tests.rs

// Copyright 2017-2019 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Substrate.

// Substrate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Substrate is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Tests for the module.

use super::*;
use runtime_io::with_externalities;
use sr_primitives::traits::OnInitialize;
use sr_staking_primitives::offence::{OffenceDetails, OnOffenceHandler};
use support::{assert_ok, assert_noop, assert_eq_uvec, StorageLinkedMap};
use mock::*;
use support::traits::{Currency, ReservableCurrency};

#[test]
fn basic_setup_works() {
	// Verifies initial conditions of mock
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.build(),
	|| {
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&11), Some(10)); // Account 11 is stashed and locked, and account 10 is the controller
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&21), Some(20)); // Account 21 is stashed and locked, and account 20 is the controller
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&1), None);		// Account 1 is not a stashed

		// Account 10 controls the stash from account 11, which is 100 * balance_factor units
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger { stash: 11, total: 1000, active: 1000, unlocking: vec![] }));
		// Account 20 controls the stash from account 21, which is 200 * balance_factor units
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&20), Some(StakingLedger { stash: 21, total: 1000, active: 1000, unlocking: vec![] }));
		// Account 1 does not control any stash
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&1), None);

		// ValidatorPrefs are default
		assert_eq!(<Validators<Test>>::enumerate().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![
			(31, ValidatorPrefs::default()),
			(21, ValidatorPrefs::default()),
			(11, ValidatorPrefs::default())
		]);

		// Account 100 is the default nominator
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(100), Some(StakingLedger { stash: 101, total: 500, active: 500, unlocking: vec![] }));
		assert_eq!(Staking::nominators(101), vec![11, 21]);

		if cfg!(feature = "equalize") {
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11),
				Exposure { total: 1250, own: 1000, others: vec![ IndividualExposure { who: 101, value: 250 }] }
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21),
				Exposure { total: 1250, own: 1000, others: vec![ IndividualExposure { who: 101, value: 250 }] }
			);
			// initial slot_stake
			assert_eq!(Staking::slot_stake(),  1250);
		} else {
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11),
				Exposure { total: 1125, own: 1000, others: vec![ IndividualExposure { who: 101, value: 125 }] }
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21),
				Exposure { total: 1375, own: 1000, others: vec![ IndividualExposure { who: 101, value: 375 }] }
			);
			// initial slot_stake
			assert_eq!(Staking::slot_stake(),  1125);
		}


		// The number of validators required.
		assert_eq!(Staking::validator_count(), 2);

		// Initial Era and session
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);

		// Account 10 has `balance_factor` free balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&10), 1);
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&10), 1);

		// New era is not being forced
		assert_eq!(Staking::force_era(), Forcing::NotForcing);

		// All exposures must be correct.
		check_exposure_all();
		check_nominator_all();
	});
}

#[test]
fn change_controller_works() {
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().build(),
	|| {
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&11), Some(10));

		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::enumerate().map(|(c, _)| c).collect::<Vec<u64>>().contains(&11));
		// 10 can control 11 who is initially a validator.
		assert_ok!(Staking::chill(Origin::signed(10)));
		assert!(!<Validators<Test>>::enumerate().map(|(c, _)| c).collect::<Vec<u64>>().contains(&11));

		assert_ok!(Staking::set_controller(Origin::signed(11), 5));

		start_era(1);

		assert_noop!(
			Staking::validate(Origin::signed(10), ValidatorPrefs::default()),
			"not a controller"
		);
		assert_ok!(Staking::validate(Origin::signed(5), ValidatorPrefs::default()));
	})
}

#[test]
fn rewards_should_work() {
	// should check that:
	// * rewards get recorded per session
	// * rewards get paid per Era
	// * Check that nominators are also rewarded
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.nominate(false)
		.build(),
	|| {
		// Init some balances
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&2, 500);

		let delay = 1000;
		let init_balance_2 = Balances::total_balance(&2);
		let init_balance_10 = Balances::total_balance(&10);
		let init_balance_11 = Balances::total_balance(&11);

		// Set payee to controller
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(10), RewardDestination::Controller));

		// Initial config should be correct
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 0);

