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    // Copyright 2015-2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
    // This file is part of Parity.

    // Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    // (at your option) any later version.

    // Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    // GNU General Public License for more details.

    // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    // along with Parity.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

    //! Transaction data structure.

    use std::ops::Deref;
    use rlp::*;
    use util::sha3::Hashable;
    use util::{H256, Address, U256, Bytes, HeapSizeOf};
    use ethkey::{Signature, Secret, Public, recover, public_to_address, Error as EthkeyError};
    use error::*;
    use evm::Schedule;
    use header::BlockNumber;
    use ethjson;

    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "ipc", binary)]
    /// Transaction action type.
    pub enum Action {
    	/// Create creates new contract.
    	Create,
    	/// Calls contract at given address.
    	/// In the case of a transfer, this is the receiver's address.'
    	Call(Address),
    }

    impl Default for Action {
    	fn default() -> Action { Action::Create }
    }

    impl Decodable for Action {
    	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
    		let rlp = decoder.as_rlp();
    		if rlp.is_empty() {
    			Ok(Action::Create)
    		} else {
    			Ok(Action::Call(rlp.as_val()?))
    		}
    	}
    }

    /// A set of information describing an externally-originating message call
    /// or contract creation operation.
    #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "ipc", binary)]
    pub struct Transaction {
    	/// Nonce.
    	pub nonce: U256,
    	/// Gas price.
    	pub gas_price: U256,
    	/// Gas paid up front for transaction execution.
    	pub gas: U256,
    	/// Action, can be either call or contract create.
    	pub action: Action,
    	/// Transfered value.
    	pub value: U256,
    	/// Transaction data.
    	pub data: Bytes,
    }

    impl Transaction {
    	/// Append object with a without signature into RLP stream
    	pub fn rlp_append_unsigned_transaction(&self, s: &mut RlpStream, network_id: Option<u64>) {
    		s.begin_list(if network_id.is_none() { 6 } else { 9 });
    		s.append(&self.nonce);
    		s.append(&self.gas_price);
    		s.append(&self.gas);
    		match self.action {
    			Action::Create => s.append_empty_data(),
    			Action::Call(ref to) => s.append(to)
    		};
    		s.append(&self.value);
    		s.append(&self.data);
    		if let Some(n) = network_id {
    			s.append(&n);
    			s.append(&0u8);
    			s.append(&0u8);
    		}
    	}
    }

    impl HeapSizeOf for Transaction {
    	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize {
    		self.data.heap_size_of_children()
    	}
    }

    impl From<ethjson::state::Transaction> for SignedTransaction {
    	fn from(t: ethjson::state::Transaction) -> Self {
    		let to: Option<ethjson::hash::Address> = t.to.into();
    		let secret = Secret::from_slice(&t.secret.0).expect("Valid secret expected.");
    		Transaction {
    			nonce: t.nonce.into(),
    			gas_price: t.gas_price.into(),
    			gas: t.gas_limit.into(),
    			action: match to {
    				Some(to) => Action::Call(to.into()),
    				None => Action::Create
    			},
    			value: t.value.into(),
    			data: t.data.into(),
    		}.sign(&secret, None)
    	}
    }

    impl From<ethjson::transaction::Transaction> for UnverifiedTransaction {
    	fn from(t: ethjson::transaction::Transaction) -> Self {
    		let to: Option<ethjson::hash::Address> = t.to.into();
    		UnverifiedTransaction {
    			unsigned: Transaction {
    				nonce: t.nonce.into(),
    				gas_price: t.gas_price.into(),
    				gas: t.gas_limit.into(),
    				action: match to {
    					Some(to) => Action::Call(to.into()),
    					None => Action::Create
    				},
    				value: t.value.into(),
    				data: t.data.into(),
    			},
    			r: t.r.into(),
    			s: t.s.into(),
    			v: t.v.into(),
    			hash: 0.into(),
    		}.compute_hash()
    	}
    }

    impl Transaction {
    	/// The message hash of the transaction.
    	pub fn hash(&self, network_id: Option<u64>) -> H256 {
    		let mut stream = RlpStream::new();
    		self.rlp_append_unsigned_transaction(&mut stream, network_id);
    		stream.out().sha3()
    	}

