// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Primitives for the runtime modules.

use sp_std::prelude::*;
use sp_std::{self, marker::PhantomData, convert::{TryFrom, TryInto}, fmt::Debug};
use sp_io;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use std::fmt::Display;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use std::str::FromStr;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize, de::DeserializeOwned};
use sp_core::{self, Hasher, TypeId, RuntimeDebug};
use crate::codec::{Codec, Encode, Decode};
use crate::transaction_validity::{
	ValidTransaction, TransactionSource, TransactionValidity, TransactionValidityError,
	UnknownTransaction,
};
use crate::generic::{Digest, DigestItem};
pub use sp_arithmetic::traits::{
	AtLeast32Bit, UniqueSaturatedInto, UniqueSaturatedFrom, Saturating, SaturatedConversion,
	Zero, One, Bounded, CheckedAdd, CheckedSub, CheckedMul, CheckedDiv,
	CheckedShl, CheckedShr, IntegerSquareRoot
};
use sp_application_crypto::AppKey;
use impl_trait_for_tuples::impl_for_tuples;
use crate::DispatchResult;

/// A lazy value.
pub trait Lazy<T: ?Sized> {
	/// Get a reference to the underlying value.
	///
	/// This will compute the value if the function is invoked for the first time.
	fn get(&mut self) -> &T;
}

impl<'a> Lazy<[u8]> for &'a [u8] {
	fn get(&mut self) -> &[u8] { &**self }
}

/// Some type that is able to be collapsed into an account ID. It is not possible to recreate the
/// original value from the account ID.
pub trait IdentifyAccount {
	/// The account ID that this can be transformed into.
	type AccountId;
	/// Transform into an account.
	fn into_account(self) -> Self::AccountId;
}

impl IdentifyAccount for sp_core::ed25519::Public {
	type AccountId = Self;
	fn into_account(self) -> Self { self }
}

impl IdentifyAccount for sp_core::sr25519::Public {
	type AccountId = Self;
	fn into_account(self) -> Self { self }
}

impl IdentifyAccount for sp_core::ecdsa::Public {
	type AccountId = Self;
	fn into_account(self) -> Self { self }
}

/// Means of signature verification.
pub trait Verify {
	/// Type of the signer.
	type Signer: IdentifyAccount;
	/// Verify a signature.
	///
	/// Return `true` if signature is valid for the value.
	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, msg: L, signer: &<Self::Signer as IdentifyAccount>::AccountId) -> bool;
}

impl Verify for sp_core::ed25519::Signature {
	type Signer = sp_core::ed25519::Public;

	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, mut msg: L, signer: &sp_core::ed25519::Public) -> bool {
		sp_io::crypto::ed25519_verify(self, msg.get(), signer)
	}
}

impl Verify for sp_core::sr25519::Signature {
	type Signer = sp_core::sr25519::Public;

	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, mut msg: L, signer: &sp_core::sr25519::Public) -> bool {
		sp_io::crypto::sr25519_verify(self, msg.get(), signer)
	}
}

impl Verify for sp_core::ecdsa::Signature {
	type Signer = sp_core::ecdsa::Public;
	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, mut msg: L, signer: &sp_core::ecdsa::Public) -> bool {
		match sp_io::crypto::secp256k1_ecdsa_recover_compressed(
			self.as_ref(),
			&sp_io::hashing::blake2_256(msg.get()),
		) {
			Ok(pubkey) => &signer.as_ref()[..] == &pubkey[..],
			_ => false,
		}
	}
}

/// Means of signature verification of an application key.
pub trait AppVerify {
	/// Type of the signer.
	type AccountId;
	/// Verify a signature. Return `true` if signature is valid for the value.
	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, msg: L, signer: &Self::AccountId) -> bool;
}

impl<
	S: Verify<Signer = <<T as AppKey>::Public as sp_application_crypto::AppPublic>::Generic> + From<T>,
	T: sp_application_crypto::Wraps<Inner=S> + sp_application_crypto::AppKey + sp_application_crypto::AppSignature +
		AsRef<S> + AsMut<S> + From<S>,
> AppVerify for T where
	<S as Verify>::Signer: IdentifyAccount<AccountId = <S as Verify>::Signer>,
	<<T as AppKey>::Public as sp_application_crypto::AppPublic>::Generic:
		IdentifyAccount<AccountId = <<T as AppKey>::Public as sp_application_crypto::AppPublic>::Generic>,
{
	type AccountId = <T as AppKey>::Public;
	fn verify<L: Lazy<[u8]>>(&self, msg: L, signer: &<T as AppKey>::Public) -> bool {
		use sp_application_crypto::IsWrappedBy;
		let inner: &S = self.as_ref();
		let inner_pubkey = <<T as AppKey>::Public as sp_application_crypto::AppPublic>::Generic::from_ref(&signer);
		Verify::verify(inner, msg, inner_pubkey)
	}
}

/// An error type that indicates that the origin is invalid.
#[derive(Encode, Decode)]
pub struct BadOrigin;

impl From<BadOrigin> for &'static str {
	fn from(_: BadOrigin) -> &'static str {
		"Bad origin"
	}
}

/// An error that indicates that a lookup failed.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct LookupError;

impl From<LookupError> for &'static str {
	fn from(_: LookupError) -> &'static str {
		"Can not lookup"
	}
}

impl From<LookupError> for TransactionValidityError {
	fn from(_: LookupError) -> Self {
		UnknownTransaction::CannotLookup.into()
	}
}

/// Means of changing one type into another in a manner dependent on the source type.
pub trait Lookup {
	/// Type to lookup from.
	type Source;
	/// Type to lookup into.
	type Target;
	/// Attempt a lookup.
	fn lookup(&self, s: Self::Source) -> Result<Self::Target, LookupError>;
}

/// Means of changing one type into another in a manner dependent on the source type.
/// This variant is different to `Lookup` in that it doesn't (can cannot) require any
/// context.
pub trait StaticLookup {
	/// Type to lookup from.
	type Source: Codec + Clone + PartialEq + Debug;
	/// Type to lookup into.
	type Target;
	/// Attempt a lookup.
	fn lookup(s: Self::Source) -> Result<Self::Target, LookupError>;
	/// Convert from Target back to Source.
	fn unlookup(t: Self::Target) -> Self::Source;
}