		// Add a dummy nominator.
		//
		// Equal division indicates that the reward will be equally divided among validator and
		// nominator.
		<Stakers<Test>>::insert(&11, Exposure {
			own: 500,
			total: 1000,
			others: vec![IndividualExposure {who: 2, value: 500 }]
		});

		<Payee<Test>>::insert(&2, RewardDestination::Stash);
		assert_eq!(Staking::payee(2), RewardDestination::Stash);
		assert_eq!(Staking::payee(11), RewardDestination::Controller);

		let mut block = 3; // Block 3 => Session 1 => Era 0
		System::set_block_number(block);
		Timestamp::set_timestamp(block * 5000);	// on time.
		Session::on_initialize(System::block_number());
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 1);
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 50)]);
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 50)]);
		// This is the second validator of the current elected set.
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(21, 50)]);
		// This must be no-op as it is not an elected validator.
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(1001, 10_000)]);

		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout = current_total_payout_for_duration(9 * 5 * 1000);
		assert!(total_payout > 10); // Test is meaningful if reward something

		// No reward yet
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), init_balance_2);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), init_balance_10);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), init_balance_11);

		block = 6; // Block 6 => Session 2 => Era 0
		System::set_block_number(block);
		Timestamp::set_timestamp(block * 5000 + delay);	// a little late.
		Session::on_initialize(System::block_number());
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 2);

		block = 9; // Block 9 => Session 3 => Era 1
		System::set_block_number(block);
		Timestamp::set_timestamp(block * 5000);  // back to being on time. no delays
		Session::on_initialize(System::block_number());
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 3);

		// 11 validator has 2 / 3 of the total rewards and half half for it and its nominator
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), init_balance_2 + total_payout / 3);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), init_balance_10 + total_payout / 3);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), init_balance_11);
	});
}

#[test]
fn multi_era_reward_should_work() {
	// Should check that:
	// The value of current_session_reward is set at the end of each era, based on
	// slot_stake and session_reward.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.nominate(false)
		.build(),
	|| {
		let init_balance_10 = Balances::total_balance(&10);

		// Set payee to controller
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(10), RewardDestination::Controller));

		// Compute now as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_0 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_0 > 10); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		dbg!(<Module<Test>>::slot_stake());
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_session(0);
		start_session(1);
		start_session(2);
		start_session(3);

		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), init_balance_10 + total_payout_0);

		start_session(4);

		let total_payout_1 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_1 > 10); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 101)]);

		// new era is triggered here.
		start_session(5);

		// pay time
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), init_balance_10 + total_payout_0 + total_payout_1);
	});
}

#[test]
fn staking_should_work() {
	// should test:
	// * new validators can be added to the default set
	// * new ones will be chosen per era
	// * either one can unlock the stash and back-down from being a validator via `chill`ing.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.nominate(false)
		.fair(false) // to give 20 more staked value
		.build(),
	|| {
		Timestamp::set_timestamp(1); // Initialize time.

		// remember + compare this along with the test.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 10]);

		// put some money in account that we'll use.
		for i in 1..5 { let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&i, 2000); }

		// --- Block 1:
		start_session(1);
		// add a new candidate for being a validator. account 3 controlled by 4.
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(3), 4, 1500, RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::validate(Origin::signed(4), ValidatorPrefs::default()));

		// No effects will be seen so far.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 10]);

		// --- Block 2:
		start_session(2);

		// No effects will be seen so far. Era has not been yet triggered.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 10]);


		// --- Block 3: the validators will now be queued.
		start_session(3);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);

		// --- Block 4: the validators will now be changed.
		start_session(4);

		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 4]);
		// --- Block 4: Unstake 4 as a validator, freeing up the balance stashed in 3
		// 4 will chill
		Staking::chill(Origin::signed(4)).unwrap();

		// --- Block 5: nothing. 4 is still there.
		start_session(5);
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 4]);

		// --- Block 6: 4 will not be a validator.
		start_session(7);
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 10]);