    	/// Signs the transaction as coming from `sender`.
    	pub fn sign(self, secret: &Secret, network_id: Option<u64>) -> SignedTransaction {
    		let sig = ::ethkey::sign(secret, &self.hash(network_id))
    			.expect("data is valid and context has signing capabilities; qed");
    		SignedTransaction::new(self.with_signature(sig, network_id))
    			.expect("secret is valid so it's recoverable")
    	}

    	/// Signs the transaction with signature.
    	pub fn with_signature(self, sig: Signature, network_id: Option<u64>) -> UnverifiedTransaction {
    		UnverifiedTransaction {
    			unsigned: self,
    			r: sig.r().into(),
    			s: sig.s().into(),
    			v: sig.v() as u64 + if let Some(n) = network_id { 35 + n * 2 } else { 27 },
    			hash: 0.into(),
    		}.compute_hash()
    	}

    	/// Useful for test incorrectly signed transactions.
    	#[cfg(test)]
    	pub fn invalid_sign(self) -> UnverifiedTransaction {
    		UnverifiedTransaction {
    			unsigned: self,
    			r: U256::default(),
    			s: U256::default(),
    			v: 0,
    			hash: 0.into(),
    		}.compute_hash()
    	}

    	/// Specify the sender; this won't survive the serialize/deserialize process, but can be cloned.
    	pub fn fake_sign(self, from: Address) -> SignedTransaction {
    		SignedTransaction {
    			transaction: UnverifiedTransaction {
    				unsigned: self,
    				r: U256::default(),
    				s: U256::default(),
    				v: 0,
    				hash: 0.into(),
    			}.compute_hash(),
    			sender: from,
    			public: Public::default(),
    		}
    	}

    	/// Get the transaction cost in gas for the given params.
    	pub fn gas_required_for(is_create: bool, data: &[u8], schedule: &Schedule) -> u64 {
    		data.iter().fold(
    			(if is_create {schedule.tx_create_gas} else {schedule.tx_gas}) as u64,
    			|g, b| g + (match *b { 0 => schedule.tx_data_zero_gas, _ => schedule.tx_data_non_zero_gas }) as u64
    		)
    	}

    	/// Get the transaction cost in gas for this transaction.
    	pub fn gas_required(&self, schedule: &Schedule) -> u64 {
    		Self::gas_required_for(match self.action{Action::Create=>true, Action::Call(_)=>false}, &self.data, schedule)
    	}
    }

    /// Signed transaction information.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "ipc", binary)]
    pub struct UnverifiedTransaction {
    	/// Plain Transaction.
    	unsigned: Transaction,
    	/// The V field of the signature; the LS bit described which half of the curve our point falls
    	/// in. The MS bits describe which network this transaction is for. If 27/28, its for all networks.
    	v: u64,
    	/// The R field of the signature; helps describe the point on the curve.
    	r: U256,
    	/// The S field of the signature; helps describe the point on the curve.
    	s: U256,
    	/// Hash of the transaction
    	hash: H256,
    }

    impl Deref for UnverifiedTransaction {
    	type Target = Transaction;

    	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
    		&self.unsigned
    	}
    }

    impl Decodable for UnverifiedTransaction {
    	fn decode<D>(decoder: &D) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> where D: Decoder {
    		let d = decoder.as_rlp();
    		if d.item_count() != 9 {
    			return Err(DecoderError::RlpIncorrectListLen);
    		}
    		let hash = decoder.as_raw().sha3();
    		Ok(UnverifiedTransaction {
    			unsigned: Transaction {
    				nonce: d.val_at(0)?,
    				gas_price: d.val_at(1)?,
    				gas: d.val_at(2)?,
    				action: d.val_at(3)?,
    				value: d.val_at(4)?,
    				data: d.val_at(5)?,
    			},
    			v: d.val_at(6)?,
    			r: d.val_at(7)?,
    			s: d.val_at(8)?,
    			hash: hash,
    		})
    	}
    }

    impl Encodable for UnverifiedTransaction {
    	fn rlp_append(&self, s: &mut RlpStream) { self.rlp_append_sealed_transaction(s) }
    }

    impl UnverifiedTransaction {
    	/// Used to compute hash of created transactions
    	fn compute_hash(mut self) -> UnverifiedTransaction {
    		let hash = (&*self.rlp_bytes()).sha3();
    		self.hash = hash;
    		self
    	}