/// A lookup implementation returning the input value.
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct IdentityLookup<T>(PhantomData<T>);
impl<T: Codec + Clone + PartialEq + Debug> StaticLookup for IdentityLookup<T> {
	type Source = T;
	type Target = T;
	fn lookup(x: T) -> Result<T, LookupError> { Ok(x) }
	fn unlookup(x: T) -> T { x }
}

impl<T> Lookup for IdentityLookup<T> {
	type Source = T;
	type Target = T;
	fn lookup(&self, x: T) -> Result<T, LookupError> { Ok(x) }
}

/// Extensible conversion trait. Generic over both source and destination types.
pub trait Convert<A, B> {
	/// Make conversion.
	fn convert(a: A) -> B;
}

impl<A, B: Default> Convert<A, B> for () {
	fn convert(_: A) -> B { Default::default() }
}

/// A structure that performs identity conversion.
pub struct Identity;
impl<T> Convert<T, T> for Identity {
	fn convert(a: T) -> T { a }
}

/// A structure that performs standard conversion using the standard Rust conversion traits.
pub struct ConvertInto;
impl<A, B: From<A>> Convert<A, B> for ConvertInto {
	fn convert(a: A) -> B { a.into() }
}

/// Convenience type to work around the highly unergonomic syntax needed
/// to invoke the functions of overloaded generic traits, in this case
/// `TryFrom` and `TryInto`.
pub trait CheckedConversion {
	/// Convert from a value of `T` into an equivalent instance of `Option<Self>`.
	///
	/// This just uses `TryFrom` internally but with this
	/// variant you can provide the destination type using turbofish syntax
	/// in case Rust happens not to assume the correct type.
	fn checked_from<T>(t: T) -> Option<Self> where Self: TryFrom<T> {
		<Self as TryFrom<T>>::try_from(t).ok()
	}
	/// Consume self to return `Some` equivalent value of `Option<T>`.
	///
	/// This just uses `TryInto` internally but with this
	/// variant you can provide the destination type using turbofish syntax
	/// in case Rust happens not to assume the correct type.
	fn checked_into<T>(self) -> Option<T> where Self: TryInto<T> {
		<Self as TryInto<T>>::try_into(self).ok()
	}
}
impl<T: Sized> CheckedConversion for T {}

/// Multiply and divide by a number that isn't necessarily the same type. Basically just the same
/// as `Mul` and `Div` except it can be used for all basic numeric types.
pub trait Scale<Other> {
	/// The output type of the product of `self` and `Other`.
	type Output;

	/// @return the product of `self` and `other`.
	fn mul(self, other: Other) -> Self::Output;

	/// @return the integer division of `self` and `other`.
	fn div(self, other: Other) -> Self::Output;

	/// @return the modulo remainder of `self` and `other`.
	fn rem(self, other: Other) -> Self::Output;
}
macro_rules! impl_scale {
	($self:ty, $other:ty) => {
		impl Scale<$other> for $self {
			type Output = Self;
			fn mul(self, other: $other) -> Self::Output { self * (other as Self) }
			fn div(self, other: $other) -> Self::Output { self / (other as Self) }
			fn rem(self, other: $other) -> Self::Output { self % (other as Self) }
		}
	}
}
impl_scale!(u128, u128);
impl_scale!(u128, u64);
impl_scale!(u128, u32);
impl_scale!(u128, u16);
impl_scale!(u128, u8);
impl_scale!(u64, u64);
impl_scale!(u64, u32);
impl_scale!(u64, u16);
impl_scale!(u64, u8);
impl_scale!(u32, u32);
impl_scale!(u32, u16);
impl_scale!(u32, u8);
impl_scale!(u16, u16);
impl_scale!(u16, u8);
impl_scale!(u8, u8);

/// Trait for things that can be clear (have no bits set). For numeric types, essentially the same
/// as `Zero`.
pub trait Clear {
	/// True iff no bits are set.
	fn is_clear(&self) -> bool;

	/// Return the value of Self that is clear.
	fn clear() -> Self;
}

impl<T: Default + Eq + PartialEq> Clear for T {
	fn is_clear(&self) -> bool { *self == Self::clear() }
	fn clear() -> Self { Default::default() }
}

/// A meta trait for all bit ops.
pub trait SimpleBitOps:
	Sized + Clear +
	sp_std::ops::BitOr<Self, Output = Self> +
	sp_std::ops::BitXor<Self, Output = Self> +
	sp_std::ops::BitAnd<Self, Output = Self>
{}
impl<T:
	Sized + Clear +
	sp_std::ops::BitOr<Self, Output = Self> +
	sp_std::ops::BitXor<Self, Output = Self> +
	sp_std::ops::BitAnd<Self, Output = Self>
> SimpleBitOps for T {}

/// Abstraction around hashing
// Stupid bug in the Rust compiler believes derived
// traits must be fulfilled by all type parameters.
pub trait Hash: 'static + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + Clone + Eq + PartialEq + Hasher<Out = <Self as Hash>::Output> {
	/// The hash type produced.
	type Output: Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + sp_std::hash::Hash
		+ AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]> + Copy + Default + Encode + Decode;

	/// Produce the hash of some byte-slice.
	fn hash(s: &[u8]) -> Self::Output {
		<Self as Hasher>::hash(s)
	}

	/// Produce the hash of some codec-encodable value.
	fn hash_of<S: Encode>(s: &S) -> Self::Output {
		Encode::using_encoded(s, <Self as Hasher>::hash)
	}

	/// The ordered Patricia tree root of the given `input`.
	fn ordered_trie_root(input: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Self::Output;

	/// The Patricia tree root of the given mapping.
	fn trie_root(input: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>) -> Self::Output;
}

/// Blake2-256 Hash implementation.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
pub struct BlakeTwo256;

impl Hasher for BlakeTwo256 {
	type Out = sp_core::H256;
	type StdHasher = hash256_std_hasher::Hash256StdHasher;
	const LENGTH: usize = 32;

	fn hash(s: &[u8]) -> Self::Out {
		sp_io::hashing::blake2_256(s).into()
	}
}

impl Hash for BlakeTwo256 {
	type Output = sp_core::H256;

	fn trie_root(input: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>) -> Self::Output {
		sp_io::trie::blake2_256_root(input)
	}

	fn ordered_trie_root(input: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Self::Output {
		sp_io::trie::blake2_256_ordered_root(input)
	}
}