		// Note: the stashed value of 4 is still lock
		assert_eq!(
			Staking::ledger(&4),
			Some(StakingLedger { stash: 3, total: 1500, active: 1500, unlocking: vec![] })
		);
		// e.g. it cannot spend more than 500 that it has free from the total 2000
		assert_noop!(Balances::reserve(&3, 501), "account liquidity restrictions prevent withdrawal");
		assert_ok!(Balances::reserve(&3, 409));
	});
}

#[test]
fn less_than_needed_candidates_works() {
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.minimum_validator_count(1)
		.validator_count(4)
		.nominate(false)
		.num_validators(3)
		.build(),
	|| {
		assert_eq!(Staking::validator_count(), 4);
		assert_eq!(Staking::minimum_validator_count(), 1);
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![30, 20, 10]);

		start_era(1);

		// Previous set is selected. NO election algorithm is even executed.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![30, 20, 10]);

		// But the exposure is updated in a simple way. No external votes exists. This is purely self-vote.
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(10).others.len(), 0);
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(20).others.len(), 0);
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(30).others.len(), 0);
		check_exposure_all();
		check_nominator_all();
	});
}

#[test]
fn no_candidate_emergency_condition() {
	// Test the situation where the number of validators are less than `ValidatorCount` and less than <MinValidators>
	// The expected behavior is to choose all candidates from the previous era.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.minimum_validator_count(10)
		.validator_count(15)
		.num_validators(4)
		.validator_pool(true)
		.nominate(false)
		.build(),
	|| {

		// initial validators
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![10, 20, 30, 40]);

		// set the minimum validator count.
		<Staking as crate::Store>::MinimumValidatorCount::put(10);
		<Staking as crate::Store>::ValidatorCount::put(15);
		assert_eq!(Staking::validator_count(), 15);

		let _ = Staking::chill(Origin::signed(10));

		// trigger era
		System::set_block_number(1);
		Session::on_initialize(System::block_number());

		// Previous ones are elected. chill is invalidates. TODO: #2494
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![10, 20, 30, 40]);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_elected().len(), 0);
	});
}

#[test]
fn nominating_and_rewards_should_work() {
	// PHRAGMEN OUTPUT: running this test with the reference impl gives:
	//
	// Votes  [('10', 1000, ['10']), ('20', 1000, ['20']), ('30', 1000, ['30']), ('40', 1000, ['40']), ('2', 1000, ['10', '20', '30']), ('4', 1000, ['10', '20', '40'])]
	// Sequential Phragmén gives
	// 10  is elected with stake  2200.0 and score  0.0003333333333333333
	// 20  is elected with stake  1800.0 and score  0.0005555555555555556

	// 10  has load  0.0003333333333333333 and supported
	// 10  with stake  1000.0
	// 20  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 20  with stake  1000.0
	// 30  has load  0 and supported
	// 30  with stake  0
	// 40  has load  0 and supported
	// 40  with stake  0
	// 2  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 10  with stake  600.0 20  with stake  400.0 30  with stake  0.0
	// 4  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 10  with stake  600.0 20  with stake  400.0 40  with stake  0.0

	// Sequential Phragmén with post processing gives
	// 10  is elected with stake  2000.0 and score  0.0003333333333333333
	// 20  is elected with stake  2000.0 and score  0.0005555555555555556

	// 10  has load  0.0003333333333333333 and supported
	// 10  with stake  1000.0
	// 20  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 20  with stake  1000.0
	// 30  has load  0 and supported
	// 30  with stake  0
	// 40  has load  0 and supported
	// 40  with stake  0
	// 2  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 10  with stake  400.0 20  with stake  600.0 30  with stake  0
	// 4  has load  0.0005555555555555556 and supported
	// 10  with stake  600.0 20  with stake  400.0 40  with stake  0.0
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.nominate(false)
		.validator_pool(true)
		.build(),
	|| {
		// initial validators -- everyone is actually even.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![40, 30]);

		// Set payee to controller
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(10), RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(20), RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(30), RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(40), RewardDestination::Controller));

		// give the man some money
		let initial_balance = 1000;
		for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 21].iter() {
			let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(i, initial_balance);
		}

		// bond two account pairs and state interest in nomination.
		// 2 will nominate for 10, 20, 30
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(1), 2, 1000, RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::nominate(Origin::signed(2), vec![11, 21, 31]));
		// 4 will nominate for 10, 20, 40
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(3), 4, 1000, RewardDestination::Controller));
		assert_ok!(Staking::nominate(Origin::signed(4), vec![11, 21, 41]));

