lib.rs

// This file is part of Substrate.

// Copyright (C) Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// 	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! # Generalized Message Queue Pallet
//!
//! Provides generalized message queuing and processing capabilities on a per-queue basis for
//! arbitrary use-cases.
//!
//! # Design Goals
//!
//! 1. Minimal assumptions about `Message`s and `MessageOrigin`s. Both should be MEL bounded blobs.
//!  This ensures the generality and reusability of the pallet.
//! 2. Well known and tightly limited pre-dispatch PoV weights, especially for message execution.
//!  This is paramount for the success of the pallet since message execution is done in
//!  `on_initialize` which must _never_ under-estimate its PoV weight. It also needs a frugal PoV
//!  footprint since PoV is scarce and this is (possibly) done in every block. This must also hold
//! in  the presence of unpredictable message size distributions.
//! 3. Usable as XCMP, DMP and UMP message/dispatch queue - possibly through adapter types.
//!
//! # Design
//!
//! The pallet has means to enqueue, store and process messages. This is implemented by having
//! *queues* which store enqueued messages and can be *served* to process said messages. A queue is
//! identified by its origin in the `BookStateFor`. Each message has an origin which defines into
//! which queue it will be stored. Messages are stored by being appended to the last [`Page`] of a
//! book. Each book keeps track of its pages by indexing `Pages`. The `ReadyRing` contains all
//! queues which hold at least one unprocessed message and are thereby *ready* to be serviced. The
//! `ServiceHead` indicates which *ready* queue is the next to be serviced.  
//! The pallet implements [`frame_support::traits::EnqueueMessage`],
//! [`frame_support::traits::ServiceQueues`] and has [`frame_support::traits::ProcessMessage`] and
//! [`OnQueueChanged`] hooks to communicate with the outside world.
//!
//! NOTE: The storage items are not linked since they are not public.
//!
//! **Message Execution**
//!
//! Executing a message is offloaded to the [`Config::MessageProcessor`] which contains the actual
//! logic of how to handle the message since they are blobs. A message can be temporarily or
//! permanently overweight. The pallet will perpetually try to execute a temporarily overweight
//! message. A permanently overweight message is skipped and must be executed manually.
//!
//! **Pagination**
//!
//! Queues are stored in a *paged* manner by splitting their messages into [`Page`]s. This results
//! in a lot of complexity when implementing the pallet but is completely necessary to archive the
//! second #[Design Goal](design-goals). The problem comes from the fact a message can *possibly* be
//! quite large, lets say 64KiB. This then results in a *MEL* of at least 64KiB which results in a
//! PoV of at least 64KiB. Now we have the assumption that most messages are much shorter than their
//! maximum allowed length. This would result in most messages having a pre-dispatch PoV size which
//! is much larger than their post-dispatch PoV size, possibly by a factor of thousand. Disregarding
//! this observation would cripple the processing power of the pallet since it cannot straighten out
//! this discrepancy at runtime. Conceptually, the implementation is packing as many messages into a
//! single bounded vec, as actually fit into the bounds. This reduces the wasted PoV.
//!
//! **Page Data Layout**
//!
//! A Page contains a heap which holds all its messages. The heap is built by concatenating
//! `(ItemHeader, Message)` pairs. The [`ItemHeader`] contains the length of the message which is
//! needed for retrieving it. This layout allows for constant access time of the next message and
//! linear access time for any message in the page. The header must remain minimal to reduce its PoV
//! impact.
//!
//! **Weight Metering**
//!
//! The pallet utilizes the [`sp_weights::WeightMeter`] to manually track its consumption to always
//! stay within the required limit. This implies that the message processor hook can calculate the
//! weight of a message without executing it. This restricts the possible use-cases but is necessary
//! since the pallet runs in `on_initialize` which has a hard weight limit. The weight meter is used
//! in a way that `can_accrue` and `check_accrue` are always used to check the remaining weight of
//! an operation before committing to it. The process of exiting due to insufficient weight is
//! termed "bailing".
//!
//! # Scenario: Message enqueuing
//!
//! A message `m` is enqueued for origin `o` into queue `Q[o]` through
//! [`frame_support::traits::EnqueueMessage::enqueue_message`]`(m, o)`.
//!
//! First the queue is either loaded if it exists or otherwise created with empty default values.
//! The message is then inserted to the queue by appended it into its last `Page` or by creating a
//! new `Page` just for `m` if it does not fit in there. The number of messages in the `Book` is