/// Keccak-256 Hash implementation.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, RuntimeDebug)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
pub struct Keccak256;

impl Hasher for Keccak256 {
	type Out = sp_core::H256;
	type StdHasher = hash256_std_hasher::Hash256StdHasher;
	const LENGTH: usize = 32;

	fn hash(s: &[u8]) -> Self::Out {
		sp_io::hashing::keccak_256(s).into()
	}
}

impl Hash for Keccak256 {
	type Output = sp_core::H256;

	fn trie_root(input: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>) -> Self::Output {
		sp_io::trie::keccak_256_root(input)
	}

	fn ordered_trie_root(input: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Self::Output {
		sp_io::trie::keccak_256_ordered_root(input)
	}
}

/// Something that can be checked for equality and printed out to a debug channel if bad.
pub trait CheckEqual {
	/// Perform the equality check.
	fn check_equal(&self, other: &Self);
}

impl CheckEqual for sp_core::H256 {
	#[cfg(feature = "std")]
	fn check_equal(&self, other: &Self) {
		use sp_core::hexdisplay::HexDisplay;
		if self != other {
			println!(
				"Hash: given={}, expected={}",
				HexDisplay::from(self.as_fixed_bytes()),
				HexDisplay::from(other.as_fixed_bytes()),
			);
		}
	}

	#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
	fn check_equal(&self, other: &Self) {
		if self != other {
			"Hash not equal".print();
			self.as_bytes().print();
			other.as_bytes().print();
		}
	}
}

impl<H: PartialEq + Eq + Debug> CheckEqual for super::generic::DigestItem<H> where H: Encode {
	#[cfg(feature = "std")]
	fn check_equal(&self, other: &Self) {
		if self != other {
			println!("DigestItem: given={:?}, expected={:?}", self, other);
		}
	}

	#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
	fn check_equal(&self, other: &Self) {
		if self != other {
			"DigestItem not equal".print();
			(&Encode::encode(self)[..]).print();
			(&Encode::encode(other)[..]).print();
		}
	}
}

sp_core::impl_maybe_marker!(
	/// A type that implements Display when in std environment.
	trait MaybeDisplay: Display;

	/// A type that implements FromStr when in std environment.
	trait MaybeFromStr: FromStr;

	/// A type that implements Hash when in std environment.
	trait MaybeHash: sp_std::hash::Hash;

	/// A type that implements Serialize when in std environment.
	trait MaybeSerialize: Serialize;

	/// A type that implements Serialize, DeserializeOwned and Debug when in std environment.
	trait MaybeSerializeDeserialize: DeserializeOwned, Serialize;

	/// A type that implements MallocSizeOf.
	trait MaybeMallocSizeOf: parity_util_mem::MallocSizeOf;
);

/// A type that can be used in runtime structures.
pub trait Member: Send + Sync + Sized + Debug + Eq + PartialEq + Clone + 'static {}
impl<T: Send + Sync + Sized + Debug + Eq + PartialEq + Clone + 'static> Member for T {}

/// Determine if a `MemberId` is a valid member.
pub trait IsMember<MemberId> {
	/// Is the given `MemberId` a valid member?
	fn is_member(member_id: &MemberId) -> bool;
}

/// Something which fulfills the abstract idea of a Substrate header. It has types for a `Number`,
/// a `Hash` and a `Hashing`. It provides access to an `extrinsics_root`, `state_root` and
/// `parent_hash`, as well as a `digest` and a block `number`.
///
/// You can also create a `new` one from those fields.
pub trait Header:
	Clone + Send + Sync + Codec + Eq + MaybeSerialize + Debug +
	MaybeMallocSizeOf + 'static
{
	/// Header number.
	type Number: Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + sp_std::hash::Hash
		+ Copy + MaybeDisplay + AtLeast32Bit + Codec + sp_std::str::FromStr
		+ MaybeMallocSizeOf;
	/// Header hash type
	type Hash: Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + sp_std::hash::Hash + Ord
		+ Copy + MaybeDisplay + Default + SimpleBitOps + Codec + AsRef<[u8]>
		+ AsMut<[u8]> + MaybeMallocSizeOf;
	/// Hashing algorithm
	type Hashing: Hash<Output = Self::Hash>;

	/// Creates new header.
	fn new(
		number: Self::Number,
		extrinsics_root: Self::Hash,
		state_root: Self::Hash,
		parent_hash: Self::Hash,
		digest: Digest<Self::Hash>,
	) -> Self;

	/// Returns a reference to the header number.
	fn number(&self) -> &Self::Number;
	/// Sets the header number.
	fn set_number(&mut self, number: Self::Number);

	/// Returns a reference to the extrinsics root.
	fn extrinsics_root(&self) -> &Self::Hash;
	/// Sets the extrinsic root.
	fn set_extrinsics_root(&mut self, root: Self::Hash);

	/// Returns a reference to the state root.
	fn state_root(&self) -> &Self::Hash;
	/// Sets the state root.
	fn set_state_root(&mut self, root: Self::Hash);

	/// Returns a reference to the parent hash.
	fn parent_hash(&self) -> &Self::Hash;
	/// Sets the parent hash.
	fn set_parent_hash(&mut self, hash: Self::Hash);

	/// Returns a reference to the digest.
	fn digest(&self) -> &Digest<Self::Hash>;
	/// Get a mutable reference to the digest.
	fn digest_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Digest<Self::Hash>;

	/// Returns the hash of the header.
	fn hash(&self) -> Self::Hash {
		<Self::Hashing as Hash>::hash_of(self)
	}
}

/// Something which fulfills the abstract idea of a Substrate block. It has types for
/// `Extrinsic` pieces of information as well as a `Header`.
///
/// You can get an iterator over each of the `extrinsics` and retrieve the `header`.
pub trait Block: Clone + Send + Sync + Codec + Eq + MaybeSerialize + Debug + MaybeMallocSizeOf + 'static {
	/// Type for extrinsics.
	type Extrinsic: Member + Codec + Extrinsic + MaybeSerialize + MaybeMallocSizeOf;
	/// Header type.
	type Header: Header<Hash=Self::Hash> + MaybeMallocSizeOf;
	/// Block hash type.
	type Hash: Member + MaybeSerializeDeserialize + Debug + sp_std::hash::Hash + Ord
		+ Copy + MaybeDisplay + Default + SimpleBitOps + Codec + AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>
		+ MaybeMallocSizeOf;