		// the total reward for era 0
		let total_payout_0 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_0 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(41, 1)]);
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(31, 1)]);
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(21, 10)]); // must be no-op
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 10)]); // must be no-op

		start_era(1);

		// 10 and 20 have more votes, they will be chosen by phragmen.
		assert_eq_uvec!(validator_controllers(), vec![20, 10]);

		// OLD validators must have already received some rewards.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&40), 1 + total_payout_0 / 2);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&30), 1 + total_payout_0 / 2);

		// ------ check the staked value of all parties.

		if cfg!(feature = "equalize") {
			// total expo of 10, with 1200 coming from nominators (externals), according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(11).own, 1000);
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(11).total, 1000 + 999);
			// 2 and 4 supported 10, each with stake 600, according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11).others.iter().map(|e| e.value).collect::<Vec<BalanceOf<Test>>>(),
				vec![599, 400]
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11).others.iter().map(|e| e.who).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
				vec![3, 1]
			);
			// total expo of 20, with 500 coming from nominators (externals), according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(21).own, 1000);
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(21).total, 1000 + 999);
			// 2 and 4 supported 20, each with stake 250, according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21).others.iter().map(|e| e.value).collect::<Vec<BalanceOf<Test>>>(),
				vec![400, 599]
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21).others.iter().map(|e| e.who).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
				vec![3, 1]
			);
		} else {
			// total expo of 10, with 1200 coming from nominators (externals), according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(11).own, 1000);
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(11).total, 1000 + 800);
			// 2 and 4 supported 10, each with stake 600, according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11).others.iter().map(|e| e.value).collect::<Vec<BalanceOf<Test>>>(),
				vec![400, 400]
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(11).others.iter().map(|e| e.who).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
				vec![3, 1]
			);
			// total expo of 20, with 500 coming from nominators (externals), according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(21).own, 1000);
			assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(21).total, 1000 + 1198);
			// 2 and 4 supported 20, each with stake 250, according to phragmen.
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21).others.iter().map(|e| e.value).collect::<Vec<BalanceOf<Test>>>(),
				vec![599, 599]
			);
			assert_eq!(
				Staking::stakers(21).others.iter().map(|e| e.who).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
				vec![3, 1]
			);
		}

		// They are not chosen anymore
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(31).total, 0);
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(41).total, 0);

		// the total reward for era 1
		let total_payout_1 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_1 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(41, 10)]); // must be no-op
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(31, 10)]); // must be no-op
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(21, 2)]);
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_era(2);

		// nothing else will happen, era ends and rewards are paid again,
		// it is expected that nominators will also be paid. See below

		let payout_for_10 = total_payout_1 / 3;
		let payout_for_20 = 2 * total_payout_1 / 3;
		if cfg!(feature = "equalize") {
			// Nominator 2: has [400 / 2000 ~ 1 / 5 from 10] + [600 / 2000 ~ 3 / 10 from 20]'s reward.
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), initial_balance + payout_for_10 / 5 + payout_for_20 * 3 / 10);
			// Nominator 4: has [400 / 2000 ~ 1 / 5 from 20] + [600 / 2000 ~ 3 / 10 from 10]'s reward.
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&4), initial_balance + payout_for_20 / 5 + payout_for_10 * 3 / 10);

			// Validator 10: got 1000 / 2000 external stake.
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), initial_balance + payout_for_10 / 2);
			// Validator 20: got 1000 / 2000 external stake.
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&20), initial_balance + payout_for_20 / 2);
		} else {
			// Nominator 2: has [400 / 1800 ~ 2 / 9 from 10] + [600 / 2200 ~ 3 / 11 from 20]'s reward. ==> 2 / 9 + 3 / 11
			assert_eq!(
				Balances::total_balance(&2),
				initial_balance + (2 * payout_for_10 / 9 + 3 * payout_for_20 / 11) - 2
			);
			// Nominator 4: has [400 / 1800 ~ 2 / 9 from 10] + [600 / 2200 ~ 3 / 11 from 20]'s reward. ==> 2 / 9 + 3 / 11
			assert_eq!(
				Balances::total_balance(&4),
				initial_balance + (2 * payout_for_10 / 9 + 3 * payout_for_20 / 11) - 2
			);

