client.rs

// Copyright 2017 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Substrate.

// Substrate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// Substrate is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Substrate.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Substrate Client

use primitives::{self, block, AuthorityId};
use primitives::block::Id as BlockId;
use primitives::storage::{StorageKey, StorageData};
use runtime_support::Hashable;
use codec::{KeyedVec, Slicable};
use state_machine::{self, Ext, OverlayedChanges, Backend as StateBackend, CodeExecutor};

use backend::{self, BlockImportOperation};
use blockchain::{self, Info as ChainInfo, Backend as ChainBackend};
use {error, in_mem, block_builder, runtime_io, bft};

/// Polkadot Client
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Client<B, E> where B: backend::Backend {
	backend: B,
	executor: E,
}

/// Client info
// TODO: split queue info from chain info and amalgamate into single struct.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ClientInfo {
	/// Best block hash.
	pub chain: ChainInfo,
	/// Best block number in the queue.
	pub best_queued_number: Option<block::Number>,
	/// Best queued block hash.
	pub best_queued_hash: Option<block::HeaderHash>,
}

/// Information regarding the result of a call.
pub struct CallResult {
	/// The data that was returned from the call.
	pub return_data: Vec<u8>,
	/// The changes made to the state by the call.
	pub changes: OverlayedChanges,
}

/// Block import result.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum ImportResult {
	/// Added to the import queue.
	Queued,
	/// Already in the import queue.
	AlreadyQueued,
	/// Already in the blockchain.
	AlreadyInChain,
	/// Block or parent is known to be bad.
	KnownBad,
	/// Block parent is not in the chain.
	UnknownParent,
}

/// Block status.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum BlockStatus {
	/// Added to the import queue.
	Queued,
	/// Already in the blockchain.
	InChain,
	/// Block or parent is known to be bad.
	KnownBad,
	/// Not in the queue or the blockchain.
	Unknown,
}

/// A header paired with a justification which has already been checked.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub struct JustifiedHeader {
	header: block::Header,
	justification: bft::Justification,
}

impl JustifiedHeader {
	/// Deconstruct the justified header into parts.
	pub fn into_inner(self) -> (block::Header, bft::Justification) {
		(self.header, self.justification)
	}
}

/// Create an instance of in-memory client.
pub fn new_in_mem<E, F>(
	executor: E,
	build_genesis: F
) -> error::Result<Client<in_mem::Backend, E>>
	where
		E: CodeExecutor,
		F: FnOnce() -> (block::Header, Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>)
{
	Client::new(in_mem::Backend::new(), executor, build_genesis)
}

impl<B, E> Client<B, E> where
	B: backend::Backend,
	E: CodeExecutor,
	error::Error: From<<<B as backend::Backend>::State as StateBackend>::Error>,
{
	/// Creates new Polkadot Client with given blockchain and code executor.
	pub fn new<F>(
		backend: B,
		executor: E,
		build_genesis: F
	) -> error::Result<Self>
		where
			F: FnOnce() -> (block::Header, Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>)
	{
		if backend.blockchain().header(BlockId::Number(0))?.is_none() {
			trace!("Empty database, writing genesis block");
			let (genesis_header, genesis_store) = build_genesis();
			let mut op = backend.begin_operation(BlockId::Hash(block::HeaderHash::default()))?;
			op.reset_storage(genesis_store.into_iter())?;
			op.set_block_data(genesis_header, Some(vec![]), None, true)?;
			backend.commit_operation(op)?;
		}
		Ok(Client {
			backend,
			executor,
		})
	}

	/// Get a reference to the state at a given block.
	pub fn state_at(&self, block: &BlockId) -> error::Result<B::State> {
		self.backend.state_at(*block)
	}

	/// Expose backend reference. To be used in tests only
	pub fn backend(&self) -> &B {
		&self.backend
	}

	/// Return single storage entry of contract under given address in state in a block of given hash.
	pub fn storage(&self, id: &BlockId, key: &StorageKey) -> error::Result<StorageData> {
		Ok(StorageData(self.state_at(id)?
			.storage(&key.0)?
			.ok_or_else(|| error::ErrorKind::NoValueForKey(key.0.clone()))?
			.to_vec()))
	}

	/// Get the code at a given block.
	pub fn code_at(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Vec<u8>> {
		self.storage(id, &StorageKey(b":code".to_vec())).map(|data| data.0)
	}

