# Module ethcore_util::standard::io 1.0.0 [−] [src]

Traits, helpers, and type definitions for core I/O functionality.

The `std::io` module contains a number of common things you'll need when doing input and output. The most core part of this module is the `Read` and `Write` traits, which provide the most general interface for reading and writing input and output.

# Read and Write

Because they are traits, `Read` and `Write` are implemented by a number of other types, and you can implement them for your types too. As such, you'll see a few different types of I/O throughout the documentation in this module: `File`s, `TcpStream`s, and sometimes even `Vec<T>`s. For example, `Read` adds a `read()` method, which we can use on `File`s:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::fs::File;

    let mut f = try!(File::open("foo.txt"));
    let mut buffer = [0; 10];

    // read up to 10 bytes
    try!(f.read(&mut buffer));

    println!("The bytes: {:?}", buffer);

`Read` and `Write` are so important, implementors of the two traits have a nickname: readers and writers. So you'll sometimes see 'a reader' instead of 'a type that implements the `Read` trait'. Much easier!

## Seek and BufRead

Beyond that, there are two important traits that are provided: `Seek` and `BufRead`. Both of these build on top of a reader to control how the reading happens. `Seek` lets you control where the next byte is coming from:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::io::SeekFrom;
    use std::fs::File;

    let mut f = try!(File::open("foo.txt"));
    let mut buffer = [0; 10];

    // skip to the last 10 bytes of the file
    try!(f.seek(SeekFrom::End(-10)));

    // read up to 10 bytes
    try!(f.read(&mut buffer));

    println!("The bytes: {:?}", buffer);

`BufRead` uses an internal buffer to provide a number of other ways to read, but to show it off, we'll need to talk about buffers in general. Keep reading!

## BufReader and BufWriter

Byte-based interfaces are unwieldy and can be inefficient, as we'd need to be making near-constant calls to the operating system. To help with this, `std::io` comes with two structs, `BufReader` and `BufWriter`, which wrap readers and writers. The wrapper uses a buffer, reducing the number of calls and providing nicer methods for accessing exactly what you want.

For example, `BufReader` works with the `BufRead` trait to add extra methods to any reader:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::io::BufReader;
    use std::fs::File;

    let f = try!(File::open("foo.txt"));
    let mut reader = BufReader::new(f);
    let mut buffer = String::new();

    // read a line into buffer
    try!(reader.read_line(&mut buffer));

    println!("{}", buffer);

`BufWriter` doesn't add any new ways of writing; it just buffers every call to `write()`:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::io::BufWriter;
    use std::fs::File;

    let f = try!(File::create("foo.txt"));
    {
        let mut writer = BufWriter::new(f);

        // write a byte to the buffer
        try!(writer.write(&[42]));

    } // the buffer is flushed once writer goes out of scope

## Standard input and output

A very common source of input is standard input:

    use std::io;

    let mut input = String::new();

    try!(io::stdin().read_line(&mut input));

    println!("You typed: {}", input.trim());

And a very common source of output is standard output:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;

    try!(io::stdout().write(&[42]));

Of course, using `io::stdout()` directly is less common than something like `println!`.

## Iterator types

A large number of the structures provided by `std::io` are for various ways of iterating over I/O. For example, `Lines` is used to split over lines:

    use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    use std::io::BufReader;
    use std::fs::File;

    let f = try!(File::open("foo.txt"));
    let reader = BufReader::new(f);

    for line in reader.lines() {
        println!("{}", try!(line));
    }

## Functions

There are a number of functions that offer access to various features. For example, we can use three of these functions to copy everything from standard input to standard output:

    use std::io;

    try!(io::copy(&mut io::stdin(), &mut io::stdout()));

## io::Result

Last, but certainly not least, is `io::Result`. This type is used as the return type of many `std::io` functions that can cause an error, and can be returned from your own functions as well. Many of the examples in this module use the `try!` macro:

    use std::io;

    fn read_input() -> io::Result<()> {
        let mut input = String::new();

        try!(io::stdin().read_line(&mut input));

        println!("You typed: {}", input.trim());

        Ok(())
    }

The return type of `read_input()`, `io::Result<()>`, is a very common type for functions which don't have a 'real' return value, but do want to return errors if they happen. In this case, the only purpose of this function is to read the line and print it, so we use `()`.

## Platform-specific behavior

Many I/O functions throughout the standard library are documented to indicate what various library or syscalls they are delegated to. This is done to help applications both understand what's happening under the hood as well as investigate any possibly unclear semantics. Note, however, that this is informative, not a binding contract. The implementation of many of these functions are subject to change over time and may call fewer or more syscalls/library functions.

## Modules

prelude | The I/O Prelude

## Structs

BufReader | The `BufReader` struct adds buffering to any reader.
BufWriter | Wraps a writer and buffers its output.
Bytes | An iterator over `u8` values of a reader.
Chain | Adaptor to chain together two readers.
Cursor | A `Cursor` wraps another type and provides it with a `Seek` implementation.
Empty | A reader which is always at EOF.
Error | The error type for I/O operations of the `Read`, `Write`, `Seek`, and associated traits.
IntoInnerError | An error returned by `into_inner` which combines an error that happened while writing out the buffer, and the buffered writer object which may be used to recover from the condition.
LineWriter | Wraps a writer and buffers output to it, flushing whenever a newline (`0x0a`, `'\n'`) is detected.
Lines | An iterator over the lines of an instance of `BufRead`.
Repeat | A reader which yields one byte over and over and over and over and over and...
Sink | A writer which will move data into the void.
Split | An iterator over the contents of an instance of `BufRead` split on a particular byte.
Stderr | A handle to the standard error stream of a process.
StderrLock | A locked reference to the `Stderr` handle.
Stdin | A handle to the standard input stream of a process.
StdinLock | A locked reference to the `Stdin` handle.
Stdout | A handle to the global standard output stream of the current process.
StdoutLock | A locked reference to the `Stdout` handle.
Take | Reader adaptor which limits the bytes read from an underlying reader.
Chars | [Unstable] An iterator over the `char`s of a reader.

## Enums

ErrorKind | A list specifying general categories of I/O error.
SeekFrom | Enumeration of possible methods to seek within an I/O object.
CharsError | [Unstable] An enumeration of possible errors that can be generated from the `Chars` adapter.

## Traits

BufRead | A `BufRead` is a type of `Read`er which has an internal buffer, allowing it to perform extra ways of reading.
Read | The `Read` trait allows for reading bytes from a source.
Seek | The `Seek` trait provides a cursor which can be moved within a stream of bytes.
Write | A trait for objects which are byte-oriented sinks.

## Functions

copy | Copies the entire contents of a reader into a writer.
empty | Constructs a new handle to an empty reader.
repeat | Creates an instance of a reader that infinitely repeats one byte.
sink | Creates an instance of a writer which will successfully consume all data.
stderr | Constructs a new handle to the standard error of the current process.
stdin | Constructs a new handle to the standard input of the current process.
stdout | Constructs a new handle to the standard output of the current process.

## Type Definitions

Result | A specialized `Result` type for I/O operations.

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