	/// Returns a reference to the header.
	fn header(&self) -> &Self::Header;
	/// Returns a reference to the list of extrinsics.
	fn extrinsics(&self) -> &[Self::Extrinsic];
	/// Split the block into header and list of extrinsics.
	fn deconstruct(self) -> (Self::Header, Vec<Self::Extrinsic>);
	/// Creates new block from header and extrinsics.
	fn new(header: Self::Header, extrinsics: Vec<Self::Extrinsic>) -> Self;
	/// Returns the hash of the block.
	fn hash(&self) -> Self::Hash {
		<<Self::Header as Header>::Hashing as Hash>::hash_of(self.header())
	}
	/// Creates an encoded block from the given `header` and `extrinsics` without requiring the
	/// creation of an instance.
	fn encode_from(header: &Self::Header, extrinsics: &[Self::Extrinsic]) -> Vec<u8>;
}


/// Something that acts like an `Extrinsic`.
pub trait Extrinsic: Sized + MaybeMallocSizeOf {
	/// The function call.
	type Call;

	/// The payload we carry for signed extrinsics.
	///
	/// Usually it will contain a `Signature` and
	/// may include some additional data that are specific to signed
	/// extrinsics.
	type SignaturePayload;

	/// Is this `Extrinsic` signed?
	/// If no information are available about signed/unsigned, `None` should be returned.
	fn is_signed(&self) -> Option<bool> { None }

	/// Create new instance of the extrinsic.
	///
	/// Extrinsics can be split into:
	/// 1. Inherents (no signature; created by validators during block production)
	/// 2. Unsigned Transactions (no signature; represent "system calls" or other special kinds of calls)
	/// 3. Signed Transactions (with signature; a regular transactions with known origin)
	fn new(_call: Self::Call, _signed_data: Option<Self::SignaturePayload>) -> Option<Self> { None }
}

/// Implementor is an [`Extrinsic`] and provides metadata about this extrinsic.
pub trait ExtrinsicMetadata {
	/// The version of the `Extrinsic`.
	const VERSION: u8;

	/// Signed extensions attached to this `Extrinsic`.
	type SignedExtensions: SignedExtension;
}

/// Extract the hashing type for a block.
pub type HashFor<B> = <<B as Block>::Header as Header>::Hashing;
/// Extract the number type for a block.
pub type NumberFor<B> = <<B as Block>::Header as Header>::Number;
/// Extract the digest type for a block.
pub type DigestFor<B> = Digest<<<B as Block>::Header as Header>::Hash>;
/// Extract the digest item type for a block.
pub type DigestItemFor<B> = DigestItem<<<B as Block>::Header as Header>::Hash>;

/// A "checkable" piece of information, used by the standard Substrate Executive in order to
/// check the validity of a piece of extrinsic information, usually by verifying the signature.
/// Implement for pieces of information that require some additional context `Context` in order to be
/// checked.
pub trait Checkable<Context>: Sized {
	/// Returned if `check` succeeds.
	type Checked;

	/// Check self, given an instance of Context.
	fn check(self, c: &Context) -> Result<Self::Checked, TransactionValidityError>;
}

/// A "checkable" piece of information, used by the standard Substrate Executive in order to
/// check the validity of a piece of extrinsic information, usually by verifying the signature.
/// Implement for pieces of information that don't require additional context in order to be
/// checked.
pub trait BlindCheckable: Sized {
	/// Returned if `check` succeeds.
	type Checked;

	/// Check self.
	fn check(self) -> Result<Self::Checked, TransactionValidityError>;
}

// Every `BlindCheckable` is also a `StaticCheckable` for arbitrary `Context`.
impl<T: BlindCheckable, Context> Checkable<Context> for T {
	type Checked = <Self as BlindCheckable>::Checked;

	fn check(self, _c: &Context) -> Result<Self::Checked, TransactionValidityError> {
		BlindCheckable::check(self)
	}
}

/// A lazy call (module function and argument values) that can be executed via its `dispatch`
/// method.
pub trait Dispatchable {
	/// Every function call from your runtime has an origin, which specifies where the extrinsic was
	/// generated from. In the case of a signed extrinsic (transaction), the origin contains an
	/// identifier for the caller. The origin can be empty in the case of an inherent extrinsic.
	type Origin;
	/// ...
	type Trait;
	/// An opaque set of information attached to the transaction. This could be constructed anywhere
	/// down the line in a runtime. The current Substrate runtime uses a struct with the same name
	/// to represent the dispatch class and weight.
	type Info;
	/// Additional information that is returned by `dispatch`. Can be used to supply the caller
	/// with information about a `Dispatchable` that is ownly known post dispatch.
	type PostInfo: Eq + PartialEq + Clone + Copy + Encode + Decode + Printable;
	/// Actually dispatch this call and return the result of it.
	fn dispatch(self, origin: Self::Origin) -> crate::DispatchResultWithInfo<Self::PostInfo>;
}

/// Shortcut to reference the `Info` type of a `Dispatchable`.
pub type DispatchInfoOf<T> = <T as Dispatchable>::Info;
/// Shortcut to reference the `PostInfo` type of a `Dispatchable`.
pub type PostDispatchInfoOf<T> = <T as Dispatchable>::PostInfo;

impl Dispatchable for () {
	type Origin = ();
	type Trait = ();
	type Info = ();
	type PostInfo = ();
	fn dispatch(self, _origin: Self::Origin) -> crate::DispatchResultWithInfo<Self::PostInfo> {
		panic!("This implemention should not be used for actual dispatch.");
	}
}

/// Means by which a transaction may be extended. This type embodies both the data and the logic
/// that should be additionally associated with the transaction. It should be plain old data.
pub trait SignedExtension: Codec + Debug + Sync + Send + Clone + Eq + PartialEq {
	/// Unique identifier of this signed extension.
	///
	/// This will be exposed in the metadata to identify the signed extension used
	/// in an extrinsic.
	const IDENTIFIER: &'static str;