    	/// Append object with a signature into RLP stream
    	fn rlp_append_sealed_transaction(&self, s: &mut RlpStream) {
    		s.begin_list(9);
    		s.append(&self.nonce);
    		s.append(&self.gas_price);
    		s.append(&self.gas);
    		match self.action {
    			Action::Create => s.append_empty_data(),
    			Action::Call(ref to) => s.append(to)
    		};
    		s.append(&self.value);
    		s.append(&self.data);
    		s.append(&self.v);
    		s.append(&self.r);
    		s.append(&self.s);
    	}

    	///	Reference to unsigned part of this transaction.
    	pub fn as_unsigned(&self) -> &Transaction {
    		&self.unsigned
    	}

    	/// 0 if `v` would have been 27 under "Electrum" notation, 1 if 28 or 4 if invalid.
    	pub fn standard_v(&self) -> u8 { match self.v { v if v == 27 || v == 28 || v > 36 => ((v - 1) % 2) as u8, _ => 4 } }

    	/// The `v` value that appears in the RLP.
    	pub fn original_v(&self) -> u64 { self.v }

    	/// The network ID, or `None` if this is a global transaction.
    	pub fn network_id(&self) -> Option<u64> {
    		match self.v {
    			v if v > 36 => Some((v - 35) / 2),
    			_ => None,
    		}
    	}

    	/// Construct a signature object from the sig.
    	pub fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
    		Signature::from_rsv(&self.r.into(), &self.s.into(), self.standard_v())
    	}

    	/// Checks whether the signature has a low 's' value.
    	pub fn check_low_s(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
    		if !self.signature().is_low_s() {
    			Err(EthkeyError::InvalidSignature.into())
    		} else {
    			Ok(())
    		}
    	}

    	/// Get the hash of this header (sha3 of the RLP).
    	pub fn hash(&self) -> H256 {
    		self.hash
    	}

    	/// Recovers the public key of the sender.
    	pub fn recover_public(&self) -> Result<Public, Error> {
    		Ok(recover(&self.signature(), &self.unsigned.hash(self.network_id()))?)
    	}

    	/// Do basic validation, checking for valid signature and minimum gas,
    	// TODO: consider use in block validation.
    	#[cfg(test)]
    	#[cfg(feature = "json-tests")]
    	pub fn validate(self, schedule: &Schedule, require_low: bool, allow_network_id_of_one: bool) -> Result<UnverifiedTransaction, Error> {
    		if require_low && !self.signature().is_low_s() {
    			return Err(EthkeyError::InvalidSignature.into())
    		}
    		match self.network_id() {
    			None => {},
    			Some(1) if allow_network_id_of_one => {},
    			_ => return Err(TransactionError::InvalidNetworkId.into()),
    		}
    		self.recover_public()?;
    		if self.gas < U256::from(self.gas_required(&schedule)) {
    			Err(TransactionError::InvalidGasLimit(::util::OutOfBounds{min: Some(U256::from(self.gas_required(&schedule))), max: None, found: self.gas}).into())
    		} else {
    			Ok(self)
    		}
    	}
    }

    /// A `UnverifiedTransaction` with successfully recovered `sender`.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
    pub struct SignedTransaction {
    	transaction: UnverifiedTransaction,
    	sender: Address,
    	public: Public,
    }

    impl HeapSizeOf for SignedTransaction {
    	fn heap_size_of_children(&self) -> usize {
    		self.transaction.unsigned.heap_size_of_children()
    	}
    }

    impl Encodable for SignedTransaction {
    	fn rlp_append(&self, s: &mut RlpStream) { self.transaction.rlp_append_sealed_transaction(s) }
    }

    impl Deref for SignedTransaction {
    	type Target = UnverifiedTransaction;
    	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
    		&self.transaction
    	}
    }

    impl From<SignedTransaction> for UnverifiedTransaction {
    	fn from(tx: SignedTransaction) -> Self {
    		tx.transaction
    	}
    }

    impl SignedTransaction {
    	/// Try to verify transaction and recover sender.
    	pub fn new(transaction: UnverifiedTransaction) -> Result<Self, Error> {
    		let public = transaction.recover_public()?;
    		let sender = public_to_address(&public);
    		Ok(SignedTransaction {
    			transaction: transaction,
    			sender: sender,
    			public: public,
    		})
    	}

    	/// Returns transaction sender.
    	pub fn sender(&self) -> Address {
    		self.sender
    	}

    	/// Returns a public key of the sender.
    	pub fn public_key(&self) -> Public {
    		self.public
    	}
    }

