lock a stash account's funds:
//!
//! ```
//! use frame_support::traits::{WithdrawReasons, LockableCurrency};
//! use sp_runtime::traits::Bounded;
//! pub trait Trait: frame_system::Trait {
//! 	type Currency: LockableCurrency<Self::AccountId, Moment=Self::BlockNumber>;
//! }
//! # struct StakingLedger<T: Trait> {
//! # 	stash: <T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId,
//! # 	total: <<T as Trait>::Currency as frame_support::traits::Currency<<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId>>::Balance,
//! # 	phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
//! # }
//! # const STAKING_ID: [u8; 8] = *b"staking ";
//!
//! fn update_ledger<T: Trait>(
//! 	controller: &T::AccountId,
//! 	ledger: &StakingLedger<T>
//! ) {
//! 	T::Currency::set_lock(
//! 		STAKING_ID,
//! 		&ledger.stash,
//! 		ledger.total,
//! 		T::BlockNumber::max_value(),
//! 		WithdrawReasons::all()
//! 	);
//! 	// <Ledger<T>>::insert(controller, ledger); // Commented out as we don't have access to Staking's storage here.
//! }
//! # fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! ## Genesis config
//!
//! The Balances module depends on the [`GenesisConfig`](./struct.GenesisConfig.html).
//!
//! ## Assumptions
//!
//! * Total issued balanced of all accounts should be less than `Trait::Balance::max_value()`.

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

use sp_std::prelude::*;
use sp_std::{cmp, result, mem, fmt::Debug};
use codec::{Codec, Encode, Decode};
use frame_support::{
	StorageValue, Parameter, decl_event, decl_storage, decl_module, decl_error,
	traits::{
		UpdateBalanceOutcome, Currency, OnFreeBalanceZero, OnReapAccount, OnUnbalanced, TryDrop,
		WithdrawReason, WithdrawReasons, LockIdentifier, LockableCurrency, ExistenceRequirement,
		Imbalance, SignedImbalance, ReservableCurrency, Get, VestingCurrency,
	},
	weights::SimpleDispatchInfo,
};
use sp_runtime::{
	RuntimeDebug, DispatchResult, DispatchError,
	traits::{
		Zero, SimpleArithmetic, StaticLookup, Member, CheckedAdd, CheckedSub, MaybeSerializeDeserialize,
		Saturating, Bounded,
	},
};
use frame_system::{self as system, IsDeadAccount, OnNewAccount, ensure_signed, ensure_root};

#[cfg(test)]
mod mock;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

pub use self::imbalances::{PositiveImbalance, NegativeImbalance};

pub trait Subtrait<I: Instance = DefaultInstance>: frame_system::Trait {
	/// The balance of an account.
	type Balance: Parameter + Member + SimpleArithmetic + Codec + Default + Copy +
		MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + From<Self::BlockNumber>;

	/// A function that is invoked when the free-balance has fallen below the existential deposit and
	/// has been reduced to zero.
	///
	/// Gives a chance to clean up resources associated with the given account.
	type OnFreeBalanceZero: OnFreeBalanceZero<Self::AccountId>;

	/// A function that is invoked when the free-balance and the reserved-balance has fallen below
	/// the existential deposit and both have been reduced to zero.
	///
	/// All resources should be cleaned up all resources associated with the given account.
	type OnReapAccount: OnReapAccount<Self::AccountId>;

	/// Handler for when a new account is created.
	type OnNewAccount: OnNewAccount<Self::AccountId>;

	/// The minimum amount required to keep an account open.
	type ExistentialDeposit: Get<Self::Balance>;

	/// The fee required to make a transfer.
	type TransferFee: Get<Self::Balance>;

	/// The fee required to create an account.
	type CreationFee: Get<Self::Balance>;
}

pub trait Trait<I: Instance = DefaultInstance>: frame_system::Trait {
	/// The balance of an account.
	type Balance: Parameter + Member + SimpleArithmetic + Codec + Default + Copy +
		MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + From<Self::BlockNumber>;