	/// The type which encodes the sender identity.
	type AccountId;

	/// The type which encodes the call to be dispatched.
	type Call: Dispatchable;

	/// Any additional data that will go into the signed payload. This may be created dynamically
	/// from the transaction using the `additional_signed` function.
	type AdditionalSigned: Encode;

	/// The type that encodes information that can be passed from pre_dispatch to post-dispatch.
	type Pre: Default;

	/// Construct any additional data that should be in the signed payload of the transaction. Can
	/// also perform any pre-signature-verification checks and return an error if needed.
	fn additional_signed(&self) -> Result<Self::AdditionalSigned, TransactionValidityError>;

	/// Validate a signed transaction for the transaction queue.
	///
	/// This function can be called frequently by the transaction queue,
	/// to obtain transaction validity against current state.
	/// It should perform all checks that determine a valid transaction,
	/// that can pay for its execution and quickly eliminate ones
	/// that are stale or incorrect.
	///
	/// Make sure to perform the same checks in `pre_dispatch` function.
	fn validate(
		&self,
		_who: &Self::AccountId,
		_call: &Self::Call,
		_info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		_len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity {
		Ok(ValidTransaction::default())
	}

	/// Do any pre-flight stuff for a signed transaction.
	///
	/// Note this function by default delegates to `validate`, so that
	/// all checks performed for the transaction queue are also performed during
	/// the dispatch phase (applying the extrinsic).
	///
	/// If you ever override this function, you need to make sure to always
	/// perform the same validation as in `validate`.
	fn pre_dispatch(
		self,
		who: &Self::AccountId,
		call: &Self::Call,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> Result<Self::Pre, TransactionValidityError> {
		self.validate(who, call, info, len)
			.map(|_| Self::Pre::default())
			.map_err(Into::into)
	}

	/// Validate an unsigned transaction for the transaction queue.
	///
	/// This function can be called frequently by the transaction queue
	/// to obtain transaction validity against current state.
	/// It should perform all checks that determine a valid unsigned transaction,
	/// and quickly eliminate ones that are stale or incorrect.
	///
	/// Make sure to perform the same checks in `pre_dispatch_unsigned` function.
	fn validate_unsigned(
		_call: &Self::Call,
		_info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		_len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity {
		Ok(ValidTransaction::default())
	}

	/// Do any pre-flight stuff for a unsigned transaction.
	///
	/// Note this function by default delegates to `validate_unsigned`, so that
	/// all checks performed for the transaction queue are also performed during
	/// the dispatch phase (applying the extrinsic).
	///
	/// If you ever override this function, you need to make sure to always
	/// perform the same validation as in `validate_unsigned`.
	fn pre_dispatch_unsigned(
		call: &Self::Call,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> Result<Self::Pre, TransactionValidityError> {
		Self::validate_unsigned(call, info, len)
			.map(|_| Self::Pre::default())
			.map_err(Into::into)
	}

	/// Do any post-flight stuff for an extrinsic.
	///
	/// This gets given the `DispatchResult` `_result` from the extrinsic and can, if desired,
	/// introduce a `TransactionValidityError`, causing the block to become invalid for including
	/// it.
	///
	/// WARNING: It is dangerous to return an error here. To do so will fundamentally invalidate the
	/// transaction and any block that it is included in, causing the block author to not be
	/// compensated for their work in validating the transaction or producing the block so far.
	///
	/// It can only be used safely when you *know* that the extrinsic is one that can only be
	/// introduced by the current block author; generally this implies that it is an inherent and
	/// will come from either an offchain-worker or via `InherentData`.
	fn post_dispatch(
		_pre: Self::Pre,
		_info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		_post_info: &PostDispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		_len: usize,
		_result: &DispatchResult,
	) -> Result<(), TransactionValidityError> {
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Returns the list of unique identifier for this signed extension.
	///
	/// As a [`SignedExtension`] can be a tuple of [`SignedExtension`]s we need to return a `Vec`
	/// that holds all the unique identifiers. Each individual `SignedExtension` must return
	/// *exactly* one identifier.
	///
	/// This method provides a default implementation that returns `vec![SELF::IDENTIFIER]`.
	fn identifier() -> Vec<&'static str> {
		sp_std::vec![Self::IDENTIFIER]
	}
}

#[impl_for_tuples(1, 12)]
impl<AccountId, Call: Dispatchable> SignedExtension for Tuple {
	for_tuples!( where #( Tuple: SignedExtension<AccountId=AccountId, Call=Call,> )* );
	type AccountId = AccountId;
	type Call = Call;
	const IDENTIFIER: &'static str = "You should call `identifier()`!";
	for_tuples!( type AdditionalSigned = ( #( Tuple::AdditionalSigned ),* ); );
	for_tuples!( type Pre = ( #( Tuple::Pre ),* ); );

	fn additional_signed(&self) -> Result<Self::AdditionalSigned, TransactionValidityError> {
		Ok(for_tuples!( ( #( Tuple.additional_signed()? ),* ) ))
	}

	fn validate(
		&self,
		who: &Self::AccountId,
		call: &Self::Call,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity {
		let valid = ValidTransaction::default();
		for_tuples!( #( let valid = valid.combine_with(Tuple.validate(who, call, info, len)?); )* );
		Ok(valid)
	}

	fn pre_dispatch(self, who: &Self::AccountId, call: &Self::Call, info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>, len: usize)
		-> Result<Self::Pre, TransactionValidityError>
	{
		Ok(for_tuples!( ( #( Tuple.pre_dispatch(who, call, info, len)? ),* ) ))
	}

	fn validate_unsigned(
		call: &Self::Call,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity {
		let valid = ValidTransaction::default();
		for_tuples!( #( let valid = valid.combine_with(Tuple::validate_unsigned(call, info, len)?); )* );
		Ok(valid)
	}

	fn pre_dispatch_unsigned(
		call: &Self::Call,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> Result<Self::Pre, TransactionValidityError> {
		Ok(for_tuples!( ( #( Tuple::pre_dispatch_unsigned(call, info, len)? ),* ) ))
	}

	fn post_dispatch(
		pre: Self::Pre,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		post_info: &PostDispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
		result: &DispatchResult,
	) -> Result<(), TransactionValidityError> {
		for_tuples!( #( Tuple::post_dispatch(pre.Tuple, info, post_info, len, result)?; )* );
		Ok(())
	}

	fn identifier() -> Vec<&'static str> {
		let mut ids = Vec::new();
		for_tuples!( #( ids.extend(Tuple::identifier()); )* );
		ids
	}
}