    /// Signed Transaction that is a part of canon blockchain.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "ipc", binary)]
    pub struct LocalizedTransaction {
    	/// Signed part.
    	pub signed: UnverifiedTransaction,
    	/// Block number.
    	pub block_number: BlockNumber,
    	/// Block hash.
    	pub block_hash: H256,
    	/// Transaction index within block.
    	pub transaction_index: usize,
    	/// Cached sender
    	pub cached_sender: Option<Address>,
    }

    impl LocalizedTransaction {
    	/// Returns transaction sender.
    	/// Panics if `LocalizedTransaction` is constructed using invalid `UnverifiedTransaction`.
    	pub fn sender(&mut self) -> Address {
    		if let Some(sender) = self.cached_sender {
    			return sender;
    		}
    		let sender = public_to_address(&self.recover_public()
    			.expect("LocalizedTransaction is always constructed from transaction from blockchain; Blockchain only stores verified transactions; qed"));
    		self.cached_sender = Some(sender);
    		sender
    	}
    }

    impl Deref for LocalizedTransaction {
    	type Target = UnverifiedTransaction;

    	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
    		&self.signed
    	}
    }

    /// Queued transaction with additional information.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "ipc", binary)]
    pub struct PendingTransaction {
    	/// Signed transaction data.
    	pub transaction: SignedTransaction,
    	/// To be activated at this block. `None` for immediately.
    	pub min_block: Option<BlockNumber>,
    }

    impl PendingTransaction {
    	/// Create a new pending transaction from signed transaction.
    	pub fn new(signed: SignedTransaction, min_block: Option<BlockNumber>) -> Self {
    		PendingTransaction {
    			transaction: signed,
    			min_block: min_block,
    		}
    	}
    }

    impl From<SignedTransaction> for PendingTransaction {
    	fn from(t: SignedTransaction) -> Self {
    		PendingTransaction {
    			transaction: t,
    			min_block: None,
    		}
    	}
    }

    #[test]
    fn sender_test() {
    	let t: UnverifiedTransaction = decode(&::rustc_serialize::hex::FromHex::from_hex("f85f800182520894095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d870a801ba048b55bfa915ac795c431978d8a6a992b628d557da5ff759b307d495a36649353a0efffd310ac743f371de3b9f7f9cb56c0b28ad43601b4ab949f53faa07bd2c804").unwrap());
    	assert_eq!(t.data, b"");
    	assert_eq!(t.gas, U256::from(0x5208u64));
    	assert_eq!(t.gas_price, U256::from(0x01u64));
    	assert_eq!(t.nonce, U256::from(0x00u64));
    	if let Action::Call(ref to) = t.action {
    		assert_eq!(*to, "095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87".into());
    	} else { panic!(); }
    	assert_eq!(t.value, U256::from(0x0au64));
    	assert_eq!(public_to_address(&t.recover_public().unwrap()), "0f65fe9276bc9a24ae7083ae28e2660ef72df99e".into());
    	assert_eq!(t.network_id(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn signing() {
    	use ethkey::{Random, Generator};

    	let key = Random.generate().unwrap();
    	let t = Transaction {
    		action: Action::Create,
    		nonce: U256::from(42),
    		gas_price: U256::from(3000),
    		gas: U256::from(50_000),
    		value: U256::from(1),
    		data: b"Hello!".to_vec()
    	}.sign(&key.secret(), None);
    	assert_eq!(Address::from(key.public().sha3()), t.sender());
    	assert_eq!(t.network_id(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn fake_signing() {
    	let t = Transaction {
    		action: Action::Create,
    		nonce: U256::from(42),
    		gas_price: U256::from(3000),
    		gas: U256::from(50_000),
    		value: U256::from(1),
    		data: b"Hello!".to_vec()
    	}.fake_sign(Address::from(0x69));
    	assert_eq!(Address::from(0x69), t.sender());
    	assert_eq!(t.network_id(), None);

    	let t = t.clone();
    	assert_eq!(Address::from(0x69), t.sender());
    	assert_eq!(t.network_id(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn should_recover_from_network_specific_signing() {
    	use ethkey::{Random, Generator};
    	let key = Random.generate().unwrap();
    	let t = Transaction {
    		action: Action::Create,
    		nonce: U256::from(42),
    		gas_price: U256::from(3000),
    		gas: U256::from(50_000),
    		value: U256::from(1),
    		data: b"Hello!".to_vec()
    	}.sign(&key.secret(), Some(69));
    	assert_eq!(Address::from(key.public().sha3()), t.sender());
    	assert_eq!(t.network_id(), Some(69));
    }