	/// A function that is invoked when the free-balance has fallen below the existential deposit and
	/// has been reduced to zero.
	///
	/// Gives a chance to clean up resources associated with the given account.
	type OnFreeBalanceZero: OnFreeBalanceZero<Self::AccountId>;

	/// A function that is invoked when the free-balance and the reserved-balance has fallen below
	/// the existential deposit and both have been reduced to zero.
	///
	/// All resources should be cleaned up all resources associated with the given account.
	type OnReapAccount: OnReapAccount<Self::AccountId>;

	/// Handler for when a new account is created.
	type OnNewAccount: OnNewAccount<Self::AccountId>;

	/// Handler for the unbalanced reduction when taking fees associated with balance
	/// transfer (which may also include account creation).
	type TransferPayment: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalance<Self, I>>;

	/// Handler for the unbalanced reduction when removing a dust account.
	type DustRemoval: OnUnbalanced<NegativeImbalance<Self, I>>;

	/// The overarching event type.
	type Event: From<Event<Self, I>> + Into<<Self as frame_system::Trait>::Event>;

	/// The minimum amount required to keep an account open.
	type ExistentialDeposit: Get<Self::Balance>;

	/// The fee required to make a transfer.
	type TransferFee: Get<Self::Balance>;

	/// The fee required to create an account.
	type CreationFee: Get<Self::Balance>;
}

impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> Subtrait<I> for T {
	type Balance = T::Balance;
	type OnFreeBalanceZero = T::OnFreeBalanceZero;
	type OnReapAccount = T::OnReapAccount;
	type OnNewAccount = T::OnNewAccount;
	type ExistentialDeposit = T::ExistentialDeposit;
	type TransferFee = T::TransferFee;
	type CreationFee = T::CreationFee;
}

decl_event!(
	pub enum Event<T, I: Instance = DefaultInstance> where
		<T as frame_system::Trait>::AccountId,
		<T as Trait<I>>::Balance
	{
		/// A new account was created.
		NewAccount(AccountId, Balance),
		/// An account was reaped.
		ReapedAccount(AccountId, Balance),
		/// Transfer succeeded (from, to, value, fees).
		Transfer(AccountId, AccountId, Balance, Balance),
		/// A balance was set by root (who, free, reserved).
		BalanceSet(AccountId, Balance, Balance),
		/// Some amount was deposited (e.g. for transaction fees).
		Deposit(AccountId, Balance),
	}
);

decl_error! {
	pub enum Error for Module<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> {
		/// Vesting balance too high to send value
		VestingBalance,
		/// Account liquidity restrictions prevent withdrawal
		LiquidityRestrictions,
		/// Got an overflow after adding
		Overflow,
		/// Balance too low to send value
		InsufficientBalance,
		/// Value too low to create account due to existential deposit
		ExistentialDeposit,
		/// Transfer/payment would kill account
		KeepAlive,
		/// A vesting schedule already exists for this account
		ExistingVestingSchedule,
		/// Beneficiary account must pre-exist
		DeadAccount,
	}
}

/// Struct to encode the vesting schedule of an individual account.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct VestingSchedule<Balance, BlockNumber> {
	/// Locked amount at genesis.
	pub locked: Balance,
	/// Amount that gets unlocked every block after `starting_block`.
	pub per_block: Balance,
	/// Starting block for unlocking(vesting).
	pub starting_block: BlockNumber,
}

impl<Balance: SimpleArithmetic + Copy, BlockNumber: SimpleArithmetic + Copy> VestingSchedule<Balance, BlockNumber> {
	/// Amount locked at block `n`.
	pub fn locked_at(&self, n: BlockNumber) -> Balance
		where Balance: From<BlockNumber>
	{
		// Number of blocks that count toward vesting
		// Saturating to 0 when n < starting_block
		let vested_block_count = n.saturating_sub(self.starting_block);
		// Return amount that is still locked in vesting
		if let Some(x) = Balance::from(vested_block_count).checked_mul(&self.per_block) {
			self.locked.max(x) - x
		} else {
			Zero::zero()
		}
	}
}