			// Validator 10: got 800 / 1800 external stake => 8 / 18 =? 4 / 9 => Validator's share = 5 / 9
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), initial_balance + 5*payout_for_10 / 9 - 1);
			// Validator 20: got 1200 / 2200 external stake => 12 / 22 =? 6 / 11 => Validator's share = 5 / 11
			assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&20), initial_balance + 5*payout_for_20 / 11 + 1);
		}

		check_exposure_all();
		check_nominator_all();
	});
}

#[test]
fn nominators_also_get_slashed() {
	// A nominator should be slashed if the validator they nominated is slashed
	// Here is the breakdown of roles:
	// 10 - is the controller of 11
	// 11 - is the stash.
	// 2 - is the nominator of 20, 10
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().nominate(false).build(), || {
		assert_eq!(Staking::validator_count(), 2);

		// Set payee to controller
		assert_ok!(Staking::set_payee(Origin::signed(10), RewardDestination::Controller));

		// give the man some money.
		let initial_balance = 1000;
		for i in [1, 2, 3, 10].iter() {
			let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(i, initial_balance);
		}

		// 2 will nominate for 10, 20
		let nominator_stake = 500;
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(1), 2, nominator_stake, RewardDestination::default()));
		assert_ok!(Staking::nominate(Origin::signed(2), vec![20, 10]));

		let total_payout = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		// new era, pay rewards,
		start_era(1);

		// Nominator stash didn't collect any.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), initial_balance);

		// 10 goes offline
		Staking::on_offence(
			&[OffenceDetails {
				offender: (
					11,
					Staking::stakers(&11),
				),
				reporters: vec![],
			}],
			&[Perbill::from_percent(5)],
		);
		let expo = Staking::stakers(11);
		let slash_value = 50;
		let total_slash = expo.total.min(slash_value);
		let validator_slash = expo.own.min(total_slash);
		let nominator_slash = nominator_stake.min(total_slash - validator_slash);

		// initial + first era reward + slash
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), initial_balance - validator_slash);
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), initial_balance - nominator_slash);
		check_exposure_all();
		check_nominator_all();
		// Because slashing happened.
		assert!(is_disabled(10));
	});
}

#[test]
fn double_staking_should_fail() {
	// should test (in the same order):
	// * an account already bonded as stash cannot be be stashed again.
	// * an account already bonded as stash cannot nominate.
	// * an account already bonded as controller can nominate.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.build(),
		|| {
			let arbitrary_value = 5;
			// 2 = controller, 1 stashed => ok
			assert_ok!(
				Staking::bond(Origin::signed(1), 2, arbitrary_value,
				RewardDestination::default())
			);
			// 4 = not used so far, 1 stashed => not allowed.
			assert_noop!(
				Staking::bond(Origin::signed(1), 4, arbitrary_value,
				RewardDestination::default()), "stash already bonded"
			);
			// 1 = stashed => attempting to nominate should fail.
			assert_noop!(Staking::nominate(Origin::signed(1), vec![1]), "not a controller");
			// 2 = controller  => nominating should work.
			assert_ok!(Staking::nominate(Origin::signed(2), vec![1]));
		});
}

#[test]
fn double_controlling_should_fail() {
	// should test (in the same order):
	// * an account already bonded as controller CANNOT be reused as the controller of another account.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.build(),
		|| {
			let arbitrary_value = 5;
			// 2 = controller, 1 stashed => ok
			assert_ok!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(1), 2, arbitrary_value, RewardDestination::default()));
			// 2 = controller, 3 stashed (Note that 2 is reused.) => no-op
			assert_noop!(Staking::bond(Origin::signed(3), 2, arbitrary_value, RewardDestination::default()), "controller already paired");
		});
}

#[test]
fn session_and_eras_work() {
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.build(),
	|| {
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);

		// Block 1: No change.
		start_session(0);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 1);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);

		// Block 2: Simple era change.
		start_session(2);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 3);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);