//! incremented.
//!
//! `Q[o]` is now *ready* which will eventually result in `m` being processed.
//!
//! # Scenario: Message processing
//!
//! The pallet runs each block in `on_initialize` or when being manually called through
//! [`frame_support::traits::ServiceQueues::service_queues`].
//!
//! First it tries to "rotate" the `ReadyRing` by one through advancing the `ServiceHead` to the
//! next *ready* queue. It then starts to service this queue by servicing as many pages of it as
//! possible. Servicing a page means to execute as many message of it as possible. Each executed
//! message is marked as *processed* if the [`Config::MessageProcessor`] return Ok. An event
//! [`Event::Processed`] is emitted afterwards. It is possible that the weight limit of the pallet
//! will never allow a specific message to be executed. In this case it remains as unprocessed and
//! is skipped. This process stops if either there are no more messages in the queue or the
//! remaining weight became insufficient to service this queue. If there is enough weight it tries
//! to advance to the next *ready* queue and service it. This continues until there are no more
//! queues on which it can make progress or not enough weight to check that.
//!
//! # Scenario: Overweight execution
//!
//! A permanently over-weight message which was skipped by the message processing will never be
//! executed automatically through `on_initialize` nor by calling
//! [`frame_support::traits::ServiceQueues::service_queues`].
//!
//! Manual intervention in the form of
//! [`frame_support::traits::ServiceQueues::execute_overweight`] is necessary. Overweight messages
//! emit an [`Event::OverweightEnqueued`] event which can be used to extract the arguments for
//! manual execution. This only works on permanently overweight messages. There is no guarantee that
//! this will work since the message could be part of a stale page and be reaped before execution
//! commences.
//!
//! # Terminology
//!
//! - `Message`: A blob of data into which the pallet has no introspection, defined as
//! [`BoundedSlice<u8, MaxMessageLenOf<T>>`]. The message length is limited by [`MaxMessageLenOf`]
//! which is calculated from [`Config::HeapSize`] and [`ItemHeader::max_encoded_len()`].
//! - `MessageOrigin`: A generic *origin* of a message, defined as [`MessageOriginOf`]. The
//! requirements for it are kept minimal to remain as generic as possible. The type is defined in
//! [`frame_support::traits::ProcessMessage::Origin`].
//! - `Page`: An array of `Message`s, see [`Page`]. Can never be empty.
//! - `Book`: A list of `Page`s, see [`BookState`]. Can be empty.
//! - `Queue`: A `Book` together with an `MessageOrigin` which can be part of the `ReadyRing`. Can
//!   be empty.
//! - `ReadyRing`: A double-linked list which contains all *ready* `Queue`s. It chains together the
//!   queues via their `ready_neighbours` fields. A `Queue` is *ready* if it contains at least one
//!   `Message` which can be processed. Can be empty.
//! - `ServiceHead`: A pointer into the `ReadyRing` to the next `Queue` to be serviced.
//! - (`un`)`processed`: A message is marked as *processed* after it was executed by the pallet. A
//!   message which was either: not yet executed or could not be executed remains as `unprocessed`
//!   which is the default state for a message after being enqueued.
//! - `knitting`/`unknitting`: The means of adding or removing a `Queue` from the `ReadyRing`.
//! - `MEL`: The Max Encoded Length of a type, see [`codec::MaxEncodedLen`].
//!
//! # Properties
//!
//! **Liveness - Enqueueing**
//!
//! It is always possible to enqueue any message for any `MessageOrigin`.
//!
//! **Liveness - Processing**
//!
//! `on_initialize` always respects its finite weight-limit.
//!
//! **Progress - Enqueueing**
//!
//! An enqueued message immediately becomes *unprocessed* and thereby eligible for execution.
//!
//! **Progress - Processing**
//!
//! The pallet will execute at least one unprocessed message per block, if there is any. Ensuring
//! this property needs careful consideration of the concrete weights, since it is possible that the
//! weight limit of `on_initialize` never allows for the execution of even one message; trivially if
//! the limit is set to zero. `integrity_test` can be used to ensure that this property holds.
//!
//! **Fairness - Enqueuing**
//!
//! Enqueueing a message for a specific `MessageOrigin` does not influence the ability to enqueue a
//! message for the same of any other `MessageOrigin`; guaranteed by **Liveness - Enqueueing**.
//!
//! **Fairness - Processing**
//!
//! The average amount of weight available for message processing is the same for each queue if the
//! number of queues is constant. Creating a new queue must therefore be, possibly economically,
//! expensive. Currently this is archived by having one queue per para-chain/thread, which keeps the
//! number of queues within `O(n)` and should be "good enough".