#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct BalanceLock<Balance, BlockNumber> {
	pub id: LockIdentifier,
	pub amount: Balance,
	pub until: BlockNumber,
	pub reasons: WithdrawReasons,
}

decl_storage! {
	trait Store for Module<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance=DefaultInstance> as Balances {
		/// The total units issued in the system.
		pub TotalIssuance get(fn total_issuance) build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T, I>| {
			config.balances.iter().fold(Zero::zero(), |acc: T::Balance, &(_, n)| acc + n)
		}): T::Balance;

		/// Information regarding the vesting of a given account.
		pub Vesting get(fn vesting) build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T, I>| {
			// Generate initial vesting configuration
			// * who - Account which we are generating vesting configuration for
			// * begin - Block when the account will start to vest
			// * length - Number of blocks from `begin` until fully vested
			// * liquid - Number of units which can be spent before vesting begins
			config.vesting.iter().filter_map(|&(ref who, begin, length, liquid)| {
				let length = <T::Balance as From<T::BlockNumber>>::from(length);

				config.balances.iter()
					.find(|&&(ref w, _)| w == who)
					.map(|&(_, balance)| {
						// Total genesis `balance` minus `liquid` equals funds locked for vesting
						let locked = balance.saturating_sub(liquid);
						// Number of units unlocked per block after `begin`
						let per_block = locked / length.max(sp_runtime::traits::One::one());

						(who.clone(), VestingSchedule {
							locked: locked,
							per_block: per_block,
							starting_block: begin
						})
					})
			}).collect::<Vec<_>>()
		}):
			map hasher(blake2_256) T::AccountId
			=> Option<VestingSchedule<T::Balance, T::BlockNumber>>;

		/// The 'free' balance of a given account.
		///
		/// This is the only balance that matters in terms of most operations on tokens. It
		/// alone is used to determine the balance when in the contract execution environment. When this
		/// balance falls below the value of `ExistentialDeposit`, then the 'current account' is
		/// deleted: specifically `FreeBalance`. Further, the `OnFreeBalanceZero` callback
		/// is invoked, giving a chance to external modules to clean up data associated with
		/// the deleted account.
		///
		/// `frame_system::AccountNonce` is also deleted if `ReservedBalance` is also zero (it also gets
		/// collapsed to zero if it ever becomes less than `ExistentialDeposit`.
		pub FreeBalance get(fn free_balance)
			build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T, I>| config.balances.clone()):
			map hasher(blake2_256) T::AccountId => T::Balance;

		/// The amount of the balance of a given account that is externally reserved; this can still get
		/// slashed, but gets slashed last of all.
		///
		/// This balance is a 'reserve' balance that other subsystems use in order to set aside tokens
		/// that are still 'owned' by the account holder, but which are suspendable.
		///
		/// When this balance falls below the value of `ExistentialDeposit`, then this 'reserve account'
		/// is deleted: specifically, `ReservedBalance`.
		///
		/// `frame_system::AccountNonce` is also deleted if `FreeBalance` is also zero (it also gets
		/// collapsed to zero if it ever becomes less than `ExistentialDeposit`.)
		pub ReservedBalance get(fn reserved_balance):
			map hasher(blake2_256) T::AccountId => T::Balance;

		/// Any liquidity locks on some account balances.
		pub Locks get(fn locks):
			map hasher(blake2_256) T::AccountId => Vec<BalanceLock<T::Balance, T::BlockNumber>>;
	}
	add_extra_genesis {
		config(balances): Vec<(T::AccountId, T::Balance)>;
		config(vesting): Vec<(T::AccountId, T::BlockNumber, T::BlockNumber, T::Balance)>;
		// ^^ begin, length, amount liquid at genesis
		build(|config: &GenesisConfig<T, I>| {
			for (_, balance) in &config.balances {
				assert!(
					*balance >= <T as Trait<I>>::ExistentialDeposit::get(),
					"the balance of any account should always be more than existential deposit.",
				)
			}
		});
	}
}

decl_module! {
	pub struct Module<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance = DefaultInstance> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
		type Error = Error<T, I>;

		/// The minimum amount required to keep an account open.
		const ExistentialDeposit: T::Balance = T::ExistentialDeposit::get();