	/// Clone a new instance of Executor.
	pub fn clone_executor(&self) -> E where E: Clone {
		self.executor.clone()
	}

	/// Get the current set of authorities from storage.
	pub fn authorities_at(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Vec<AuthorityId>> {
		let state = self.state_at(id)?;
		(0..u32::decode(&mut state.storage(b":auth:len")?.ok_or(error::ErrorKind::AuthLenEmpty)?).ok_or(error::ErrorKind::AuthLenInvalid)?)
			.map(|i| state.storage(&i.to_keyed_vec(b":auth:"))
				.map_err(|_| error::ErrorKind::Backend)
				.and_then(|v| v.ok_or(error::ErrorKind::AuthEmpty(i)))
				.and_then(|mut s| AuthorityId::decode(&mut s).ok_or(error::ErrorKind::AuthInvalid(i)))
				.map_err(Into::into)
			).collect()
	}

	/// Execute a call to a contract on top of state in a block of given hash.
	///
	/// No changes are made.
	pub fn call(&self, id: &BlockId, method: &str, call_data: &[u8]) -> error::Result<CallResult> {
		let mut changes = OverlayedChanges::default();
		let return_data = state_machine::execute(
			&self.state_at(id)?,
			&mut changes,
			&self.executor,
			method,
			call_data,
		)?;
		Ok(CallResult { return_data, changes })
	}

	/// Set up the native execution environment to call into a native runtime code.
	pub fn using_environment<F: FnOnce() -> T, T>(
		&self, f: F
	) -> error::Result<T> {
		self.using_environment_at(&BlockId::Number(self.info()?.chain.best_number), &mut Default::default(), f)
	}

	/// Set up the native execution environment to call into a native runtime code.
	pub fn using_environment_at<F: FnOnce() -> T, T>(
		&self,
		id: &BlockId,
		overlay: &mut OverlayedChanges,
		f: F
	) -> error::Result<T> {
		Ok(runtime_io::with_externalities(&mut Ext { backend: &self.state_at(id)?, overlay }, f))
	}

	/// Create a new block, built on the head of the chain.
	pub fn new_block(&self) -> error::Result<block_builder::BlockBuilder<B, E>> where E: Clone {
		block_builder::BlockBuilder::new(self)
	}

	/// Create a new block, built on top of `parent`.
	pub fn new_block_at(&self, parent: &BlockId) -> error::Result<block_builder::BlockBuilder<B, E>> where E: Clone {
		block_builder::BlockBuilder::at_block(parent, &self)
	}

	/// Check a header's justification.
	pub fn check_justification(
		&self,
		header: block::Header,
		justification: bft::UncheckedJustification,
	) -> error::Result<JustifiedHeader> {
		let authorities = self.authorities_at(&BlockId::Hash(header.parent_hash))?;
		let just = bft::check_justification(&authorities[..], header.parent_hash, justification)
			.map_err(|_| error::ErrorKind::BadJustification(BlockId::Hash(header.hash())))?;
		Ok(JustifiedHeader {
			header,
			justification: just,
		})
	}

	/// Queue a block for import.
	pub fn import_block(
		&self,
		header: JustifiedHeader,
		body: Option<block::Body>,
	) -> error::Result<ImportResult> {
		// TODO: import lock
		// TODO: validate block
		// TODO: import justification.
		let (header, justification) = header.into_inner();
		match self.backend.blockchain().status(BlockId::Hash(header.parent_hash))? {
			blockchain::BlockStatus::InChain => (),
			blockchain::BlockStatus::Unknown => return Ok(ImportResult::UnknownParent),
		}

		let mut transaction = self.backend.begin_operation(BlockId::Hash(header.parent_hash))?;
		let mut overlay = OverlayedChanges::default();

		state_machine::execute(
			transaction.state()?,
			&mut overlay,
			&self.executor,
			"execute_block",
			&block::Block { header: header.clone(), transactions: body.clone().unwrap_or_default().clone() }.encode()
		)?;

		let is_new_best = header.number == self.backend.blockchain().info()?.best_number + 1;
		trace!("Imported {}, (#{}), best={}", block::HeaderHash::from(header.blake2_256()), header.number, is_new_best);
		transaction.set_block_data(header, body, Some(justification.uncheck().into()), is_new_best)?;
		transaction.set_storage(overlay.drain())?;
		self.backend.commit_operation(transaction)?;
		Ok(ImportResult::Queued)
	}