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

mod benchmarking;
mod integration_test;
mod mock;
pub mod mock_helpers;
mod tests;
pub mod weights;

use codec::{Codec, Decode, Encode, MaxEncodedLen};
use frame_support::{
	defensive,
	pallet_prelude::*,
	traits::{
		DefensiveTruncateFrom, EnqueueMessage, ExecuteOverweightError, Footprint, ProcessMessage,
		ProcessMessageError, ServiceQueues,
	},
	BoundedSlice, CloneNoBound, DefaultNoBound,
};
use frame_system::pallet_prelude::*;
pub use pallet::*;
use scale_info::TypeInfo;
use sp_arithmetic::traits::{BaseArithmetic, Unsigned};
use sp_runtime::{
	traits::{Hash, One, Zero},
	SaturatedConversion, Saturating,
};
use sp_std::{fmt::Debug, ops::Deref, prelude::*, vec};
use sp_weights::WeightMeter;
pub use weights::WeightInfo;

/// Type for identifying a page.
type PageIndex = u32;

/// Data encoded and prefixed to the encoded `MessageItem`.
#[derive(Encode, Decode, PartialEq, MaxEncodedLen, Debug)]
pub struct ItemHeader<Size> {
	/// The length of this item, not including the size of this header. The next item of the page
	/// follows immediately after the payload of this item.
	payload_len: Size,
	/// Whether this item has been processed.
	is_processed: bool,
}

/// A page of messages. Pages always contain at least one item.
#[derive(
	CloneNoBound, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebugNoBound, DefaultNoBound, TypeInfo, MaxEncodedLen,
)]
#[scale_info(skip_type_params(HeapSize))]
#[codec(mel_bound(Size: MaxEncodedLen))]
pub struct Page<Size: Into<u32> + Debug + Clone + Default, HeapSize: Get<Size>> {
	/// Messages remaining to be processed; this includes overweight messages which have been
	/// skipped.
	remaining: Size,
	/// The size of all remaining messages to be processed.
	///
	/// Includes overweight messages outside of the `first` to `last` window.
	remaining_size: Size,
	/// The number of items before the `first` item in this page.
	first_index: Size,
	/// The heap-offset of the header of the first message item in this page which is ready for
	/// processing.
	first: Size,
	/// The heap-offset of the header of the last message item in this page.
	last: Size,
	/// The heap. If `self.offset == self.heap.len()` then the page is empty and should be deleted.
	heap: BoundedVec<u8, IntoU32<HeapSize, Size>>,
}

impl<
		Size: BaseArithmetic + Unsigned + Copy + Into<u32> + Codec + MaxEncodedLen + Debug + Default,
		HeapSize: Get<Size>,
	> Page<Size, HeapSize>
{
	/// Create a [`Page`] from one unprocessed message.
	fn from_message<T: Config>(message: BoundedSlice<u8, MaxMessageLenOf<T>>) -> Self {
		let payload_len = message.len();
		let data_len = ItemHeader::<Size>::max_encoded_len().saturating_add(payload_len);
		let payload_len = payload_len.saturated_into();
		let header = ItemHeader::<Size> { payload_len, is_processed: false };

		let mut heap = Vec::with_capacity(data_len);
		header.using_encoded(|h| heap.extend_from_slice(h));
		heap.extend_from_slice(message.deref());

		Page {
			remaining: One::one(),
			remaining_size: payload_len,
			first_index: Zero::zero(),
			first: Zero::zero(),
			last: Zero::zero(),
			heap: BoundedVec::defensive_truncate_from(heap),
		}
	}

	/// Try to append one message to a page.
	fn try_append_message<T: Config>(
		&mut self,
		message: BoundedSlice<u8, MaxMessageLenOf<T>>,
	) -> Result<(), ()> {
		let pos = self.heap.len();
		let payload_len = message.len();
		let data_len = ItemHeader::<Size>::max_encoded_len().saturating_add(payload_len);
		let payload_len = payload_len.saturated_into();
		let header = ItemHeader::<Size> { payload_len, is_processed: false };
		let heap_size: u32 = HeapSize::get().into();
		if (heap_size as usize).saturating_sub(self.heap.len()) < data_len {
			// Can't fit.
			return Err(())
		}

		let mut heap = sp_std::mem::take(&mut self.heap).into_inner();
		header.using_encoded(|h| heap.extend_from_slice(h));
		heap.extend_from_slice(message.deref());
		self.heap = BoundedVec::defensive_truncate_from(heap);
		self.last = pos.saturated_into();
		self.remaining.saturating_inc();
		self.remaining_size.saturating_accrue(payload_len);
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Returns the first message in the page without removing it.
	///
	/// SAFETY: Does not panic even on corrupted storage.
	fn peek_first(&self) -> Option<BoundedSlice<u8, IntoU32<HeapSize, Size>>> {
		if self.first > self.last {
			return None
		}
		let f = (self.first.into() as usize).min(self.heap.len());
		let mut item_slice = &self.heap[f..];
		if let Ok(h) = ItemHeader::<Size>::decode(&mut item_slice) {
			let payload_len = h.payload_len.into() as usize;
			if payload_len <= item_slice.len() {
				// impossible to truncate since is sliced up from `self.heap: BoundedVec<u8,
				// HeapSize>`
				return Some(BoundedSlice::defensive_truncate_from(&item_slice[..payload_len]))
			}
		}
		defensive!("message-queue: heap corruption");
		None
	}