		// Block 3: Schedule an era length change; no visible changes.
		start_session(3);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 4);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);

		// Block 4: Era change kicks in.
		start_session(5);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 6);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 2);

		// Block 5: No change.
		start_session(6);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 7);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 2);

		// Block 6: No change.
		start_session(7);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 8);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 2);

		// Block 7: Era increment.
		start_session(8);
		assert_eq!(Session::current_index(), 9);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 3);
	});
}

#[test]
fn forcing_new_era_works() {
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().build(),|| {
		// normal flow of session.
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		start_session(0);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		start_session(1);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 0);
		start_session(2);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);

		// no era change.
		ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceNone);
		start_session(3);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);
		start_session(4);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);
		start_session(5);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);
		start_session(6);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 1);

		// back to normal.
		// this immediatelly starts a new session.
		ForceEra::put(Forcing::NotForcing);
		start_session(7);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 2);
		start_session(8);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 2);

		// forceful change
		ForceEra::put(Forcing::ForceNew);
		start_session(9);
		assert_eq!(Staking::current_era(), 3);
	});
}

#[test]
fn cannot_transfer_staked_balance() {
	// Tests that a stash account cannot transfer funds
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().nominate(false).build(), || {
		// Confirm account 11 is stashed
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&11), Some(10));
		// Confirm account 11 has some free balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), 1000);
		// Confirm account 11 (via controller 10) is totally staked
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(&11).total, 1000);
		// Confirm account 11 cannot transfer as a result
		assert_noop!(
			Balances::transfer(Origin::signed(11), 20, 1),
			"account liquidity restrictions prevent withdrawal",
		);

		// Give account 11 extra free balance
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&11, 10000);
		// Confirm that account 11 can now transfer some balance
		assert_ok!(Balances::transfer(Origin::signed(11), 20, 1));
	});
}

#[test]
fn cannot_transfer_staked_balance_2() {
	// Tests that a stash account cannot transfer funds
	// Same test as above but with 20, and more accurate.
	// 21 has 2000 free balance but 1000 at stake
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.nominate(false)
		.fair(true)
		.build(),
	|| {
		// Confirm account 21 is stashed
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&21), Some(20));
		// Confirm account 21 has some free balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&21), 2000);
		// Confirm account 21 (via controller 20) is totally staked
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(&21).total, 1000);
		// Confirm account 21 can transfer at most 1000
		assert_noop!(
			Balances::transfer(Origin::signed(21), 20, 1001),
			"account liquidity restrictions prevent withdrawal",
		);
		assert_ok!(Balances::transfer(Origin::signed(21), 20, 1000));
	});
}

#[test]
fn cannot_reserve_staked_balance() {
	// Checks that a bonded account cannot reserve balance from free balance
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().build(), || {
		// Confirm account 11 is stashed
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&11), Some(10));
		// Confirm account 11 has some free balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), 1000);
		// Confirm account 11 (via controller 10) is totally staked
		assert_eq!(Staking::stakers(&11).own, 1000);
		// Confirm account 11 cannot transfer as a result
		assert_noop!(Balances::reserve(&11, 1), "account liquidity restrictions prevent withdrawal");

		// Give account 11 extra free balance
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&11, 10000);
		// Confirm account 11 can now reserve balance
		assert_ok!(Balances::reserve(&11, 1));
	});
}

#[test]
fn reward_destination_works() {
	// Rewards go to the correct destination as determined in Payee
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().nominate(false).build(), || {
		// Check that account 11 is a validator
		assert!(Staking::current_elected().contains(&11));
		// Check the balance of the validator account
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&10), 1);
		// Check the balance of the stash account
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), 1000);
		// Check how much is at stake
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000,
			active: 1000,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));

		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_0 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_0 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_era(1);

		// Check that RewardDestination is Staked (default)
		assert_eq!(Staking::payee(&11), RewardDestination::Staked);
		// Check that reward went to the stash account of validator
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), 1000 + total_payout_0);
		// Check that amount at stake increased accordingly
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			active: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));

		//Change RewardDestination to Stash
		<Payee<Test>>::insert(&11, RewardDestination::Stash);