		/// The fee required to make a transfer.
		const TransferFee: T::Balance = T::TransferFee::get();

		/// The fee required to create an account.
		const CreationFee: T::Balance = T::CreationFee::get();

		fn deposit_event() = default;

		/// Transfer some liquid free balance to another account.
		///
		/// `transfer` will set the `FreeBalance` of the sender and receiver.
		/// It will decrease the total issuance of the system by the `TransferFee`.
		/// If the sender's account is below the existential deposit as a result
		/// of the transfer, the account will be reaped.
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call must be `Signed` by the transactor.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Dependent on arguments but not critical, given proper implementations for
		///   input config types. See related functions below.
		/// - It contains a limited number of reads and writes internally and no complex computation.
		///
		/// Related functions:
		///
		///   - `ensure_can_withdraw` is always called internally but has a bounded complexity.
		///   - Transferring balances to accounts that did not exist before will cause
		///      `T::OnNewAccount::on_new_account` to be called.
		///   - Removing enough funds from an account will trigger
		///     `T::DustRemoval::on_unbalanced` and `T::OnFreeBalanceZero::on_free_balance_zero`.
		///   - `transfer_keep_alive` works the same way as `transfer`, but has an additional
		///     check that the transfer will not kill the origin account.
		///
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(1_000_000)]
		pub fn transfer(
			origin,
			dest: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[compact] value: T::Balance
		) {
			let transactor = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let dest = T::Lookup::lookup(dest)?;
			<Self as Currency<_>>::transfer(&transactor, &dest, value, ExistenceRequirement::AllowDeath)?;
		}

		/// Set the balances of a given account.
		///
		/// This will alter `FreeBalance` and `ReservedBalance` in storage. it will
		/// also decrease the total issuance of the system (`TotalIssuance`).
		/// If the new free or reserved balance is below the existential deposit,
		/// it will reset the account nonce (`frame_system::AccountNonce`).
		///
		/// The dispatch origin for this call is `root`.
		///
		/// # <weight>
		/// - Independent of the arguments.
		/// - Contains a limited number of reads and writes.
		/// # </weight>
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedOperational(50_000)]
		fn set_balance(
			origin,
			who: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[compact] new_free: T::Balance,
			#[compact] new_reserved: T::Balance
		) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			let who = T::Lookup::lookup(who)?;
			let existential_deposit = T::ExistentialDeposit::get();

			let new_free = if new_free < existential_deposit { Zero::zero() } else { new_free };
			let new_reserved = if new_reserved < existential_deposit { Zero::zero() } else { new_reserved };

			let current_free = <FreeBalance<T, I>>::get(&who);
			if new_free > current_free {
				mem::drop(PositiveImbalance::<T, I>::new(new_free - current_free));
			} else if new_free < current_free {
				mem::drop(NegativeImbalance::<T, I>::new(current_free - new_free));
			}
			Self::set_free_balance(&who, new_free);

			let current_reserved = <ReservedBalance<T, I>>::get(&who);
			if new_reserved > current_reserved {
				mem::drop(PositiveImbalance::<T, I>::new(new_reserved - current_reserved));
			} else if new_reserved < current_reserved {
				mem::drop(NegativeImbalance::<T, I>::new(current_reserved - new_reserved));
			}
			Self::set_reserved_balance(&who, new_reserved);

			Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::BalanceSet(who, new_free, new_reserved));
		}

		/// Exactly as `transfer`, except the origin must be root and the source account may be
		/// specified.
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(1_000_000)]
		pub fn force_transfer(
			origin,
			source: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			dest: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[compact] value: T::Balance
		) {
			ensure_root(origin)?;
			let source = T::Lookup::lookup(source)?;
			let dest = T::Lookup::lookup(dest)?;
			<Self as Currency<_>>::transfer(&source, &dest, value, ExistenceRequirement::AllowDeath)?;
		}