/// Only for bare bone testing when you don't care about signed extensions at all.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl SignedExtension for () {
	type AccountId = u64;
	type AdditionalSigned = ();
	type Call = ();
	type Pre = ();
	const IDENTIFIER: &'static str = "UnitSignedExtension";
	fn additional_signed(&self) -> sp_std::result::Result<(), TransactionValidityError> { Ok(()) }
}

/// An "executable" piece of information, used by the standard Substrate Executive in order to
/// enact a piece of extrinsic information by marshalling and dispatching to a named function
/// call.
///
/// Also provides information on to whom this information is attributable and an index that allows
/// each piece of attributable information to be disambiguated.
pub trait Applyable: Sized + Send + Sync {
	/// Type by which we can dispatch. Restricts the `UnsignedValidator` type.
	type Call: Dispatchable;

	/// Checks to see if this is a valid *transaction*. It returns information on it if so.
	fn validate<V: ValidateUnsigned<Call=Self::Call>>(
		&self,
		source: TransactionSource,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> TransactionValidity;

	/// Executes all necessary logic needed prior to dispatch and deconstructs into function call,
	/// index and sender.
	fn apply<V: ValidateUnsigned<Call=Self::Call>>(
		self,
		info: &DispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>,
		len: usize,
	) -> crate::ApplyExtrinsicResultWithInfo<PostDispatchInfoOf<Self::Call>>;
}

/// A marker trait for something that knows the type of the runtime block.
pub trait GetRuntimeBlockType {
	/// The `RuntimeBlock` type.
	type RuntimeBlock: self::Block;
}

/// A marker trait for something that knows the type of the node block.
pub trait GetNodeBlockType {
	/// The `NodeBlock` type.
	type NodeBlock: self::Block;
}

/// Something that can validate unsigned extrinsics for the transaction pool.
///
/// Note that any checks done here are only used for determining the validity of
/// the transaction for the transaction pool.
/// During block execution phase one need to perform the same checks anyway,
/// since this function is not being called.
pub trait ValidateUnsigned {
	/// The call to validate
	type Call;

	/// Validate the call right before dispatch.
	///
	/// This method should be used to prevent transactions already in the pool
	/// (i.e. passing `validate_unsigned`) from being included in blocks
	/// in case we know they now became invalid.
	///
	/// By default it's a good idea to call `validate_unsigned` from within
	/// this function again to make sure we never include an invalid transaction.
	///
	/// Changes made to storage WILL be persisted if the call returns `Ok`.
	fn pre_dispatch(call: &Self::Call) -> Result<(), TransactionValidityError> {
		Self::validate_unsigned(TransactionSource::InBlock, call)
			.map(|_| ())
			.map_err(Into::into)
	}

	/// Return the validity of the call
	///
	/// This doesn't execute any side-effects; it merely checks
	/// whether the transaction would panic if it were included or not.
	///
	/// Changes made to storage should be discarded by caller.
	fn validate_unsigned(source: TransactionSource, call: &Self::Call) -> TransactionValidity;
}

/// Opaque data type that may be destructured into a series of raw byte slices (which represent
/// individual keys).
pub trait OpaqueKeys: Clone {
	/// Types bound to this opaque keys that provide the key type ids returned.
	type KeyTypeIdProviders;

	/// Return the key-type IDs supported by this set.
	fn key_ids() -> &'static [crate::KeyTypeId];
	/// Get the raw bytes of key with key-type ID `i`.
	fn get_raw(&self, i: super::KeyTypeId) -> &[u8];
	/// Get the decoded key with key-type ID `i`.
	fn get<T: Decode>(&self, i: super::KeyTypeId) -> Option<T> {
		T::decode(&mut self.get_raw(i)).ok()
	}
	/// Verify a proof of ownership for the keys.
	fn ownership_proof_is_valid(&self, _proof: &[u8]) -> bool { true }
}

/// Input that adds infinite number of zero after wrapped input.
///
/// This can add an infinite stream of zeros onto any input, not just a slice as with
/// `TrailingZerosInput`.
pub struct AppendZerosInput<'a, T>(&'a mut T);

impl<'a, T> AppendZerosInput<'a, T> {
	/// Create a new instance from the given byte array.
	pub fn new(input: &'a mut T) -> Self {
		Self(input)
	}
}

impl<'a, T: codec::Input> codec::Input for AppendZerosInput<'a, T> {
	fn remaining_len(&mut self) -> Result<Option<usize>, codec::Error> {
		Ok(None)
	}

	fn read(&mut self, into: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), codec::Error> {
		let remaining = self.0.remaining_len()?;
		let completed = if let Some(n) = remaining {
			let readable = into.len().min(n);
			// this should never fail if `remaining_len` API is implemented correctly.
			self.0.read(&mut into[..readable])?;
			readable
		} else {
			// Fill it byte-by-byte.
			let mut i = 0;
			while i < into.len() {
				if let Ok(b) = self.0.read_byte() {
					into[i] = b;
					i += 1;
				} else {
					break;
				}
			}
			i
		};
		// Fill the rest with zeros.
		for i in &mut into[completed..] {
			*i = 0;
		}
		Ok(())
	}
}

/// Input that adds infinite number of zero after wrapped input.
pub struct TrailingZeroInput<'a>(&'a [u8]);

impl<'a> TrailingZeroInput<'a> {
	/// Create a new instance from the given byte array.
	pub fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
		Self(data)
	}
}

impl<'a> codec::Input for TrailingZeroInput<'a> {
	fn remaining_len(&mut self) -> Result<Option<usize>, codec::Error> {
		Ok(None)
	}

	fn read(&mut self, into: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), codec::Error> {
		let len_from_inner = into.len().min(self.0.len());
		into[..len_from_inner].copy_from_slice(&self.0[..len_from_inner]);
		for i in &mut into[len_from_inner..] {
			*i = 0;
		}
		self.0 = &self.0[len_from_inner..];