		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_1 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_1 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_era(2);

		// Check that RewardDestination is Stash
		assert_eq!(Staking::payee(&11), RewardDestination::Stash);
		// Check that reward went to the stash account
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), 1000 + total_payout_0 + total_payout_1);
		// Record this value
		let recorded_stash_balance = 1000 + total_payout_0 + total_payout_1;
		// Check that amount at stake is NOT increased
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			active: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));

		// Change RewardDestination to Controller
		<Payee<Test>>::insert(&11, RewardDestination::Controller);

		// Check controller balance
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&10), 1);

		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_2 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_2 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_era(3);

		// Check that RewardDestination is Controller
		assert_eq!(Staking::payee(&11), RewardDestination::Controller);
		// Check that reward went to the controller account
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&10), 1 + total_payout_2);
		// Check that amount at stake is NOT increased
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			active: 1000 + total_payout_0,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));
		// Check that amount in staked account is NOT increased.
		assert_eq!(Balances::free_balance(&11), recorded_stash_balance);
	});
}

#[test]
fn validator_payment_prefs_work() {
	// Test that validator preferences are correctly honored
	// Note: unstake threshold is being directly tested in slashing tests.
	// This test will focus on validator payment.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default()
		.build(),
	|| {
		// Initial config
		let validator_cut = 5;
		let stash_initial_balance = Balances::total_balance(&11);

		// check the balance of a validator accounts.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), 1);
		// check the balance of a validator's stash accounts.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), stash_initial_balance);
		// and the nominator (to-be)
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&2, 500);

		// add a dummy nominator.
		<Stakers<Test>>::insert(&11, Exposure {
			own: 500, // equal division indicates that the reward will be equally divided among validator and nominator.
			total: 1000,
			others: vec![IndividualExposure {who: 2, value: 500 }]
		});
		<Payee<Test>>::insert(&2, RewardDestination::Stash);
		<Validators<Test>>::insert(&11, ValidatorPrefs {
			validator_payment: validator_cut
		});

		// Compute total payout now for whole duration as other parameter won't change
		let total_payout_0 = current_total_payout_for_duration(3000);
		assert!(total_payout_0 > 100); // Test is meaningfull if reward something
		<Module<Test>>::reward_by_ids(vec![(11, 1)]);

		start_era(1);

		// whats left to be shared is the sum of 3 rounds minus the validator's cut.
		let shared_cut = total_payout_0 - validator_cut;
		// Validator's payee is Staked account, 11, reward will be paid here.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&11), stash_initial_balance + shared_cut / 2 + validator_cut);
		// Controller account will not get any reward.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&10), 1);
		// Rest of the reward will be shared and paid to the nominator in stake.
		assert_eq!(Balances::total_balance(&2), 500 + shared_cut / 2);

		check_exposure_all();
		check_nominator_all();
	});

}

#[test]
fn bond_extra_works() {
	// Tests that extra `free_balance` in the stash can be added to stake
	// NOTE: this tests only verifies `StakingLedger` for correct updates
	// See `bond_extra_and_withdraw_unbonded_works` for more details and updates on `Exposure`.
	with_externalities(&mut ExtBuilder::default().build(),
	|| {
		// Check that account 10 is a validator
		assert!(<Validators<Test>>::exists(11));
		// Check that account 10 is bonded to account 11
		assert_eq!(Staking::bonded(&11), Some(10));
		// Check how much is at stake
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000,
			active: 1000,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));

		// Give account 11 some large free balance greater than total
		let _ = Balances::make_free_balance_be(&11, 1000000);

		// Call the bond_extra function from controller, add only 100
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond_extra(Origin::signed(11), 100));
		// There should be 100 more `total` and `active` in the ledger
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000 + 100,
			active: 1000 + 100,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));

		// Call the bond_extra function with a large number, should handle it
		assert_ok!(Staking::bond_extra(Origin::signed(11), u64::max_value()));
		// The full amount of the funds should now be in the total and active
		assert_eq!(Staking::ledger(&10), Some(StakingLedger {
			stash: 11,
			total: 1000000,
			active: 1000000,
			unlocking: vec![],
		}));
	});
}

#[test]