		/// Same as the [`transfer`] call, but with a check that the transfer will not kill the
		/// origin account.
		///
		/// 99% of the time you want [`transfer`] instead.
		///
		/// [`transfer`]: struct.Module.html#method.transfer
		#[weight = SimpleDispatchInfo::FixedNormal(1_000_000)]
		pub fn transfer_keep_alive(
			origin,
			dest: <T::Lookup as StaticLookup>::Source,
			#[compact] value: T::Balance
		) {
			let transactor = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let dest = T::Lookup::lookup(dest)?;
			<Self as Currency<_>>::transfer(&transactor, &dest, value, ExistenceRequirement::KeepAlive)?;
		}

	}
}

impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> Module<T, I> {
	// PRIVATE MUTABLES

	/// Set the reserved balance of an account to some new value. Will enforce `ExistentialDeposit`
	/// law, annulling the account as needed.
	///
	/// Doesn't do any preparatory work for creating a new account, so should only be used when it
	/// is known that the account already exists.
	///
	/// NOTE: LOW-LEVEL: This will not attempt to maintain total issuance. It is expected that
	/// the caller will do this.
	fn set_reserved_balance(who: &T::AccountId, balance: T::Balance) -> UpdateBalanceOutcome {
		if balance < T::ExistentialDeposit::get() {
			<ReservedBalance<T, I>>::insert(who, balance);
			Self::on_reserved_too_low(who);
			UpdateBalanceOutcome::AccountKilled
		} else {
			<ReservedBalance<T, I>>::insert(who, balance);
			UpdateBalanceOutcome::Updated
		}
	}

	/// Set the free balance of an account to some new value. Will enforce `ExistentialDeposit`
	/// law, annulling the account as needed.
	///
	/// Doesn't do any preparatory work for creating a new account, so should only be used when it
	/// is known that the account already exists.
	///
	/// NOTE: LOW-LEVEL: This will not attempt to maintain total issuance. It is expected that
	/// the caller will do this.
	fn set_free_balance(who: &T::AccountId, balance: T::Balance) -> UpdateBalanceOutcome {
		// Commented out for now - but consider it instructive.
		// assert!(!Self::total_balance(who).is_zero());
		// assert!(Self::free_balance(who) > T::ExistentialDeposit::get());
		if balance < T::ExistentialDeposit::get() {
			<FreeBalance<T, I>>::insert(who, balance);
			Self::on_free_too_low(who);
			UpdateBalanceOutcome::AccountKilled
		} else {
			<FreeBalance<T, I>>::insert(who, balance);
			UpdateBalanceOutcome::Updated
		}
	}

	/// Register a new account (with existential balance).
	///
	/// This just calls appropriate hooks. It doesn't (necessarily) make any state changes.
	fn new_account(who: &T::AccountId, balance: T::Balance) {
		T::OnNewAccount::on_new_account(&who);
		Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::NewAccount(who.clone(), balance.clone()));
	}

	/// Unregister an account.
	///
	/// This just removes the nonce and leaves an event.
	fn reap_account(who: &T::AccountId, dust: T::Balance) {
		T::OnReapAccount::on_reap_account(who);
		Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::ReapedAccount(who.clone(), dust));
	}

	/// Account's free balance has dropped below existential deposit. Kill its
	/// free side and the account completely if its reserved size is already dead.
	///
	/// Will maintain total issuance.
	fn on_free_too_low(who: &T::AccountId) {
		let dust = <FreeBalance<T, I>>::take(who);
		<Locks<T, I>>::remove(who);

		T::OnFreeBalanceZero::on_free_balance_zero(who);

		let mut reserved_balance = Self::reserved_balance(who);

		if !dust.is_zero() {
			if reserved_balance >= T::ExistentialDeposit::get() {
				// any individual account cannot cause overflow in balance.
				reserved_balance += dust;
				Self::set_reserved_balance(who, reserved_balance);
			} else {
				// underflow should never happen, but if it does, there's not much we can do.
				T::DustRemoval::on_unbalanced(NegativeImbalance::new(dust));
			}
		}

		if reserved_balance.is_zero() {
			Self::reap_account(who, dust);
		}
	}

	/// Account's reserved balance has dropped below existential deposit. Kill its
	/// reserved side and the account completely if its free size is already dead.
	///
	/// Will maintain total issuance.
	fn on_reserved_too_low(who: &T::AccountId) {
		let dust = <ReservedBalance<T, I>>::take(who);