		Ok(())
	}
}

/// This type can be converted into and possibly from an AccountId (which itself is generic).
pub trait AccountIdConversion<AccountId>: Sized {
	/// Convert into an account ID. This is infallible.
	fn into_account(&self) -> AccountId { self.into_sub_account(&()) }

	/// Try to convert an account ID into this type. Might not succeed.
	fn try_from_account(a: &AccountId) -> Option<Self> {
		Self::try_from_sub_account::<()>(a).map(|x| x.0)
	}

	/// Convert this value amalgamated with the a secondary "sub" value into an account ID. This is
	/// infallible.
	///
	/// NOTE: The account IDs from this and from `into_account` are *not* guaranteed to be distinct
	/// for any given value of `self`, nor are different invocations to this with different types
	/// `T`. For example, the following will all encode to the same account ID value:
	/// - `self.into_sub_account(0u32)`
	/// - `self.into_sub_account(vec![0u8; 0])`
	/// - `self.into_account()`
	fn into_sub_account<S: Encode>(&self, sub: S) -> AccountId;

	/// Try to convert an account ID into this type. Might not succeed.
	fn try_from_sub_account<S: Decode>(x: &AccountId) -> Option<(Self, S)>;
}

/// Format is TYPE_ID ++ encode(parachain ID) ++ 00.... where 00... is indefinite trailing zeroes to
/// fill AccountId.
impl<T: Encode + Decode + Default, Id: Encode + Decode + TypeId> AccountIdConversion<T> for Id {
	fn into_sub_account<S: Encode>(&self, sub: S) -> T {
		(Id::TYPE_ID, self, sub).using_encoded(|b|
			T::decode(&mut TrailingZeroInput(b))
		).unwrap_or_default()
	}

	fn try_from_sub_account<S: Decode>(x: &T) -> Option<(Self, S)> {
		x.using_encoded(|d| {
			if &d[0..4] != Id::TYPE_ID { return None }
			let mut cursor = &d[4..];
			let result = Decode::decode(&mut cursor).ok()?;
			if cursor.iter().all(|x| *x == 0) {
				Some(result)
			} else {
				None
			}
		})
	}
}

/// Calls a given macro a number of times with a set of fixed params and an incrementing numeral.
/// e.g.
/// ```nocompile
/// count!(println ("{}",) foo, bar, baz);
/// // Will result in three `println!`s: "0", "1" and "2".
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! count {
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) ) => ();
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) $x1:tt) => { $f!($($x)* 0); };
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) $x1:tt, $x2:tt) => { $f!($($x)* 0); $f!($($x)* 1); };
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) $x1:tt, $x2:tt, $x3:tt) => { $f!($($x)* 0); $f!($($x)* 1); $f!($($x)* 2); };
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) $x1:tt, $x2:tt, $x3:tt, $x4:tt) => {
		$f!($($x)* 0); $f!($($x)* 1); $f!($($x)* 2); $f!($($x)* 3);
	};
	($f:ident ($($x:tt)*) $x1:tt, $x2:tt, $x3:tt, $x4:tt, $x5:tt) => {
		$f!($($x)* 0); $f!($($x)* 1); $f!($($x)* 2); $f!($($x)* 3); $f!($($x)* 4);
	};
}

/// Implement `OpaqueKeys` for a described struct.
///
/// Every field type must implement [`BoundToRuntimeAppPublic`](crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic).
/// `KeyTypeIdProviders` is set to the types given as fields.
///
/// ```rust
/// use sp_runtime::{
/// 	impl_opaque_keys, KeyTypeId, BoundToRuntimeAppPublic, app_crypto::{sr25519, ed25519}
/// };
///
/// pub struct KeyModule;
/// impl BoundToRuntimeAppPublic for KeyModule { type Public = ed25519::AppPublic; }
///
/// pub struct KeyModule2;
/// impl BoundToRuntimeAppPublic for KeyModule2 { type Public = sr25519::AppPublic; }
///
/// impl_opaque_keys! {
/// 	pub struct Keys {
/// 		pub key_module: KeyModule,
/// 		pub key_module2: KeyModule2,
/// 	}
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! impl_opaque_keys {
	(
		$( #[ $attr:meta ] )*
		pub struct $name:ident {
			$(
				$( #[ $inner_attr:meta ] )*
				pub $field:ident: $type:ty,
			)*
		}
	) => {
		$( #[ $attr ] )*
		#[derive(
			Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq,
			$crate::codec::Encode,
			$crate::codec::Decode,
			$crate::RuntimeDebug,
		)]
		#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive($crate::serde::Serialize, $crate::serde::Deserialize))]
		pub struct $name {
			$(
				$( #[ $inner_attr ] )*
				pub $field: <$type as $crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic>::Public,
			)*
		}

		impl $name {
			/// Generate a set of keys with optionally using the given seed.
			///
			/// The generated key pairs are stored in the keystore.
			///
			/// Returns the concatenated SCALE encoded public keys.
			pub fn generate(seed: Option<$crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<u8>>) -> $crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<u8> {
				let keys = Self{
					$(
						$field: <
							<
								$type as $crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic
							>::Public as $crate::RuntimeAppPublic
						>::generate_pair(seed.clone()),
					)*
				};
				$crate::codec::Encode::encode(&keys)
			}