	/// Point `first` at the next message, marking the first as processed if `is_processed` is true.
	fn skip_first(&mut self, is_processed: bool) {
		let f = (self.first.into() as usize).min(self.heap.len());
		if let Ok(mut h) = ItemHeader::decode(&mut &self.heap[f..]) {
			if is_processed && !h.is_processed {
				h.is_processed = true;
				h.using_encoded(|d| self.heap[f..f + d.len()].copy_from_slice(d));
				self.remaining.saturating_dec();
				self.remaining_size.saturating_reduce(h.payload_len);
			}
			self.first
				.saturating_accrue(ItemHeader::<Size>::max_encoded_len().saturated_into());
			self.first.saturating_accrue(h.payload_len);
			self.first_index.saturating_inc();
		}
	}

	/// Return the message with index `index` in the form of `(position, processed, message)`.
	fn peek_index(&self, index: usize) -> Option<(usize, bool, &[u8])> {
		let mut pos = 0;
		let mut item_slice = &self.heap[..];
		let header_len: usize = ItemHeader::<Size>::max_encoded_len().saturated_into();
		for _ in 0..index {
			let h = ItemHeader::<Size>::decode(&mut item_slice).ok()?;
			let item_len = h.payload_len.into() as usize;
			if item_slice.len() < item_len {
				return None
			}
			item_slice = &item_slice[item_len..];
			pos.saturating_accrue(header_len.saturating_add(item_len));
		}
		let h = ItemHeader::<Size>::decode(&mut item_slice).ok()?;
		if item_slice.len() < h.payload_len.into() as usize {
			return None
		}
		item_slice = &item_slice[..h.payload_len.into() as usize];
		Some((pos, h.is_processed, item_slice))
	}

	/// Set the `is_processed` flag for the item at `pos` to be `true` if not already and decrement
	/// the `remaining` counter of the page.
	///
	/// Does nothing if no [`ItemHeader`] could be decoded at the given position.
	fn note_processed_at_pos(&mut self, pos: usize) {
		if let Ok(mut h) = ItemHeader::<Size>::decode(&mut &self.heap[pos..]) {
			if !h.is_processed {
				h.is_processed = true;
				h.using_encoded(|d| self.heap[pos..pos + d.len()].copy_from_slice(d));
				self.remaining.saturating_dec();
				self.remaining_size.saturating_reduce(h.payload_len);
			}
		}
	}

	/// Returns whether the page is *complete* which means that no messages remain.
	fn is_complete(&self) -> bool {
		self.remaining.is_zero()
	}
}

/// A single link in the double-linked Ready Ring list.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, MaxEncodedLen, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug, PartialEq)]
pub struct Neighbours<MessageOrigin> {
	/// The previous queue.
	prev: MessageOrigin,
	/// The next queue.
	next: MessageOrigin,
}

/// The state of a queue as represented by a book of its pages.
///
/// Each queue has exactly one book which holds all of its pages. All pages of a book combined
/// contain all of the messages of its queue; hence the name *Book*.
/// Books can be chained together in a double-linked fashion through their `ready_neighbours` field.
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, MaxEncodedLen, TypeInfo, RuntimeDebug)]
pub struct BookState<MessageOrigin> {
	/// The first page with some items to be processed in it. If this is `>= end`, then there are
	/// no pages with items to be processing in them.
	begin: PageIndex,
	/// One more than the last page with some items to be processed in it.
	end: PageIndex,
	/// The number of pages stored at present.
	///
	/// This might be larger than `end-begin`, because we keep pages with unprocessed overweight
	/// messages outside of the end/begin window.
	count: PageIndex,
	/// If this book has any ready pages, then this will be `Some` with the previous and next
	/// neighbours. This wraps around.
	ready_neighbours: Option<Neighbours<MessageOrigin>>,
	/// The number of unprocessed messages stored at present.
	message_count: u64,
	/// The total size of all unprocessed messages stored at present.
	size: u64,
}

impl<MessageOrigin> Default for BookState<MessageOrigin> {
	fn default() -> Self {
		Self { begin: 0, end: 0, count: 0, ready_neighbours: None, message_count: 0, size: 0 }
	}
}

/// Handler code for when the items in a queue change.
pub trait OnQueueChanged<Id> {
	/// Note that the queue `id` now has `item_count` items in it, taking up `items_size` bytes.
	fn on_queue_changed(id: Id, items_count: u64, items_size: u64);
}

impl<Id> OnQueueChanged<Id> for () {
	fn on_queue_changed(_: Id, _: u64, _: u64) {}
}

#[frame_support::pallet]
pub mod pallet {
	use super::*;

	#[pallet::pallet]
	#[pallet::generate_store(pub(super) trait Store)]
	pub struct Pallet<T>(_);

	/// The module configuration trait.
	#[pallet::config]
	pub trait Config: frame_system::Config {
		/// The overarching event type.
		type RuntimeEvent: From<Event<Self>> + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::RuntimeEvent>;

		/// Weight information for extrinsics in this pallet.
		type WeightInfo: WeightInfo;

		/// Processor for a message.
		///
		/// Must be set to [`mock_helpers::NoopMessageProcessor`] for benchmarking.
		/// Other message processors that consumes exactly (1, 1) weight for any give message will
		/// work as well. Otherwise the benchmarking will also measure the weight of the message
		/// processor, which is not desired.
		type MessageProcessor: ProcessMessage;