		let mut free_balance = Self::free_balance(who);

		if !dust.is_zero() {
			if free_balance >= T::ExistentialDeposit::get() {
				// any individual account cannot cause overflow in balance.
				free_balance += dust;
				Self::set_free_balance(who, free_balance);
			} else {
				// underflow should never happen, but it if does, there's nothing to be done here.
				T::DustRemoval::on_unbalanced(NegativeImbalance::new(dust));
			}
		}

		if free_balance.is_zero() {
			Self::reap_account(who, dust);
		}
	}
}

// wrapping these imbalances in a private module is necessary to ensure absolute privacy
// of the inner member.
mod imbalances {
	use super::{
		result, Subtrait, DefaultInstance, Imbalance, Trait, Zero, Instance, Saturating,
		StorageValue, TryDrop,
	};
	use sp_std::mem;

	/// Opaque, move-only struct with private fields that serves as a token denoting that
	/// funds have been created without any equal and opposite accounting.
	#[must_use]
	pub struct PositiveImbalance<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance=DefaultInstance>(T::Balance);

	impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> PositiveImbalance<T, I> {
		/// Create a new positive imbalance from a balance.
		pub fn new(amount: T::Balance) -> Self {
			PositiveImbalance(amount)
		}
	}

	/// Opaque, move-only struct with private fields that serves as a token denoting that
	/// funds have been destroyed without any equal and opposite accounting.
	#[must_use]
	pub struct NegativeImbalance<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance=DefaultInstance>(T::Balance);

	impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> NegativeImbalance<T, I> {
		/// Create a new negative imbalance from a balance.
		pub fn new(amount: T::Balance) -> Self {
			NegativeImbalance(amount)
		}
	}

	impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> TryDrop for PositiveImbalance<T, I> {
		fn try_drop(self) -> result::Result<(), Self> {
			self.drop_zero()
		}
	}

	impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> Imbalance<T::Balance> for PositiveImbalance<T, I> {
		type Opposite = NegativeImbalance<T, I>;

		fn zero() -> Self {
			Self(Zero::zero())
		}
		fn drop_zero(self) -> result::Result<(), Self> {
			if self.0.is_zero() {
				Ok(())
			} else {
				Err(self)
			}
		}
		fn split(self, amount: T::Balance) -> (Self, Self) {
			let first = self.0.min(amount);
			let second = self.0 - first;

			mem::forget(self);
			(Self(first), Self(second))
		}
		fn merge(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
			self.0 = self.0.saturating_add(other.0);
			mem::forget(other);

			self
		}
		fn subsume(&mut self, other: Self) {
			self.0 = self.0.saturating_add(other.0);
			mem::forget(other);
		}
		fn offset(self, other: Self::Opposite) -> result::Result<Self, Self::Opposite> {
			let (a, b) = (self.0, other.0);
			mem::forget((self, other));

			if a >= b {
				Ok(Self(a - b))
			} else {
				Err(NegativeImbalance::new(b - a))
			}
		}
		fn peek(&self) -> T::Balance {
			self.0.clone()
		}
	}

	impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> TryDrop for NegativeImbalance<T, I> {
		fn try_drop(self) -> result::Result<(), Self> {
			self.drop_zero()
		}
	}

	impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> Imbalance<T::Balance> for NegativeImbalance<T, I> {
		type Opposite = PositiveImbalance<T, I>;

		fn zero() -> Self {
			Self(Zero::zero())
		}
		fn drop_zero(self) -> result::Result<(), Self> {
			if self.0.is_zero() {
				Ok(())
			} else {
				Err(self)
			}
		}
		fn split(self, amount: T::Balance) -> (Self, Self) {
			let first = self.0.min(amount);
			let second = self.0 - first;

			mem::forget(self);
			(Self(first), Self(second))
		}
		fn merge(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
			self.0 = self.0.saturating_add(other.0);
			mem::forget(other);