	/// Get blockchain info.
	pub fn info(&self) -> error::Result<ClientInfo> {
		let info = self.backend.blockchain().info().map_err(|e| error::Error::from_blockchain(Box::new(e)))?;
		Ok(ClientInfo {
			chain: info,
			best_queued_hash: None,
			best_queued_number: None,
		})
	}

	/// Get block status.
	pub fn block_status(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<BlockStatus> {
		// TODO: more efficient implementation
		match self.backend.blockchain().header(*id).map_err(|e| error::Error::from_blockchain(Box::new(e)))?.is_some() {
			true => Ok(BlockStatus::InChain),
			false => Ok(BlockStatus::Unknown),
		}
	}

	/// Get block hash by number.
	pub fn block_hash(&self, block_number: block::Number) -> error::Result<Option<block::HeaderHash>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().hash(block_number)
	}

	/// Convert an arbitrary block ID into a block hash.
	pub fn block_hash_from_id(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Option<block::HeaderHash>> {
		match *id {
			BlockId::Hash(h) => Ok(Some(h)),
			BlockId::Number(n) => self.block_hash(n),
		}
	}

	/// Convert an arbitrary block ID into a block hash.
	pub fn block_number_from_id(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Option<block::Number>> {
		match *id {
			BlockId::Hash(_) => Ok(self.header(id)?.map(|h| h.number)),
			BlockId::Number(n) => Ok(Some(n)),
		}
	}

	/// Get block header by id.
	pub fn header(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Option<block::Header>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().header(*id)
	}

	/// Get block body by id.
	pub fn body(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Option<block::Body>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().body(*id)
	}

	/// Get block justification set by id.
	pub fn justification(&self, id: &BlockId) -> error::Result<Option<primitives::bft::Justification>> {
		self.backend.blockchain().justification(*id)
	}
}

impl<B, E> bft::BlockImport for Client<B, E>
	where
		B: backend::Backend,
		E: state_machine::CodeExecutor,
		error::Error: From<<B::State as state_machine::backend::Backend>::Error>
{
	fn import_block(&self, block: block::Block, justification: bft::Justification) {
		let justified_header = JustifiedHeader {
			header: block.header,
			justification,
		};

		let _ = self.import_block(justified_header, Some(block.transactions));
	}
}

impl<B, E> bft::Authorities for Client<B, E>
	where
		B: backend::Backend,
		E: state_machine::CodeExecutor,
		error::Error: From<<B::State as state_machine::backend::Backend>::Error>
{
	fn authorities(&self, at: &BlockId) -> Result<Vec<AuthorityId>, bft::Error> {
		self.authorities_at(at).map_err(|_| bft::ErrorKind::StateUnavailable(*at).into())
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use codec::Slicable;
	use keyring::Keyring;
	use {primitives, genesis};
	use primitives::block::Transaction as PrimitiveTransaction;
	use test_runtime::genesismap::{GenesisConfig, additional_storage_with_genesis};
	use test_runtime::{UncheckedTransaction, Transaction};
	use test_runtime;

	native_executor_instance!(Executor, test_runtime::api::dispatch, include_bytes!("../../test-runtime/wasm/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/substrate_test_runtime.compact.wasm"));

	fn genesis_config() -> GenesisConfig {
		GenesisConfig::new_simple(vec![
			Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Bob.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Charlie.to_raw_public()
		], 1000)
	}

	fn prepare_genesis() -> (primitives::block::Header, Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>) {
		let mut storage = genesis_config().genesis_map();
		let block = genesis::construct_genesis_block(&storage);
		storage.extend(additional_storage_with_genesis(&block));
		(primitives::block::Header::decode(&mut block.header.encode().as_ref()).expect("to_vec() always gives a valid serialisation; qed"), storage.into_iter().collect())
	}