		/// Page/heap size type.
		type Size: BaseArithmetic
			+ Unsigned
			+ Copy
			+ Into<u32>
			+ Member
			+ Encode
			+ Decode
			+ MaxEncodedLen
			+ TypeInfo
			+ Default;

		/// Code to be called when a message queue changes - either with items introduced or
		/// removed.
		type QueueChangeHandler: OnQueueChanged<<Self::MessageProcessor as ProcessMessage>::Origin>;

		/// The size of the page; this implies the maximum message size which can be sent.
		///
		/// A good value depends on the expected message sizes, their weights, the weight that is
		/// available for processing them and the maximal needed message size. The maximal message
		/// size is slightly lower than this as defined by [`MaxMessageLenOf`].
		#[pallet::constant]
		type HeapSize: Get<Self::Size>;

		/// The maximum number of stale pages (i.e. of overweight messages) allowed before culling
		/// can happen. Once there are more stale pages than this, then historical pages may be
		/// dropped, even if they contain unprocessed overweight messages.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type MaxStale: Get<u32>;

		/// The amount of weight (if any) which should be provided to the message queue for
		/// servicing enqueued items.
		///
		/// This may be legitimately `None` in the case that you will call
		/// `ServiceQueues::service_queues` manually.
		#[pallet::constant]
		type ServiceWeight: Get<Option<Weight>>;
	}

	#[pallet::event]
	#[pallet::generate_deposit(pub(super) fn deposit_event)]
	pub enum Event<T: Config> {
		/// Message discarded due to an inability to decode the item. Usually caused by state
		/// corruption.
		Discarded { hash: T::Hash },
		/// Message discarded due to an error in the `MessageProcessor` (usually a format error).
		ProcessingFailed { hash: T::Hash, origin: MessageOriginOf<T>, error: ProcessMessageError },
		/// Message is processed.
		Processed { hash: T::Hash, origin: MessageOriginOf<T>, weight_used: Weight, success: bool },
		/// Message placed in overweight queue.
		OverweightEnqueued {
			hash: T::Hash,
			origin: MessageOriginOf<T>,
			page_index: PageIndex,
			message_index: T::Size,
		},
		/// This page was reaped.
		PageReaped { origin: MessageOriginOf<T>, index: PageIndex },
	}

	#[pallet::error]
	pub enum Error<T> {
		/// Page is not reapable because it has items remaining to be processed and is not old
		/// enough.
		NotReapable,
		/// Page to be reaped does not exist.
		NoPage,
		/// The referenced message could not be found.
		NoMessage,
		/// The message was already processed and cannot be processed again.
		AlreadyProcessed,
		/// The message is queued for future execution.
		Queued,
		/// There is temporarily not enough weight to continue servicing messages.
		InsufficientWeight,
		/// This message is temporarily unprocessable.
		///
		/// Such errors are expected, but not guaranteed, to resolve themselves eventually through
		/// retrying.
		TemporarilyUnprocessable,
	}

	/// The index of the first and last (non-empty) pages.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type BookStateFor<T: Config> =
		StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, MessageOriginOf<T>, BookState<MessageOriginOf<T>>, ValueQuery>;

	/// The origin at which we should begin servicing.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type ServiceHead<T: Config> = StorageValue<_, MessageOriginOf<T>, OptionQuery>;

	/// The map of page indices to pages.
	#[pallet::storage]
	pub(super) type Pages<T: Config> = StorageDoubleMap<
		_,
		Twox64Concat,
		MessageOriginOf<T>,
		Twox64Concat,
		PageIndex,
		Page<T::Size, T::HeapSize>,
		OptionQuery,
	>;

	#[pallet::hooks]
	impl<T: Config> Hooks<BlockNumberFor<T>> for Pallet<T> {
		fn on_initialize(_n: BlockNumberFor<T>) -> Weight {
			if let Some(weight_limit) = T::ServiceWeight::get() {
				Self::service_queues(weight_limit)
			} else {
				Weight::zero()
			}
		}

		/// Check all assumptions about [`crate::Config`].
		fn integrity_test() {
			assert!(!MaxMessageLenOf::<T>::get().is_zero(), "HeapSize too low");
		}
	}

	#[pallet::call]
	impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
		/// Remove a page which has no more messages remaining to be processed or is stale.
		#[pallet::call_index(0)]
		#[pallet::weight(T::WeightInfo::reap_page())]
		pub fn reap_page(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			message_origin: MessageOriginOf<T>,
			page_index: PageIndex,
		) -> DispatchResult {
			let _ = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			Self::do_reap_page(&message_origin, page_index)
		}