			self
		}
		fn subsume(&mut self, other: Self) {
			self.0 = self.0.saturating_add(other.0);
			mem::forget(other);
		}
		fn offset(self, other: Self::Opposite) -> result::Result<Self, Self::Opposite> {
			let (a, b) = (self.0, other.0);
			mem::forget((self, other));

			if a >= b {
				Ok(Self(a - b))
			} else {
				Err(PositiveImbalance::new(b - a))
			}
		}
		fn peek(&self) -> T::Balance {
			self.0.clone()
		}
	}

	impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> Drop for PositiveImbalance<T, I> {
		/// Basic drop handler will just square up the total issuance.
		fn drop(&mut self) {
			<super::TotalIssuance<super::ElevatedTrait<T, I>, I>>::mutate(
				|v| *v = v.saturating_add(self.0)
			);
		}
	}

	impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> Drop for NegativeImbalance<T, I> {
		/// Basic drop handler will just square up the total issuance.
		fn drop(&mut self) {
			<super::TotalIssuance<super::ElevatedTrait<T, I>, I>>::mutate(
				|v| *v = v.saturating_sub(self.0)
			);
		}
	}
}

// TODO: #2052
// Somewhat ugly hack in order to gain access to module's `increase_total_issuance_by`
// using only the Subtrait (which defines only the types that are not dependent
// on Positive/NegativeImbalance). Subtrait must be used otherwise we end up with a
// circular dependency with Trait having some types be dependent on PositiveImbalance<Trait>
// and PositiveImbalance itself depending back on Trait for its Drop impl (and thus
// its type declaration).
// This works as long as `increase_total_issuance_by` doesn't use the Imbalance
// types (basically for charging fees).
// This should eventually be refactored so that the three type items that do
// depend on the Imbalance type (TransferPayment, DustRemoval)
// are placed in their own SRML module.
struct ElevatedTrait<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance>(T, I);
impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> Clone for ElevatedTrait<T, I> {
	fn clone(&self) -> Self { unimplemented!() }
}
impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> PartialEq for ElevatedTrait<T, I> {
	fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool { unimplemented!() }
}
impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> Eq for ElevatedTrait<T, I> {}
impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> frame_system::Trait for ElevatedTrait<T, I> {
	type Origin = T::Origin;
	type Call = T::Call;
	type Index = T::Index;
	type BlockNumber = T::BlockNumber;
	type Hash = T::Hash;
	type Hashing = T::Hashing;
	type AccountId = T::AccountId;
	type Lookup = T::Lookup;
	type Header = T::Header;
	type Event = ();
	type BlockHashCount = T::BlockHashCount;
	type MaximumBlockWeight = T::MaximumBlockWeight;
	type MaximumBlockLength = T::MaximumBlockLength;
	type AvailableBlockRatio = T::AvailableBlockRatio;
	type Version = T::Version;
	type ModuleToIndex = T::ModuleToIndex;
}
impl<T: Subtrait<I>, I: Instance> Trait<I> for ElevatedTrait<T, I> {
	type Balance = T::Balance;
	type OnFreeBalanceZero = T::OnFreeBalanceZero;
	type OnReapAccount = T::OnReapAccount;
	type OnNewAccount = T::OnNewAccount;
	type Event = ();
	type TransferPayment = ();
	type DustRemoval = ();
	type ExistentialDeposit = T::ExistentialDeposit;
	type TransferFee = T::TransferFee;
	type CreationFee = T::CreationFee;
}

impl<T: Trait<I>, I: Instance> Currency<T::AccountId> for Module<T, I>
where
	T::Balance: MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug
{
	type Balance = T::Balance;
	type PositiveImbalance = PositiveImbalance<T, I>;
	type NegativeImbalance = NegativeImbalance<T, I>;

	fn total_balance(who: &T::AccountId) -> Self::Balance {
		Self::free_balance(who) + Self::reserved_balance(who)
	}