			/// Converts `Self` into a `Vec` of `(raw public key, KeyTypeId)`.
			pub fn into_raw_public_keys(
				self,
			) -> $crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<($crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<u8>, $crate::KeyTypeId)> {
				let mut keys = Vec::new();
				$(
					keys.push((
						$crate::RuntimeAppPublic::to_raw_vec(&self.$field),
						<
							<
								$type as $crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic
							>::Public as $crate::RuntimeAppPublic
						>::ID,
					));
				)*

				keys
			}

			/// Decode `Self` from the given `encoded` slice and convert `Self` into the raw public
			/// keys (see [`Self::into_raw_public_keys`]).
			///
			/// Returns `None` when the decoding failed, otherwise `Some(_)`.
			pub fn decode_into_raw_public_keys(
				encoded: &[u8],
			) -> Option<$crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<($crate::sp_std::vec::Vec<u8>, $crate::KeyTypeId)>> {
				<Self as $crate::codec::Decode>::decode(&mut &encoded[..])
					.ok()
					.map(|s| s.into_raw_public_keys())
			}
		}

		impl $crate::traits::OpaqueKeys for $name {
			type KeyTypeIdProviders = ( $( $type, )* );

			fn key_ids() -> &'static [$crate::KeyTypeId] {
				&[
					$(
						<
							<
								$type as $crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic
							>::Public as $crate::RuntimeAppPublic
						>::ID
					),*
				]
			}

			fn get_raw(&self, i: $crate::KeyTypeId) -> &[u8] {
				match i {
					$(
						i if i == <
							<
								$type as $crate::BoundToRuntimeAppPublic
							>::Public as $crate::RuntimeAppPublic
						>::ID =>
							self.$field.as_ref(),
					)*
					_ => &[],
				}
			}
		}
	};
}

/// Trait for things which can be printed from the runtime.
pub trait Printable {
	/// Print the object.
	fn print(&self);
}

impl<T: Printable> Printable for &T {
	fn print(&self) {
		(*self).print()
	}
}

impl Printable for u8 {
	fn print(&self) {
		(*self as u64).print()
	}
}

impl Printable for u32 {
	fn print(&self) {
		(*self as u64).print()
	}
}

impl Printable for usize {
	fn print(&self) {
		(*self as u64).print()
	}
}

impl Printable for u64 {
	fn print(&self) {
		sp_io::misc::print_num(*self);
	}
}

impl Printable for &[u8] {
	fn print(&self) {
		sp_io::misc::print_hex(self);
	}
}

impl Printable for &str {
	fn print(&self) {
		sp_io::misc::print_utf8(self.as_bytes());
	}
}

impl Printable for bool {
	fn print(&self) {
		if *self {
			"true".print()
		} else {
			"false".print()
		}
	}
}

impl Printable for () {
	fn print(&self) {
		"()".print()
	}
}

#[impl_for_tuples(1, 12)]
impl Printable for Tuple {
	fn print(&self) {
		for_tuples!( #( Tuple.print(); )* )
	}
}

/// Something that can convert a [`BlockId`](crate::generic::BlockId) to a number or a hash.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub trait BlockIdTo<Block: self::Block> {
	/// The error type that will be returned by the functions.
	type Error: std::fmt::Debug;

	/// Convert the given `block_id` to the corresponding block hash.
	fn to_hash(
		&self,
		block_id: &crate::generic::BlockId<Block>,
	) -> Result<Option<Block::Hash>, Self::Error>;

	/// Convert the given `block_id` to the corresponding block number.
	fn to_number(
		&self,
		block_id: &crate::generic::BlockId<Block>,
	) -> Result<Option<NumberFor<Block>>, Self::Error>;
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use crate::codec::{Encode, Decode, Input};
	use sp_core::{crypto::Pair, ecdsa};

	mod t {
		use sp_core::crypto::KeyTypeId;
		use sp_application_crypto::{app_crypto, sr25519};
		app_crypto!(sr25519, KeyTypeId(*b"test"));
	}

	#[test]
	fn app_verify_works() {
		use t::*;
		use super::AppVerify;

		let s = Signature::default();
		let _ = s.verify(&[0u8; 100][..], &Public::default());
	}

	#[derive(Encode, Decode, Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
	struct U32Value(u32);
	impl super::TypeId for U32Value {
		const TYPE_ID: [u8; 4] = [0x0d, 0xf0, 0xfe, 0xca];
	}
	// cafef00d

	#[derive(Encode, Decode, Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
	struct U16Value(u16);
	impl super::TypeId for U16Value {
		const TYPE_ID: [u8; 4] = [0xfe, 0xca, 0x0d, 0xf0];
	}
	// f00dcafe

	type AccountId = u64;

	#[test]
	fn into_account_should_work() {
		let r: AccountId = U32Value::into_account(&U32Value(0xdeadbeef));
		assert_eq!(r, 0x_deadbeef_cafef00d);
	}

	#[test]
	fn try_from_account_should_work() {
		let r = U32Value::try_from_account(&0x_deadbeef_cafef00d_u64);
		assert_eq!(r.unwrap(), U32Value(0xdeadbeef));
	}

	#[test]
	fn into_account_with_fill_should_work() {
		let r: AccountId = U16Value::into_account(&U16Value(0xc0da));
		assert_eq!(r, 0x_0000_c0da_f00dcafe);
	}

	#[test]
	fn try_from_account_with_fill_should_work() {
		let r = U16Value::try_from_account(&0x0000_c0da_f00dcafe_u64);
		assert_eq!(r.unwrap(), U16Value(0xc0da));
	}

	#[test]
	fn bad_try_from_account_should_fail() {
		let r = U16Value::try_from_account(&0x0000_c0de_baadcafe_u64);
		assert!(r.is_none());
		let r = U16Value::try_from_account(&0x0100_c0da_f00dcafe_u64);
		assert!(r.is_none());
	}

	#[test]
	fn trailing_zero_should_work() {
		let mut t = super::TrailingZeroInput(&[1, 2, 3]);
		assert_eq!(t.remaining_len(), Ok(None));
		let mut buffer = [0u8; 2];
		assert_eq!(t.read(&mut buffer), Ok(()));
		assert_eq!(t.remaining_len(), Ok(None));
		assert_eq!(buffer, [1, 2]);
		assert_eq!(t.read(&mut buffer), Ok(()));
		assert_eq!(t.remaining_len(), Ok(None));
		assert_eq!(buffer, [3, 0]);
		assert_eq!(t.read(&mut buffer), Ok(()));
		assert_eq!(t.remaining_len(), Ok(None));
		assert_eq!(buffer, [0, 0]);
	}

	#[test]
	fn ecdsa_verify_works() {
		let msg = &b"test-message"[..];
		let (pair, _) = ecdsa::Pair::generate();

		let signature = pair.sign(&msg);
		assert!(ecdsa::Pair::verify(&signature, msg, &pair.public()));

		assert!(signature.verify(msg, &pair.public()));
		assert!(signature.verify(msg, &pair.public()));
	}
}
