# Function ethcore_util::standard::mem::transmute 1.0.0 [−] [src]

    pub unsafe extern "rust-intrinsic" fn transmute<T, U>(e: T) -> U

Reinterprets the bits of a value of one type as another type.

Both types must have the same size. Neither the original, nor the result, may be an invalid value.

`transmute` is semantically equivalent to a bitwise move of one type into another. It copies the bits from the source value into the destination value, then forgets the original. It's equivalent to C's `memcpy` under the hood, just like `transmute_copy`.

`transmute` is incredibly unsafe. There are a vast number of ways to cause undefined behavior with this function. `transmute` should be the absolute last resort.

The nomicon has additional documentation.

# Examples

There are a few things that `transmute` is really useful for.

Getting the bitpattern of a floating point type (or, more generally, type punning, when `T` and `U` aren't pointers):

    let bitpattern = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<f32, u32>(1.0)
    };
    assert_eq!(bitpattern, 0x3F800000);

Turning a pointer into a function pointer. This is not portable to machines where function pointers and data pointers have different sizes.

    fn foo() -> i32 {
        0
    }
    let pointer = foo as *const ();
    let function = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<*const (), fn() -> i32>(pointer)
    };
    assert_eq!(function(), 0);

Extending a lifetime, or shortening an invariant lifetime. This is advanced, very unsafe Rust!

    struct R<'a>(&'a i32);
    unsafe fn extend_lifetime<'b>(r: R<'b>) -> R<'static> {
        std::mem::transmute::<R<'b>, R<'static>>(r)
    }

    unsafe fn shorten_invariant_lifetime<'b, 'c>(r: &'b mut R<'static>)
                                                 -> &'b mut R<'c> {
        std::mem::transmute::<&'b mut R<'static>, &'b mut R<'c>>(r)
    }

# Alternatives

Don't despair: many uses of `transmute` can be achieved through other means. Below are common applications of `transmute` which can be replaced with safer constructs.

Turning a pointer into a `usize`:

    let ptr = &0;
    let ptr_num_transmute = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<&i32, usize>(ptr)
    };

    // Use an `as` cast instead
    let ptr_num_cast = ptr as *const i32 as usize;

Turning a `*mut T` into an `&mut T`:

    let ptr: *mut i32 = &mut 0;
    let ref_transmuted = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<*mut i32, &mut i32>(ptr)
    };

    // Use a reborrow instead
    let ref_casted = unsafe { &mut *ptr };

Turning an `&mut T` into an `&mut U`:

    let ptr = &mut 0;
    let val_transmuted = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<&mut i32, &mut u32>(ptr)
    };

    // Now, put together `as` and reborrowing - note the chaining of `as`
    // `as` is not transitive
    let val_casts = unsafe { &mut *(ptr as *mut i32 as *mut u32) };

Turning an `&str` into an `&[u8]`:

    // this is not a good way to do this.
    let slice = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&str, &[u8]>("Rust") };
    assert_eq!(slice, &[82, 117, 115, 116]);

    // You could use `str::as_bytes`
    let slice = "Rust".as_bytes();
    assert_eq!(slice, &[82, 117, 115, 116]);

    // Or, just use a byte string, if you have control over the string
    // literal
    assert_eq!(b"Rust", &[82, 117, 115, 116]);

Turning a `Vec<&T>` into a `Vec<Option<&T>>`:

    let store = [0, 1, 2, 3];
    let mut v_orig = store.iter().collect::<Vec<&i32>>();

    // Using transmute: this is Undefined Behavior, and a bad idea.
    // However, it is no-copy.
    let v_transmuted = unsafe {
        std::mem::transmute::<Vec<&i32>, Vec<Option<&i32>>>(
            v_orig.clone())
    };

    // This is the suggested, safe way.
    // It does copy the entire vector, though, into a new array.
    let v_collected = v_orig.clone()
                            .into_iter()
                            .map(|r| Some(r))
                            .collect::<Vec<Option<&i32>>>();

    // The no-copy, unsafe way, still using transmute, but not UB.
    // This is equivalent to the original, but safer, and reuses the
    // same Vec internals. Therefore the new inner type must have the
    // exact same size, and the same or lesser alignment, as the old
    // type. The same caveats exist for this method as transmute, for
    // the original inner type (`&i32`) to the converted inner type
    // (`Option<&i32>`), so read the nomicon pages linked above.
    let v_from_raw = unsafe {
        Vec::from_raw_parts(v_orig.as_mut_ptr(),
                            v_orig.len(),
                            v_orig.capacity())
    };
    std::mem::forget(v_orig);

Implementing `split_at_mut`:

    use std::{slice, mem};

    // There are multiple ways to do this; and there are multiple problems
    // with the following, transmute, way.
    fn split_at_mut_transmute<T>(slice: &mut [T], mid: usize)
                                 -> (&mut [T], &mut [T]) {
        let len = slice.len();
        assert!(mid <= len);
        unsafe {
            let slice2 = mem::transmute::<&mut [T], &mut [T]>(slice);
            // first: transmute is not typesafe; all it checks is that T and
            // U are of the same size. Second, right here, you have two
            // mutable references pointing to the same memory.
            (&mut slice[0..mid], &mut slice2[mid..len])
        }
    }

    // This gets rid of the typesafety problems; `&mut *` will *only* give
    // you an `&mut T` from an `&mut T` or `*mut T`.
    fn split_at_mut_casts<T>(slice: &mut [T], mid: usize)
                             -> (&mut [T], &mut [T]) {
        let len = slice.len();
        assert!(mid <= len);
        unsafe {
            let slice2 = &mut *(slice as *mut [T]);
            // however, you still have two mutable references pointing to
            // the same memory.
            (&mut slice[0..mid], &mut slice2[mid..len])
        }
    }

    // This is how the standard library does it. This is the best method, if
    // you need to do something like this
    fn split_at_stdlib<T>(slice: &mut [T], mid: usize)
                          -> (&mut [T], &mut [T]) {
        let len = slice.len();
        assert!(mid <= len);
        unsafe {
            let ptr = slice.as_mut_ptr();
            // This now has three mutable references pointing at the same
            // memory. `slice`, the rvalue ret.0, and the rvalue ret.1.
            // `slice` is never used after `let ptr = ...`, and so one can
            // treat it as "dead", and therefore, you only have two real
            // mutable slices.
            (slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, mid),
             slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr.offset(mid as isize), len - mid))
        }
    }

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