		/// Execute an overweight message.
		///
		/// Temporary processing errors will be propagated whereas permanent errors are treated
		/// as success condition.
		///
		/// - `origin`: Must be `Signed`.
		/// - `message_origin`: The origin from which the message to be executed arrived.
		/// - `page`: The page in the queue in which the message to be executed is sitting.
		/// - `index`: The index into the queue of the message to be executed.
		/// - `weight_limit`: The maximum amount of weight allowed to be consumed in the execution
		///   of the message.
		///
		/// Benchmark complexity considerations: O(index + weight_limit).
		#[pallet::call_index(1)]
		#[pallet::weight(
			T::WeightInfo::execute_overweight_page_updated().max(
			T::WeightInfo::execute_overweight_page_removed()).saturating_add(*weight_limit)
		)]
		pub fn execute_overweight(
			origin: OriginFor<T>,
			message_origin: MessageOriginOf<T>,
			page: PageIndex,
			index: T::Size,
			weight_limit: Weight,
		) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
			let _ = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			let actual_weight =
				Self::do_execute_overweight(message_origin, page, index, weight_limit)?;
			Ok(Some(actual_weight).into())
		}
	}
}

/// The status of a page after trying to execute its next message.
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum PageExecutionStatus {
	/// The execution bailed because there was not enough weight remaining.
	Bailed,
	/// The page did not make any progress on its execution.
	///
	/// This is a transient condition and can be handled by retrying - exactly like [Bailed].
	NoProgress,
	/// No more messages could be loaded. This does _not_ imply `page.is_complete()`.
	///
	/// The reasons for this status are:
	///  - The end of the page is reached but there could still be skipped messages.
	///  - The storage is corrupted.
	NoMore,
}

/// The status after trying to execute the next item of a [`Page`].
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum ItemExecutionStatus {
	/// The execution bailed because there was not enough weight remaining.
	Bailed,
	/// The item did not make any progress on its execution.
	///
	/// This is a transient condition and can be handled by retrying - exactly like [Bailed].
	NoProgress,
	/// The item was not found.
	NoItem,
	/// Whether the execution of an item resulted in it being processed.
	///
	/// One reason for `false` would be permanently overweight.
	Executed(bool),
}

/// The status of an attempt to process a message.
#[derive(PartialEq)]
enum MessageExecutionStatus {
	/// There is not enough weight remaining at present.
	InsufficientWeight,
	/// There will never be enough weight.
	Overweight,
	/// The message was processed successfully.
	Processed,
	/// The message was processed and resulted in a, possibly permanent, error.
	Unprocessable { permanent: bool },
}

impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
	/// Knit `origin` into the ready ring right at the end.
	///
	/// Return the two ready ring neighbours of `origin`.
	fn ready_ring_knit(origin: &MessageOriginOf<T>) -> Result<Neighbours<MessageOriginOf<T>>, ()> {
		if let Some(head) = ServiceHead::<T>::get() {
			let mut head_book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(&head);
			let mut head_neighbours = head_book_state.ready_neighbours.take().ok_or(())?;
			let tail = head_neighbours.prev;
			head_neighbours.prev = origin.clone();
			head_book_state.ready_neighbours = Some(head_neighbours);
			BookStateFor::<T>::insert(&head, head_book_state);

			let mut tail_book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(&tail);
			let mut tail_neighbours = tail_book_state.ready_neighbours.take().ok_or(())?;
			tail_neighbours.next = origin.clone();
			tail_book_state.ready_neighbours = Some(tail_neighbours);
			BookStateFor::<T>::insert(&tail, tail_book_state);

			Ok(Neighbours { next: head, prev: tail })
		} else {
			ServiceHead::<T>::put(origin);
			Ok(Neighbours { next: origin.clone(), prev: origin.clone() })
		}
	}

	fn ready_ring_unknit(origin: &MessageOriginOf<T>, neighbours: Neighbours<MessageOriginOf<T>>) {
		if origin == &neighbours.next {
			debug_assert!(
				origin == &neighbours.prev,
				"unknitting from single item ring; outgoing must be only item"
			);
			// Service queue empty.
			ServiceHead::<T>::kill();
		} else {
			BookStateFor::<T>::mutate(&neighbours.next, |book_state| {
				if let Some(ref mut n) = book_state.ready_neighbours {
					n.prev = neighbours.prev.clone()
				}
			});
			BookStateFor::<T>::mutate(&neighbours.prev, |book_state| {
				if let Some(ref mut n) = book_state.ready_neighbours {
					n.next = neighbours.next.clone()
				}
			});
			if let Some(head) = ServiceHead::<T>::get() {
				if &head == origin {
					ServiceHead::<T>::put(neighbours.next);
				}
			} else {
				defensive!("`ServiceHead` must be some if there was a ready queue");
			}
		}
	}