    #[test]
    fn should_agree_with_vitalik() {
    	use rustc_serialize::hex::FromHex;

    	let test_vector = |tx_data: &str, address: &'static str| {
    		let signed = decode(&FromHex::from_hex(tx_data).unwrap());
    		let signed = SignedTransaction::new(signed).unwrap();
    		assert_eq!(signed.sender(), address.into());
    		flushln!("networkid: {:?}", signed.network_id());
    	};

    	test_vector("f864808504a817c800825208943535353535353535353535353535353535353535808025a0044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116da0044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d", "0xf0f6f18bca1b28cd68e4357452947e021241e9ce");
    	test_vector("f864018504a817c80182a410943535353535353535353535353535353535353535018025a0489efdaa54c0f20c7adf612882df0950f5a951637e0307cdcb4c672f298b8bcaa0489efdaa54c0f20c7adf612882df0950f5a951637e0307cdcb4c672f298b8bc6", "0x23ef145a395ea3fa3deb533b8a9e1b4c6c25d112");
    	test_vector("f864028504a817c80282f618943535353535353535353535353535353535353535088025a02d7c5bef027816a800da1736444fb58a807ef4c9603b7848673f7e3a68eb14a5a02d7c5bef027816a800da1736444fb58a807ef4c9603b7848673f7e3a68eb14a5", "0x2e485e0c23b4c3c542628a5f672eeab0ad4888be");
    	test_vector("f865038504a817c803830148209435353535353535353535353535353535353535351b8025a02a80e1ef1d7842f27f2e6be0972bb708b9a135c38860dbe73c27c3486c34f4e0a02a80e1ef1d7842f27f2e6be0972bb708b9a135c38860dbe73c27c3486c34f4de", "0x82a88539669a3fd524d669e858935de5e5410cf0");
    	test_vector("f865048504a817c80483019a28943535353535353535353535353535353535353535408025a013600b294191fc92924bb3ce4b969c1e7e2bab8f4c93c3fc6d0a51733df3c063a013600b294191fc92924bb3ce4b969c1e7e2bab8f4c93c3fc6d0a51733df3c060", "0xf9358f2538fd5ccfeb848b64a96b743fcc930554");
    	test_vector("f865058504a817c8058301ec309435353535353535353535353535353535353535357d8025a04eebf77a833b30520287ddd9478ff51abbdffa30aa90a8d655dba0e8a79ce0c1a04eebf77a833b30520287ddd9478ff51abbdffa30aa90a8d655dba0e8a79ce0c1", "0xa8f7aba377317440bc5b26198a363ad22af1f3a4");
    	test_vector("f866068504a817c80683023e3894353535353535353535353535353535353535353581d88025a06455bf8ea6e7463a1046a0b52804526e119b4bf5136279614e0b1e8e296a4e2fa06455bf8ea6e7463a1046a0b52804526e119b4bf5136279614e0b1e8e296a4e2d", "0xf1f571dc362a0e5b2696b8e775f8491d3e50de35");
    	test_vector("f867078504a817c807830290409435353535353535353535353535353535353535358201578025a052f1a9b320cab38e5da8a8f97989383aab0a49165fc91c737310e4f7e9821021a052f1a9b320cab38e5da8a8f97989383aab0a49165fc91c737310e4f7e9821021", "0xd37922162ab7cea97c97a87551ed02c9a38b7332");
    	test_vector("f867088504a817c8088302e2489435353535353535353535353535353535353535358202008025a064b1702d9298fee62dfeccc57d322a463ad55ca201256d01f62b45b2e1c21c12a064b1702d9298fee62dfeccc57d322a463ad55ca201256d01f62b45b2e1c21c10", "0x9bddad43f934d313c2b79ca28a432dd2b7281029");
    	test_vector("f867098504a817c809830334509435353535353535353535353535353535353535358202d98025a052f8f61201b2b11a78d6e866abc9c3db2ae8631fa656bfe5cb53668255367afba052f8f61201b2b11a78d6e866abc9c3db2ae8631fa656bfe5cb53668255367afb", "0x3c24d7329e92f84f08556ceb6df1cdb0104ca49f");
    }

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