	// Check if `value` amount of free balance can be slashed from `who`.
	// Is a no-op if value to be slashed is zero.
	fn can_slash(who: &T::AccountId, value: Self::Balance) -> bool {
		if value.is_zero() { return true }
		Self::free_balance(who) >= value
	}

	fn total_issuance() -> Self::Balance {
		<TotalIssuance<T, I>>::get()
	}

	fn minimum_balance() -> Self::Balance {
		T::ExistentialDeposit::get()
	}

	fn free_balance(who: &T::AccountId) -> Self::Balance {
		<FreeBalance<T, I>>::get(who)
	}

	// Burn funds from the total issuance, returning a positive imbalance for the amount burned.
	// Is a no-op if amount to be burned is zero.
	fn burn(mut amount: Self::Balance) -> Self::PositiveImbalance {
		if amount.is_zero() { return PositiveImbalance::zero() }
		<TotalIssuance<T, I>>::mutate(|issued| {
			*issued = issued.checked_sub(&amount).unwrap_or_else(|| {
				amount = *issued;
				Zero::zero()
			});
		});
		PositiveImbalance::new(amount)
	}

	// Create new funds into the total issuance, returning a negative imbalance
	// for the amount issued.
	// Is a no-op if amount to be issued it zero.
	fn issue(mut amount: Self::Balance) -> Self::NegativeImbalance {
		if amount.is_zero() { return NegativeImbalance::zero() }
		<TotalIssuance<T, I>>::mutate(|issued|
			*issued = issued.checked_add(&amount).unwrap_or_else(|| {
				amount = Self::Balance::max_value() - *issued;
				Self::Balance::max_value()
			})
		);
		NegativeImbalance::new(amount)
	}

	// Ensure that an account can withdraw from their free balance given any existing withdrawal
	// restrictions like locks and vesting balance.
	// Is a no-op if amount to be withdrawn is zero.
	//
	// # <weight>
	// Despite iterating over a list of locks, they are limited by the number of
	// lock IDs, which means the number of runtime modules that intend to use and create locks.
	// # </weight>
	fn ensure_can_withdraw(
		who: &T::AccountId,
		amount: T::Balance,
		reasons: WithdrawReasons,
		new_balance: T::Balance,
	) -> DispatchResult {
		if amount.is_zero() { return Ok(()) }
		if reasons.intersects(WithdrawReason::Reserve | WithdrawReason::Transfer)
			&& Self::vesting_balance(who) > new_balance
		{
			Err(Error::<T, I>::VestingBalance)?
		}
		let locks = Self::locks(who);
		if locks.is_empty() {
			return Ok(())
		}

		let now = <frame_system::Module<T>>::block_number();
		if locks.into_iter()
			.all(|l|
				now >= l.until
				|| new_balance >= l.amount
				|| !l.reasons.intersects(reasons)
			)
		{
			Ok(())
		} else {
			Err(Error::<T, I>::LiquidityRestrictions.into())
		}
	}

	// Transfer some free balance from `transactor` to `dest`, respecting existence requirements.
	// Is a no-op if value to be transferred is zero.
	fn transfer(
		transactor: &T::AccountId,
		dest: &T::AccountId,
		value: Self::Balance,
		existence_requirement: ExistenceRequirement,
	) -> DispatchResult {
		if value.is_zero() { return Ok(()) }
		let from_balance = Self::free_balance(transactor);
		let to_balance = Self::free_balance(dest);
		let would_create = to_balance.is_zero();
		let fee = if would_create { T::CreationFee::get() } else { T::TransferFee::get() };
		let liability = value.checked_add(&fee).ok_or(Error::<T, I>::Overflow)?;
		let new_from_balance = from_balance.checked_sub(&liability).ok_or(Error::<T, I>::InsufficientBalance)?;

		if would_create && value < T::ExistentialDeposit::get() {
			Err(Error::<T, I>::ExistentialDeposit)?
		}
		Self::ensure_can_withdraw(transactor, value, WithdrawReason::Transfer.into(), new_from_balance)?;

		// NOTE: total stake being stored in the same type means that this could never overflow
		// but better to be safe than sorry.
		let new_to_balance = to_balance.checked_add(&value).ok_or(Error::<T, I>::Overflow)?;