	/// Tries to bump the current `ServiceHead` to the next ready queue.
	///
	/// Returns the current head if it got be bumped and `None` otherwise.
	fn bump_service_head(weight: &mut WeightMeter) -> Option<MessageOriginOf<T>> {
		if !weight.check_accrue(T::WeightInfo::bump_service_head()) {
			return None
		}

		if let Some(head) = ServiceHead::<T>::get() {
			let mut head_book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(&head);
			if let Some(head_neighbours) = head_book_state.ready_neighbours.take() {
				ServiceHead::<T>::put(&head_neighbours.next);
				Some(head)
			} else {
				None
			}
		} else {
			None
		}
	}

	fn do_enqueue_message(
		origin: &MessageOriginOf<T>,
		message: BoundedSlice<u8, MaxMessageLenOf<T>>,
	) {
		let mut book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(origin);
		book_state.message_count.saturating_inc();
		book_state
			.size
			// This should be payload size, but here the payload *is* the message.
			.saturating_accrue(message.len() as u64);

		if book_state.end > book_state.begin {
			debug_assert!(book_state.ready_neighbours.is_some(), "Must be in ready ring if ready");
			// Already have a page in progress - attempt to append.
			let last = book_state.end - 1;
			let mut page = match Pages::<T>::get(origin, last) {
				Some(p) => p,
				None => {
					defensive!("Corruption: referenced page doesn't exist.");
					return
				},
			};
			if page.try_append_message::<T>(message).is_ok() {
				Pages::<T>::insert(origin, last, &page);
				BookStateFor::<T>::insert(origin, book_state);
				return
			}
		} else {
			debug_assert!(
				book_state.ready_neighbours.is_none(),
				"Must not be in ready ring if not ready"
			);
			// insert into ready queue.
			match Self::ready_ring_knit(origin) {
				Ok(neighbours) => book_state.ready_neighbours = Some(neighbours),
				Err(()) => {
					defensive!("Ring state invalid when knitting");
				},
			}
		}
		// No room on the page or no page - link in a new page.
		book_state.end.saturating_inc();
		book_state.count.saturating_inc();
		let page = Page::from_message::<T>(message);
		Pages::<T>::insert(origin, book_state.end - 1, page);
		// NOTE: `T::QueueChangeHandler` is called by the caller.
		BookStateFor::<T>::insert(origin, book_state);
	}

	/// Try to execute a single message that was marked as overweight.
	///
	/// The `weight_limit` is the weight that can be consumed to execute the message. The base
	/// weight of the function it self must be measured by the caller.
	pub fn do_execute_overweight(
		origin: MessageOriginOf<T>,
		page_index: PageIndex,
		index: T::Size,
		weight_limit: Weight,
	) -> Result<Weight, Error<T>> {
		let mut book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(&origin);
		let mut page = Pages::<T>::get(&origin, page_index).ok_or(Error::<T>::NoPage)?;
		let (pos, is_processed, payload) =
			page.peek_index(index.into() as usize).ok_or(Error::<T>::NoMessage)?;
		let payload_len = payload.len() as u64;
		ensure!(
			page_index < book_state.begin ||
				(page_index == book_state.begin && pos < page.first.into() as usize),
			Error::<T>::Queued
		);
		ensure!(!is_processed, Error::<T>::AlreadyProcessed);
		use MessageExecutionStatus::*;
		let mut weight_counter = WeightMeter::from_limit(weight_limit);
		match Self::process_message_payload(
			origin.clone(),
			page_index,
			index,
			payload,
			&mut weight_counter,
			Weight::MAX,
			// ^^^ We never recognise it as permanently overweight, since that would result in an
			// additional overweight event being deposited.
		) {
			Overweight | InsufficientWeight => Err(Error::<T>::InsufficientWeight),
			Unprocessable { permanent: false } => Err(Error::<T>::TemporarilyUnprocessable),
			Unprocessable { permanent: true } | Processed => {
				page.note_processed_at_pos(pos);
				book_state.message_count.saturating_dec();
				book_state.size.saturating_reduce(payload_len);
				let page_weight = if page.remaining.is_zero() {
					debug_assert!(
						page.remaining_size.is_zero(),
						"no messages remaining; no space taken; qed"
					);
					Pages::<T>::remove(&origin, page_index);
					debug_assert!(book_state.count >= 1, "page exists, so book must have pages");
					book_state.count.saturating_dec();
					T::WeightInfo::execute_overweight_page_removed()
				// no need to consider .first or ready ring since processing an overweight page
				// would not alter that state.
				} else {
					Pages::<T>::insert(&origin, page_index, page);
					T::WeightInfo::execute_overweight_page_updated()
				};
				BookStateFor::<T>::insert(&origin, &book_state);
				T::QueueChangeHandler::on_queue_changed(
					origin,
					book_state.message_count,
					book_state.size,
				);
				Ok(weight_counter.consumed.saturating_add(page_weight))
			},
		}
	}

	/// Remove a stale page or one which has no more messages remaining to be processed.
	fn do_reap_page(origin: &MessageOriginOf<T>, page_index: PageIndex) -> DispatchResult {
		let mut book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(origin);
		// definitely not reapable if the page's index is no less than the `begin`ning of ready
		// pages.
		ensure!(page_index < book_state.begin, Error::<T>::NotReapable);

		let page = Pages::<T>::get(origin, page_index).ok_or(Error::<T>::NoPage)?;