	// since we are in the client module we can create falsely justified
	// headers.
	// TODO: remove this in favor of custom verification pipelines for the
	// client
	fn justify(header: &block::Header) -> bft::UncheckedJustification {
		let hash = header.hash();
		let authorities = vec![
			Keyring::Alice.into(),
			Keyring::Bob.into(),
			Keyring::Charlie.into(),
		];

		bft::UncheckedJustification {
			digest: hash,
			signatures: authorities.iter().map(|key| {
				bft::sign_message(
					bft::generic::Message::Commit(1, hash),
					key,
					header.parent_hash
				).signature
			}).collect(),
			round_number: 1,
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn client_initialises_from_genesis_ok() {
		let client = new_in_mem(Executor::new(), prepare_genesis).unwrap();
		let genesis_hash = client.block_hash(0).unwrap().unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::latest_block_hash()).unwrap(), genesis_hash);
		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::balance_of(Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public())).unwrap(), 1000);
		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::balance_of(Keyring::Ferdie.to_raw_public())).unwrap(), 0);
	}

	#[test]
	fn authorities_call_works() {
		let genesis_config = genesis_config();

		let prepare_genesis = || {
			let mut storage = genesis_config.genesis_map();
			let block = genesis::construct_genesis_block(&storage);
			storage.extend(additional_storage_with_genesis(&block));
			(primitives::block::Header::decode(&mut block.header.encode().as_ref()).expect("to_vec() always gives a valid serialisation; qed"), storage.into_iter().collect())
		};
		let client = new_in_mem(Executor::new(), prepare_genesis).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 0);
		assert_eq!(client.authorities_at(&BlockId::Number(0)).unwrap(), vec![
			Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Bob.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Charlie.to_raw_public()
		]);
	}

	#[test]
	fn block_builder_works_with_no_transactions() {
		let genesis_config = genesis_config();

		let prepare_genesis = || {
			let mut storage = genesis_config.genesis_map();
			let block = genesis::construct_genesis_block(&storage);
			storage.extend(additional_storage_with_genesis(&block));
			(primitives::block::Header::decode(&mut block.header.encode().as_ref()).expect("to_vec() always gives a valid serialisation; qed"), storage.into_iter().collect())
		};
		let client = new_in_mem(Executor::new(), prepare_genesis).unwrap();

		let builder = client.new_block().unwrap();
		let block = builder.bake().unwrap();

		let justification = justify(&block.header);
		let justified = client.check_justification(block.header, justification).unwrap();
		client.import_block(justified, Some(block.transactions)).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 1);
		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::latest_block_hash()).unwrap(), client.block_hash(1).unwrap().unwrap());
	}

	trait Signable {
		fn signed(self) -> PrimitiveTransaction;
	}
	impl Signable for Transaction {
		fn signed(self) -> PrimitiveTransaction {
			let signature = Keyring::from_raw_public(self.from.clone()).unwrap().sign(&self.encode());
			PrimitiveTransaction::decode(&mut UncheckedTransaction { signature, tx: self }.encode().as_ref()).unwrap()
		}
	}

	#[test]
	fn block_builder_works_with_transactions() {
		let genesis_config = GenesisConfig::new_simple(vec![
			Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Bob.to_raw_public(),
			Keyring::Charlie.to_raw_public()
		], 1000);

		let prepare_genesis = || {
			let mut storage = genesis_config.genesis_map();
			let block = genesis::construct_genesis_block(&storage);
			storage.extend(additional_storage_with_genesis(&block));
			(primitives::block::Header::decode(&mut block.header.encode().as_ref()).expect("to_vec() always gives a valid serialisation; qed"), storage.into_iter().collect())
		};
		let client = new_in_mem(Executor::new(), prepare_genesis).unwrap();

		let mut builder = client.new_block().unwrap();

		builder.push(Transaction {
			from: Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public(),
			to: Keyring::Ferdie.to_raw_public(),
			amount: 42,
			nonce: 0
		}.signed()).unwrap();
		let block = builder.bake().unwrap();

		let justification = justify(&block.header);
		let justified = client.check_justification(block.header, justification).unwrap();
		client.import_block(justified, Some(block.transactions)).unwrap();

		assert_eq!(client.info().unwrap().chain.best_number, 1);
		assert!(client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(1)).unwrap() != client.state_at(&BlockId::Number(0)).unwrap());
		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::balance_of(Keyring::Alice.to_raw_public())).unwrap(), 958);
		assert_eq!(client.using_environment(|| test_runtime::system::balance_of(Keyring::Ferdie.to_raw_public())).unwrap(), 42);
	}
}