		// definitely reapable if the page has no messages in it.
		let reapable = page.remaining.is_zero();

		// also reapable if the page index has dropped below our watermark.
		let cullable = || {
			let total_pages = book_state.count;
			let ready_pages = book_state.end.saturating_sub(book_state.begin).min(total_pages);

			// The number of stale pages - i.e. pages which contain unprocessed overweight messages.
			// We would prefer to keep these around but will restrict how far into history they can
			// extend if we notice that there's too many of them.
			//
			// We don't know *where* in history these pages are so we use a dynamic formula which
			// reduces the historical time horizon as the stale pages pile up and increases it as
			// they reduce.
			let stale_pages = total_pages - ready_pages;

			// The maximum number of stale pages (i.e. of overweight messages) allowed before
			// culling can happen at all. Once there are more stale pages than this, then historical
			// pages may be dropped, even if they contain unprocessed overweight messages.
			let max_stale = T::MaxStale::get();

			// The amount beyond the maximum which are being used. If it's not beyond the maximum
			// then we exit now since no culling is needed.
			let overflow = match stale_pages.checked_sub(max_stale + 1) {
				Some(x) => x + 1,
				None => return false,
			};

			// The special formula which tells us how deep into index-history we will pages. As
			// the overflow is greater (and thus the need to drop items from storage is more urgent)
			// this is reduced, allowing a greater range of pages to be culled.
			// With a minimum `overflow` (`1`), this returns `max_stale ** 2`, indicating we only
			// cull beyond that number of indices deep into history.
			// At this overflow increases, our depth reduces down to a limit of `max_stale`. We
			// never want to reduce below this since this will certainly allow enough pages to be
			// culled in order to bring `overflow` back to zero.
			let backlog = (max_stale * max_stale / overflow).max(max_stale);

			let watermark = book_state.begin.saturating_sub(backlog);
			page_index < watermark
		};
		ensure!(reapable || cullable(), Error::<T>::NotReapable);

		Pages::<T>::remove(origin, page_index);
		debug_assert!(book_state.count > 0, "reaping a page implies there are pages");
		book_state.count.saturating_dec();
		book_state.message_count.saturating_reduce(page.remaining.into() as u64);
		book_state.size.saturating_reduce(page.remaining_size.into() as u64);
		BookStateFor::<T>::insert(origin, &book_state);
		T::QueueChangeHandler::on_queue_changed(
			origin.clone(),
			book_state.message_count,
			book_state.size,
		);
		Self::deposit_event(Event::PageReaped { origin: origin.clone(), index: page_index });

		Ok(())
	}

	/// Execute any messages remaining to be processed in the queue of `origin`, using up to
	/// `weight_limit` to do so. Any messages which would take more than `overweight_limit` to
	/// execute are deemed overweight and ignored.
	fn service_queue(
		origin: MessageOriginOf<T>,
		weight: &mut WeightMeter,
		overweight_limit: Weight,
	) -> (bool, Option<MessageOriginOf<T>>) {
		use PageExecutionStatus::*;
		if !weight.check_accrue(
			T::WeightInfo::service_queue_base().saturating_add(T::WeightInfo::ready_ring_unknit()),
		) {
			return (false, None)
		}

		let mut book_state = BookStateFor::<T>::get(&origin);
		let mut total_processed = 0;

		while book_state.end > book_state.begin {
			let (processed, status) =
				Self::service_page(&origin, &mut book_state, weight, overweight_limit);
			total_processed.saturating_accrue(processed);
			match status {
				// Store the page progress and do not go to the next one.
				Bailed | NoProgress => break,
				// Go to the next page if this one is at the end.
				NoMore => (),
			};
			book_state.begin.saturating_inc();
		}
		let next_ready = book_state.ready_neighbours.as_ref().map(|x| x.next.clone());
		if book_state.begin >= book_state.end && total_processed > 0 {
			// No longer ready - unknit.
			if let Some(neighbours) = book_state.ready_neighbours.take() {
				Self::ready_ring_unknit(&origin, neighbours);
			} else {
				defensive!("Freshly processed queue must have been ready");
			}
		}
		BookStateFor::<T>::insert(&origin, &book_state);
		if total_processed > 0 {
			T::QueueChangeHandler::on_queue_changed(
				origin,
				book_state.message_count,
				book_state.size,
			);
		}
		(total_processed > 0, next_ready)
	}

	/// Service as many messages of a page as possible.
	///
	/// Returns how many messages were processed and the page's status.
	fn service_page(
		origin: &MessageOriginOf<T>,
		book_state: &mut BookStateOf<T>,
		weight: &mut WeightMeter,
		overweight_limit: Weight,
	) -> (u32, PageExecutionStatus) {
		use PageExecutionStatus::*;
		if !weight.check_accrue(
			T::WeightInfo::service_page_base_completion()
				.max(T::WeightInfo::service_page_base_no_completion()),
		) {
			return (0, Bailed)
		}

		let page_index = book_state.begin;